Paul
The name "Paul" is derived from the Latin "Paulus," meaning "small" or "humble." Originally known as Saul, Paul was a Pharisee and a zealous persecutor of Christians before his dramatic conversion on the road to Damascus (Acts 9). His transformation is a testament to the power of God's grace and the radical change that can occur in a person's life when they encounter Christ. As a key figure in the early church, Paul's writings have profoundly shaped Christian theology and practice.

called to be an apostle
The Greek word for "called" is "klētos," which implies being divinely summoned or appointed. Paul emphasizes that his apostleship is not self-appointed but is a divine calling. The term "apostle" comes from the Greek "apostolos," meaning "one who is sent out." This highlights Paul's role as a messenger and ambassador of the Gospel, entrusted with spreading the teachings of Jesus Christ. His calling underscores the sovereignty of God in choosing and equipping individuals for His purposes.

of Christ Jesus
This phrase identifies the source and authority of Paul's apostleship. "Christ" is the Greek "Christos," meaning "Anointed One," equivalent to the Hebrew "Messiah." "Jesus" is derived from the Hebrew "Yeshua," meaning "Yahweh is salvation." By linking his apostleship to Christ Jesus, Paul affirms that his mission and message are rooted in the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus, the central figure of the Christian faith.

by the will of God
The Greek word for "will" is "thelēma," indicating a deliberate choice or intention. Paul asserts that his role as an apostle is not by human decision but by God's sovereign will. This reflects the biblical theme of divine election and purpose, where God orchestrates events and calls individuals according to His perfect plan. It reassures believers that their lives are under God's providential care and direction.

and our brother Sosthenes
Sosthenes is mentioned as a co-sender of the letter, indicating his importance in the Corinthian church. The name "Sosthenes" means "safe in strength" in Greek. He may be the same Sosthenes mentioned in Acts 18:17, who was a leader of the synagogue in Corinth and possibly converted to Christianity. His inclusion as "our brother" emphasizes the familial bond among believers, united in faith and mission. This highlights the communal aspect of the early church, where leaders and members worked together to advance the Gospel.

To the church of God
This phrase identifies the recipients of the letter as belonging to God, emphasizing divine ownership and authority. The Greek word for "church" is "ekklesia," meaning "assembly" or "called-out ones." Historically, Corinth was a major city in ancient Greece, known for its wealth and immorality. The church in Corinth was a community set apart in a challenging environment, highlighting the transformative power of the Gospel.

in Corinth
Corinth was a bustling metropolis, strategically located on a narrow isthmus connecting mainland Greece with the Peloponnese. It was a center of commerce and culture, but also of vice and idolatry. The church's presence in such a city underscores the mission of Christians to be light in dark places, reflecting the call to live counter-culturally.

to those sanctified in Christ Jesus
"Sanctified" comes from the Greek "hagiazō," meaning to be set apart or made holy. This sanctification is not through human effort but through union with Christ Jesus. It signifies a positional holiness granted by faith, reminding believers of their new identity and purpose in Christ.

called to be saints
The term "saints" is derived from the Greek "hagios," meaning holy or consecrated. This calling is both a privilege and a responsibility, indicating that all believers are set apart for God's purposes. It reflects the biblical theme of being chosen by God to live in a way that honors Him.

together with all those everywhere
This phrase emphasizes the universal nature of the Christian faith. The church in Corinth is not isolated but part of a global community of believers. It highlights the unity and fellowship that transcends geographical and cultural boundaries, rooted in shared faith in Christ.

who call on the name of our Lord Jesus Christ
To "call on the name" signifies invoking or worshiping Jesus, acknowledging His lordship and divinity. This practice is rooted in the Old Testament tradition of calling on the name of the Lord, signifying trust and reliance on God. It underscores the centrality of Jesus in the life of the believer.

their Lord and ours
This phrase affirms the shared lordship of Jesus over all believers, reinforcing the unity of the church. It acknowledges that Jesus is not only a personal Savior but the sovereign Lord of all who believe. This shared lordship is a foundation for unity and mutual respect among Christians.

Grace and peace
The phrase "Grace and peace" is a common salutation in Paul's epistles, reflecting a deep theological significance. "Grace" (Greek: "charis") refers to the unmerited favor and love of God towards humanity. It is the foundation of the Christian faith, emphasizing that salvation and all spiritual blessings are gifts from God, not earned by human effort. "Peace" (Greek: "eirēnē") signifies not just the absence of conflict but a profound sense of well-being and wholeness that comes from being reconciled with God through Jesus Christ. This peace surpasses all understanding and guards the hearts and minds of believers (Philippians 4:7). Historically, this greeting would resonate with both Jewish and Gentile audiences, as "peace" (Hebrew: "shalom") was a traditional Jewish greeting, while "grace" was a common Greek salutation. Together, they encapsulate the essence of the Gospel message.

to you
The phrase "to you" personalizes the greeting, indicating that the grace and peace of God are not abstract concepts but are meant for the individual recipients of the letter. In the context of 1 Corinthians, Paul is addressing the church in Corinth, a diverse and often troubled congregation. By using "to you," Paul emphasizes that each member of the church is a recipient of God's grace and peace, regardless of their background or current struggles. This personal touch underscores the relational aspect of the Christian faith, where God's love and blessings are directed towards each believer.

from God our Father
"From God our Father" establishes the source of grace and peace. It is not from human origin but from God Himself, who is described as "our Father." This familial term highlights the intimate relationship believers have with God through Jesus Christ. In the Greco-Roman world, the concept of a deity as a father was not uncommon, but the Christian understanding of God as a loving and personal Father was revolutionary. It speaks to the adoption of believers into God's family, where they are heirs with Christ and can approach God with confidence and trust.

and the Lord Jesus Christ
The inclusion of "and the Lord Jesus Christ" affirms the divine authority and role of Jesus in the dispensation of grace and peace. "Lord" (Greek: "Kyrios") is a title of respect and authority, acknowledging Jesus' sovereignty and divinity. By coupling Jesus with God the Father, Paul emphasizes the unity and co-equality of the Father and the Son in the Godhead. This reflects the early Christian confession of Jesus as Lord, a declaration that had profound implications in a polytheistic society where Caesar was often hailed as lord. The acknowledgment of Jesus as "Christ" (Greek: "Christos," meaning "Anointed One" or "Messiah") further affirms His role as the promised Savior and King, fulfilling the Old Testament prophecies and bringing salvation to all who believe. This phrase encapsulates the core of Christian doctrine, affirming the centrality of Jesus in the believer's life and the source of all spiritual blessings.

I always thank my God for you
In this opening phrase, Paul expresses his gratitude, which is a common theme in his letters. The Greek word for "thank" is "eucharisteō," which conveys a deep sense of gratitude and appreciation. This gratitude is directed towards "my God," indicating a personal relationship with God. Paul’s use of "my" emphasizes the intimate and personal nature of his faith. Historically, this reflects the early Christian practice of personal prayer and thanksgiving, which was a cornerstone of their spiritual life. The phrase sets a tone of warmth and affection, highlighting the importance of community and fellowship in the early church.

because of the grace
The word "grace" in Greek is "charis," which refers to the unmerited favor and love of God. This grace is the foundation of Christian salvation and life. In the historical context of Corinth, a city known for its moral and spiritual challenges, the mention of grace underscores the transformative power of God’s love. It is a reminder that despite human shortcomings, God’s grace is sufficient and available to all believers. This grace is not earned but given freely, a central tenet of Christian doctrine.

He has given you
The phrase "He has given you" indicates the divine initiative in the relationship between God and believers. The Greek verb "didōmi" means to give or bestow, emphasizing that grace is a gift from God. This reflects the biblical theme of God as the ultimate provider. In the context of the Corinthian church, which struggled with divisions and moral issues, this reminder of God’s generosity serves to unify and encourage the believers. It highlights the idea that all spiritual blessings come from God, fostering a sense of humility and dependence on Him.

in Christ Jesus
The phrase "in Christ Jesus" is central to Paul’s theology. The Greek preposition "en" denotes a position or state of being, indicating that believers are spiritually united with Christ. This union is the source of all spiritual blessings and grace. Historically, this concept was revolutionary, as it transcended cultural and social barriers, creating a new identity for believers. Being "in Christ" signifies a new creation, a theme that Paul elaborates on throughout his letters. It is a powerful reminder of the believer’s identity and position before God, rooted in the redemptive work of Jesus.

For in Him
This phrase emphasizes the centrality of Christ in the life of a believer. The Greek preposition "en" (ἐν) signifies a fixed position in place, time, or state, indicating that the enrichment comes from being in union with Christ. Historically, the city of Corinth was a hub of commerce and culture, yet Paul reminds the Corinthians that true enrichment is found not in worldly wealth or wisdom, but in their relationship with Jesus.

you have been enriched
The Greek word "ploutizō" (πλουτίζω) means to make wealthy or to bestow riches. This enrichment is not material but spiritual, indicating the vast spiritual resources available to believers. In the context of Corinth, known for its affluence and moral challenges, Paul contrasts the temporal riches of the world with the eternal riches found in Christ.

in every way
This phrase underscores the comprehensive nature of the enrichment believers receive. The Greek "panti" (παντί) suggests completeness and totality. It implies that there is no aspect of life untouched by the grace and gifts of God. Historically, the Corinthian church struggled with divisions and immorality, yet Paul assures them that God's grace is sufficient for all their needs.

in all speech
The Greek word "logos" (λόγος) refers to word, speech, or reason. In the context of Corinth, a city renowned for its rhetoric and philosophy, Paul highlights that the believers' ability to speak and communicate is enriched by God. This enrichment in speech is not just eloquence but the ability to proclaim the Gospel effectively and truthfully.

and all knowledge
The Greek term "gnōsis" (γνῶσις) signifies understanding or insight. In a culture that prized knowledge and wisdom, Paul points to a higher, divine knowledge that surpasses human understanding. This knowledge is not merely intellectual but is rooted in the revelation of God through Christ. It empowers believers to discern truth and live according to God's will.

because
The word "because" serves as a conjunction, linking the preceding thoughts to the explanation that follows. In the context of 1 Corinthians, Paul is addressing the church in Corinth, explaining the reason for the spiritual gifts and grace they have received. This word indicates causality, suggesting that the spiritual enrichment of the Corinthians is a direct result of the testimony about Christ. It emphasizes the interconnectedness of faith and the transformative power of the Gospel.

our testimony
The phrase "our testimony" refers to the apostolic witness and proclamation of the Gospel by Paul and his companions. The Greek word for testimony, "μαρτυρία" (martyria), implies a witness or evidence. In a historical context, this testimony is not merely a personal account but a divinely inspired declaration of the truth about Jesus Christ. The apostles' testimony was foundational for the early church, serving as the bedrock of Christian belief and practice.

about Christ
This phrase centers the testimony on Jesus Christ, the Messiah. The focus on Christ is crucial, as it underscores the centrality of Jesus in the Christian faith. Historically, the early church faced numerous challenges and heresies that sought to distort the understanding of Christ's nature and work. By emphasizing "about Christ," Paul reaffirms the core message of the Gospel: the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus as the means of salvation for humanity.

was confirmed
The term "was confirmed" comes from the Greek word "βεβαιόω" (bebaioō), meaning to establish or make firm. This suggests that the testimony about Christ was not only preached but also validated and solidified within the believers in Corinth. The confirmation of the testimony can be seen in the transformation of lives, the manifestation of spiritual gifts, and the growth of the church. It implies a divine endorsement of the message and its effects.

in you
The phrase "in you" personalizes the message, indicating that the confirmation of the testimony occurred within the individual believers and the collective body of the Corinthian church. This internalization of the Gospel message highlights the intimate and transformative relationship between the believer and Christ. It suggests that the evidence of the truth of the Gospel is seen in the lives of those who have embraced it, reflecting the work of the Holy Spirit in their hearts and actions.

Therefore
This word connects the current verse to the preceding context, where Paul commends the Corinthians for the grace given to them in Christ Jesus. The Greek word "ὥστε" (hōste) implies a conclusion or result. It suggests that because of the grace and enrichment in speech and knowledge, the Corinthians are in a state of readiness and completeness. This connection emphasizes the continuity of God's work in believers, leading to a life that reflects His gifts and calling.

you do not lack
The phrase "you do not lack" comes from the Greek "ὑστερεῖσθαι" (hystereisthai), meaning to be deficient or to fall short. Paul reassures the Corinthians that they possess all necessary spiritual resources. This is a profound encouragement, affirming that God equips His church fully for its mission and spiritual journey. Historically, this reflects the early church's understanding of being endowed with divine gifts, a concept that underscores God's provision and faithfulness.

any spiritual gift
The term "spiritual gift" is translated from "χάρισμα" (charisma), which refers to a grace-given ability or endowment. In the context of the early church, these gifts were seen as manifestations of the Holy Spirit's work among believers, intended for the edification of the church. The diversity of gifts highlights the unity and interdependence within the body of Christ, as each member contributes uniquely to the community's spiritual health and mission.

as you eagerly await
The phrase "eagerly await" is derived from the Greek "ἀπεκδεχομένους" (apekdechomenous), which conveys a sense of anticipation and longing. This reflects the early Christian hope and expectation of Christ's return. The historical context of the first-century church was marked by a vibrant eschatological hope, where believers lived in the tension of the "already" and "not yet" of God's kingdom. This anticipation fuels a life of holiness and purpose.

the revelation
"Revelation" comes from the Greek "ἀποκάλυψιν" (apokalypsin), meaning unveiling or disclosure. In the New Testament, this term often refers to the second coming of Christ, when His glory and authority will be fully revealed. This revelation is a central theme in Christian eschatology, providing hope and assurance that God's ultimate plan will be fulfilled. It calls believers to live in readiness and faithfulness.

of our Lord Jesus Christ
This phrase affirms the centrality of Jesus Christ in Christian faith and hope. "Lord" (Κύριος, Kyrios) denotes authority and divinity, while "Jesus Christ" emphasizes His role as Savior and Messiah. The historical and scriptural context underscores the early church's confession of Jesus as Lord, a declaration that set them apart in a polytheistic society. This acknowledgment of Christ's lordship is foundational to Christian identity and mission, inspiring believers to live in alignment with His will and purpose.

He will sustain you
The phrase "He will sustain you" speaks to the assurance and faithfulness of God. The Greek word used here is "βεβαιώσει" (bebaiosei), which means to confirm, establish, or make firm. This reflects the unwavering support and strength that God provides to believers. Historically, this assurance would have been particularly comforting to the early Corinthian church, which faced numerous challenges and temptations. The promise of divine sustenance underscores the belief that God is actively involved in the lives of His followers, providing them with the necessary strength to persevere in their faith journey.

to the end
The phrase "to the end" emphasizes the completeness and duration of God's sustaining power. The Greek word "τέλος" (telos) signifies not just an end point, but a goal or purpose. This suggests that God's support is not temporary or conditional but is intended to carry believers through their entire spiritual journey until they reach their ultimate purpose in Christ. In a historical context, this would have been a powerful reminder to the Corinthians of the eternal nature of their salvation and the ongoing work of God in their lives.

so that you will be blameless
"Blameless" is translated from the Greek word "ἀνέγκλητος" (anegklētos), meaning unaccused or irreproachable. This term conveys the idea of being free from guilt or blame in the eyes of God. In the scriptural context, it reflects the transformative power of Christ's sacrifice, which cleanses believers and presents them as righteous before God. For the Corinthians, who struggled with moral and ethical issues, this promise of being made blameless would have been both a challenge and an encouragement to live lives that reflect their calling in Christ.

on the day of our Lord Jesus Christ
This phrase refers to the eschatological "day of our Lord Jesus Christ," a time of final judgment and fulfillment of God's promises. The "day" is a recurring theme in the New Testament, symbolizing the culmination of history and the establishment of God's kingdom. For the early church, this was a source of hope and motivation, as it pointed to the ultimate vindication and reward for those who remain faithful. The historical and scriptural context of this phrase underscores the anticipation of Christ's return and the assurance of eternal life for believers.

God
The verse begins with the central figure of the Christian faith, God. In the Greek, the word used is "Theos," which denotes the supreme deity, the Creator of the universe. This opening word sets the tone for the entire verse, emphasizing the divine authority and sovereignty. In the context of 1 Corinthians, Paul is addressing a church that is struggling with divisions and moral issues, reminding them that their foundation is in God, who is unchanging and eternal.

who has called you
The phrase "has called" comes from the Greek word "kaleo," which means to call or to invite. This is not a mere invitation but a divine summons. In the historical context of the early church, this calling was a powerful reminder of the believers' new identity in Christ. It signifies a purposeful action by God, who initiates the relationship with His people. The calling is not based on human merit but on God's grace and purpose.

into fellowship
The Greek word for fellowship is "koinonia," which implies a deep, intimate partnership and sharing. This is more than just a casual association; it is a profound communion with God and with other believers. In the early church, koinonia was a vital aspect of Christian life, reflecting the unity and love that should characterize the body of Christ. This fellowship is both a privilege and a responsibility, calling believers to live in harmony and mutual support.

with His Son Jesus Christ
This phrase highlights the centrality of Jesus in the Christian faith. "His Son" emphasizes the unique relationship between God the Father and Jesus, affirming the deity of Christ. "Jesus Christ" combines His human name, Jesus, with His title, Christ, meaning the Anointed One or Messiah. This underscores the belief in Jesus as both fully human and fully divine, the Savior who bridges the gap between God and humanity.

our Lord
The term "Lord" is translated from the Greek "Kyrios," which denotes authority and ownership. In the Roman world, calling someone "Lord" was a declaration of allegiance and submission. For Christians, acknowledging Jesus as "our Lord" is a confession of His supreme authority over their lives. It is a commitment to follow Him and live according to His teachings, recognizing Him as the ultimate ruler and King.

is faithful
The Greek word for faithful is "pistos," which conveys reliability, trustworthiness, and steadfastness. This assurance of God's faithfulness is a recurring theme throughout Scripture, providing comfort and hope to believers. In the context of the Corinthian church, this reminder of God's faithfulness serves as an anchor amidst their struggles and uncertainties. It reassures them that despite human failings, God's promises remain true, and His commitment to His people is unwavering.

I appeal to you, brothers
The Apostle Paul begins with a heartfelt plea, using the Greek word "παρακαλέω" (parakaleó), which conveys a sense of urging or exhorting with compassion. By addressing the Corinthians as "brothers," Paul emphasizes the familial bond among believers, rooted in their shared faith in Christ. This familial language underscores the unity that should characterize the Christian community, reflecting the early church's understanding of itself as a spiritual family.

in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ
Invoking the name of Jesus Christ is significant, as it denotes authority and the foundation of Christian identity. The phrase "in the name" (ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι) implies acting under the authority and character of Jesus. Historically, the early church recognized Jesus as the cornerstone of their faith, and Paul's appeal is grounded in the authority of Christ, reminding the Corinthians that their unity is not based on human leaders but on their common allegiance to Jesus.

that all of you agree together
The Greek phrase "λέγητε πάντες τὸ αὐτό" (légete pantes to auto) suggests a call for harmony and consensus. Paul is urging the Corinthians to speak with one voice, reflecting a unity of purpose and belief. This call for agreement is not about uniformity in all opinions but about a shared commitment to the core truths of the Gospel. In the historical context of Corinth, a city known for its diversity and division, this call to agreement was a radical and counter-cultural exhortation.

so that there may be no divisions among you
The word "divisions" comes from the Greek "σχίσματα" (schismata), which refers to splits or factions. Paul is addressing the reality of divisions within the Corinthian church, likely due to differing allegiances to various leaders. The early church faced many challenges in maintaining unity amidst diverse backgrounds and opinions. Paul's concern is that such divisions undermine the witness of the church and the message of the Gospel.

and that you may be united in mind and conviction
The phrase "united in mind and conviction" translates the Greek "κατηρτισμένοι ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ νοῒ καὶ τῇ αὐτῇ γνώμῃ" (katērtismenoi en tō autō noi kai tē autē gnōmē). "United" (κατηρτισμένοι) suggests being perfectly joined together, like a body or structure that is complete and whole. "Mind" (νοῒ) and "conviction" (γνώμῃ) refer to the intellectual and volitional aspects of unity. Paul envisions a church where believers are aligned in their understanding and purpose, reflecting the transformative power of the Gospel. This unity is not merely external but deeply rooted in shared beliefs and commitments, essential for the church's mission in the world.

My brothers
The term "brothers" (Greek: ἀδελφοί, adelphoi) is a term of endearment and unity, often used by Paul to address fellow believers. It signifies a familial bond among Christians, emphasizing that they are part of the same spiritual family. This familial language underscores the importance of unity and love within the church, reflecting the teachings of Jesus about loving one another as brothers and sisters in Christ.

some from Chloe’s household
Chloe is mentioned here as a person of influence, likely a leader or a respected figure within the early Christian community. The reference to her "household" suggests a network of believers who were part of her extended family or possibly her servants. This indicates the early church's structure, where house churches were common, and women like Chloe played significant roles in the spread of the Gospel. The mention of Chloe's household highlights the interconnectedness of the early Christian communities and the importance of communication among them.

have informed me
The Greek word used here for "informed" (ἐδηλώθη, edēlōthē) implies a formal report or declaration. This suggests that the issues within the Corinthian church were significant enough to warrant a report to Paul, who was seen as an authority figure and spiritual guide. It reflects the early church's reliance on apostolic leadership for guidance and resolution of conflicts.

that there are quarrels among you
The word "quarrels" (Greek: ἔριδες, erides) refers to disputes or contentions. This indicates a division within the Corinthian church, which Paul addresses throughout the letter. The presence of quarrels contradicts the unity that should characterize the body of Christ. Historically, the city of Corinth was known for its diversity and social stratification, which may have contributed to divisions within the church. Paul’s concern here is to restore harmony and remind the believers of their common identity in Christ, urging them to focus on their shared faith rather than their differences.

What I mean is this
This phrase serves as a clarifying statement from the Apostle Paul. In the Greek, "λέγω δὲ τοῦτο" (lego de touto) indicates a direct explanation or emphasis. Paul is addressing a specific issue within the Corinthian church, aiming to bring clarity and focus to the divisions that have arisen. Historically, Corinth was a diverse and cosmopolitan city, and the church reflected this diversity, which sometimes led to factionalism.

Individuals among you are saying
The Greek word "λέγει" (legei) implies ongoing action, suggesting that these declarations were not isolated incidents but a persistent issue. The phrase highlights the personal nature of the divisions, as it was individuals within the community who were aligning themselves with different leaders. This reflects the human tendency to seek identity and validation through association with prominent figures, a tendency that can detract from the unity in Christ.

'I follow Paul'
Paul was the founder of the Corinthian church and a pivotal figure in spreading the Gospel to the Gentiles. His teachings emphasized grace and the transformative power of the Gospel. The Greek word "Παύλου" (Paulou) signifies those who might have been drawn to his intellectual approach and theological depth.

'I follow Apollos'
Apollos was known for his eloquence and knowledge of the Scriptures (Acts 18:24). The Greek "Ἀπολλῶ" (Apollō) suggests a group attracted to his rhetorical skills and perhaps his Alexandrian background, which might have appealed to those who valued wisdom and eloquence.

'I follow Cephas'
Cephas, or Peter, was one of the original apostles and a leading figure in the early Jewish Christian community. The Greek "Κηφᾶ" (Kēpha) indicates those who might have been drawn to his authority and connection to the Jewish roots of the faith.

'I follow Christ.'
While this declaration seems the most appropriate, it is possible that even this group was using the name of Christ to assert superiority over others. The Greek "Χριστόν" (Christon) underscores the centrality of Christ in the faith, yet Paul’s concern is that even this allegiance can be misused to foster division rather than unity.

Is Christ divided?
This rhetorical question posed by Paul challenges the Corinthian church's divisions and factions. The Greek word for "divided" is "μεμέρισται" (memeristai), which implies a tearing apart or partitioning. Historically, the early church faced internal strife as believers aligned themselves with different leaders. Paul emphasizes the unity of Christ, who cannot be divided. This unity is foundational to Christian doctrine, underscoring that all believers are part of one body, the body of Christ, as further elaborated in 1 Corinthians 12:12-27. The question calls believers to reflect on the indivisibility of Christ and the importance of unity in the church.

Was Paul crucified for you?
Here, Paul uses himself as an example to illustrate the absurdity of the divisions. The Greek word for "crucified" is "ἐσταυρώθη" (estaurōthē), which refers to the act of being crucified, a form of Roman execution reserved for the most heinous criminals. By asking if he was crucified for them, Paul highlights that only Christ's crucifixion holds redemptive power. Historically, crucifixion was a shameful death, yet it is through Christ's crucifixion that believers find salvation. This question redirects the focus from human leaders to the centrality of Christ's sacrifice, which is the cornerstone of the Christian faith.

Were you baptized into the name of Paul?
Baptism in the early church was a public declaration of faith and allegiance to Christ. The Greek word for "baptized" is "ἐβαπτίσθητε" (ebaptisthēte), meaning to be immersed or submerged. Baptism symbolizes the believer's identification with the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus. By asking if they were baptized into his name, Paul underscores that baptism signifies union with Christ, not with any human leader. The phrase "into the name" indicates ownership and authority; thus, being baptized into Christ's name signifies belonging to Him. This question serves as a reminder that allegiance is to Christ alone, reinforcing the unity and identity of believers in Him.

I thank God
The phrase "I thank God" reflects the Apostle Paul's deep sense of gratitude and acknowledgment of God's sovereignty in his ministry. The Greek word for "thank" is "εὐχαριστέω" (eucharisteō), which conveys a sense of giving thanks or expressing gratitude. This expression sets the tone for Paul's humility and recognition that his work is ultimately under God's guidance. In a historical context, this gratitude underscores the early Christian practice of attributing success and progress in ministry to divine intervention rather than human effort.

that I did not baptize
Paul's statement "that I did not baptize" highlights his primary mission as an apostle, which was to preach the gospel rather than perform baptisms. The Greek verb "βαπτίζω" (baptizō) means to immerse or submerge, and it was a common practice in the early church as a public declaration of faith. By emphasizing that he did not baptize many, Paul is addressing the divisions within the Corinthian church, where some were placing undue importance on who performed their baptism. This reflects the historical context of the early church, where unity in Christ was paramount, and personal allegiances to church leaders were discouraged.

any of you
The phrase "any of you" refers to the members of the Corinthian church. Paul is addressing a specific community that he had a significant role in founding. The use of "you" personalizes his message, making it clear that his concern is for their spiritual well-being and unity. Historically, the Corinthian church was known for its diversity and the challenges that came with it, including issues of division and factionalism.

except Crispus and Gaius
"Crispus and Gaius" are mentioned as exceptions to Paul's statement. Crispus was the ruler of the synagogue in Corinth who converted to Christianity, as noted in Acts 18:8. His conversion would have been significant, given his prominent position in the Jewish community. Gaius, on the other hand, is likely the same individual mentioned in Romans 16:23 as a host to Paul and the church. The mention of these two individuals serves to illustrate that while Paul did baptize some, it was not his primary focus. This highlights the historical and scriptural context of Paul's ministry, where the emphasis was on spreading the gospel message rather than performing rituals. The inclusion of their names also serves to remind the Corinthian believers of the personal relationships and shared faith that should unite them, rather than divide them based on who baptized them.

so no one can say
This phrase underscores the Apostle Paul's concern for the integrity and unity of the Corinthian church. The Greek word for "say" is "eipē," which implies a declaration or assertion. Paul is preemptively addressing potential claims that could lead to division. Historically, the early church faced challenges of factionalism, and Paul is keen to prevent any misunderstanding that might arise from his actions. His intent is to ensure that the focus remains on Christ, not on any human leader.

that you were baptized
The term "baptized" comes from the Greek "baptizō," meaning to immerse or submerge. Baptism in the early church was a significant rite of initiation, symbolizing the believer's identification with the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Archaeological findings, such as ancient baptismal fonts, highlight the importance of this practice in early Christian communities. Paul emphasizes that baptism is not about allegiance to a human leader but a public declaration of faith in Christ.

into my name
The phrase "into my name" is crucial in understanding Paul's argument. In the Greek, "name" is "onoma," which signifies authority or character. Paul is making it clear that baptism should not be associated with his personal authority or identity. Historically, names carried significant weight in terms of identity and allegiance. By distancing himself from any claims of personal ownership over the believers' baptism, Paul reinforces the centrality of Christ in the believer's life. This reflects a broader scriptural theme where allegiance and identity are found in Christ alone, as seen throughout the New Testament.

Yes, I also baptized
The word "baptized" comes from the Greek "baptizó," meaning to immerse or submerge. In the early Christian context, baptism was a significant act symbolizing purification and admission into the faith community. Paul's mention of baptism here underscores its importance in the early church, yet he emphasizes that his primary mission was not to baptize but to preach the gospel. This reflects the early church's understanding of baptism as an outward sign of an inward grace, a public declaration of faith in Jesus Christ.

the household of Stephanas
The "household of Stephanas" refers to a family or group of people associated with Stephanas, who is mentioned later in 1 Corinthians 16:15 as the first converts in Achaia and devoted to serving the saints. The term "household" (Greek "oikos") often included not just immediate family but also extended family and servants. This highlights the communal nature of early Christian conversions, where entire households would come to faith together, reflecting the transformative power of the gospel across social and familial structures.

beyond that, I do not remember
Paul's admission of not remembering if he baptized anyone else indicates his focus was not on the act of baptism itself but on the broader mission of spreading the gospel. This humility and honesty in his writing show Paul's human side and his reliance on God's grace rather than personal accomplishments. It also suggests that the early church was not centered on individual leaders but on the collective mission of the church.

if I baptized anyone else
The phrase "if I baptized anyone else" reiterates Paul's point that his role was primarily as a preacher and apostle, not as a baptizer. This distinction is crucial in understanding the early church's structure, where different roles were recognized and valued. Paul's focus on preaching over baptizing emphasizes the priority of spreading the message of Christ, which is the core mission of the church. This serves as a reminder that while sacraments like baptism are important, they are not the ultimate goal; rather, they are means to an end, which is a relationship with Christ.

For Christ did not send me to baptize
This phrase emphasizes the apostolic mission of Paul. The Greek word for "send" is "apostellō," which is the root of the term "apostle," meaning one who is sent with a commission. Paul is clarifying his primary purpose, which is not to perform rituals like baptism, but to fulfill a higher calling. Historically, this reflects the early church's struggle with divisions and the prioritization of spiritual over ceremonial acts. Baptism, while important, is not the core of Paul's mission, which is to spread the message of Christ.

but to preach the gospel
The Greek word for "preach" is "euangelizō," meaning to announce good news. The "gospel" or "euangelion" is the good news of Jesus Christ's death and resurrection. Paul's focus is on the proclamation of this transformative message. In the historical context, the gospel was revolutionary, offering salvation to all, Jew and Gentile alike. This phrase underscores the centrality of the gospel in Christian life and ministry, emphasizing that the power of salvation lies in the message itself, not in human eloquence or ritual.

not with wisdom of words
Here, Paul contrasts the simplicity of the gospel with the "wisdom" or "sophia" of human philosophy. In the Greco-Roman world, rhetoric and eloquence were highly valued, but Paul dismisses these as unnecessary for the gospel's power. The phrase suggests that the gospel transcends human wisdom and is accessible to all, regardless of intellectual capacity. This reflects a conservative Christian view that faith is not dependent on human understanding but on divine revelation.

lest the cross of Christ should be emptied of its power
The "cross of Christ" is central to Christian theology, symbolizing the sacrificial death of Jesus for humanity's sins. The Greek word for "emptied" is "kenoō," meaning to make void or of no effect. Paul warns that relying on human wisdom can diminish the perceived power of the cross. Historically, this serves as a reminder of the early church's focus on the crucifixion as the pivotal event of salvation history. The power of the cross lies in its ability to transform lives, a power that is not dependent on human articulation but on divine action. This phrase calls believers to rely on the inherent power of the gospel message rather than human methods.

For the message of the cross
The phrase "the message of the cross" refers to the core of the Christian gospel, which is the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. In Greek, the word for "message" is "logos," which can also mean "word" or "reason." This highlights the centrality of the cross in Christian theology as the ultimate revelation of God's wisdom and love. Historically, the cross was a symbol of shame and execution in Roman times, yet for Christians, it became the symbol of salvation and victory over sin and death.

is foolishness
The Greek word for "foolishness" is "moria," from which we derive the English word "moron." To the Greek and Roman world, which valued wisdom and philosophical reasoning, the idea of a crucified savior was absurd. This reflects the counter-cultural nature of the gospel, which often defies human logic and wisdom. The cross challenges human pride and self-sufficiency, calling for humility and faith.

to those who are perishing
"Perishing" in Greek is "apollymenois," indicating a state of destruction or ruin. This refers to those who reject the gospel and are on a path leading away from eternal life. The Bible consistently contrasts the fate of the saved and the unsaved, emphasizing the urgency of accepting the gospel message. Historically, this division was evident in the early church's experience of persecution and rejection by the broader society.

but to us who are being saved
The phrase "being saved" uses the Greek "sozomenois," which is in the present continuous tense, indicating an ongoing process. Salvation in the Christian context is both a completed act through Christ's sacrifice and an ongoing journey of sanctification. This reflects the transformative power of the gospel in the believer's life, continually shaping and renewing them.

it is the power of God
The "power of God" in Greek is "dunamis," from which we get the word "dynamite." This signifies the explosive and transformative power inherent in the gospel. Unlike human power, which is often coercive and limited, God's power is redemptive and limitless. The cross, though a symbol of weakness to the world, is the ultimate demonstration of God's power to save, heal, and restore. This power is not just theoretical but is experienced in the lives of believers through the Holy Spirit, who empowers them to live out their faith.

For it is written
This phrase is a common introductory formula used by the Apostle Paul to reference the Old Testament Scriptures, indicating the authority and divine inspiration of the text. It underscores the continuity between the Old and New Testaments, showing that the message of the Gospel is rooted in the prophetic tradition. The phrase suggests a fulfillment of prophecy and a divine plan that transcends human understanding.

I will destroy
The Greek word used here is "ἀπολέσω" (apoleso), which conveys a sense of complete ruin or nullification. In the biblical context, it implies not just a physical destruction but a dismantling of human pride and self-reliance. This reflects God's sovereign power to overturn human expectations and systems that stand in opposition to His will. It serves as a reminder that human wisdom, when set against divine wisdom, is ultimately futile.

the wisdom of the wise
The term "wisdom" (σοφία, sophia) in Greek culture was highly esteemed, often associated with philosophers and scholars. However, Paul contrasts this with divine wisdom, which is often counterintuitive to human reasoning. The "wise" refers to those who rely on their own understanding and intellect rather than seeking God's truth. This phrase challenges believers to reconsider what true wisdom is and to seek it from God rather than the world.

the intelligence of the intelligent
The Greek word for "intelligence" is "σύνεσις" (sunesis), which implies understanding or insight. This phrase highlights the limitations of human intellect when it is not aligned with God's purposes. It serves as a caution against intellectual pride and the assumption that human reasoning can fully comprehend divine mysteries. The repetition of "intelligent" emphasizes the futility of relying solely on human insight.

I will frustrate
The Greek word "ἀθετήσω" (athetēsō) means to nullify or invalidate. This action by God demonstrates His authority to render human plans and thoughts ineffective when they are contrary to His will. It is a powerful reminder that God's ways are higher than our ways, and His thoughts are higher than our thoughts (Isaiah 55:8-9). This phrase encourages believers to trust in God's wisdom and to submit their understanding to His greater plan.

Where is the wise man?
The term "wise man" in Greek is "sophos," which refers to someone skilled in philosophy or the learned individuals of the time. In the context of Corinth, a city known for its intellectual pursuits and philosophical debates, Paul challenges the prevailing notion of wisdom. Historically, the Greeks prided themselves on their philosophical traditions, yet Paul questions the ultimate value of such wisdom when it stands in contrast to the divine wisdom revealed through Christ. This rhetorical question serves to highlight the limitations of human wisdom when it is devoid of divine insight.

Where is the scribe?
The "scribe" refers to the Jewish scholars and teachers of the Law, known in Greek as "grammateus." These individuals were experts in the Scriptures and held positions of authority in Jewish society. By questioning the presence and influence of the scribe, Paul underscores the inadequacy of relying solely on human interpretation of the Law without recognizing the fulfillment of the Law in Christ. This reflects a broader biblical theme where the letter of the Law is insufficient without the Spirit, as seen in the teachings of Jesus and the apostles.

Where is the philosopher of this age?
The phrase "philosopher of this age" can be understood as a critique of contemporary thinkers who rely on human reasoning. The Greek word "suzētētēs" implies a debater or someone who engages in intellectual discourse. Paul contrasts the temporal nature of human philosophy with the eternal truth of the Gospel. The "age" (Greek "aiōn") signifies the present world system, which is transient and often at odds with God's eternal kingdom. This highlights the futility of philosophies that do not acknowledge God's sovereignty and the revelation of His wisdom through Christ.

Has not God made foolish the wisdom of the world?
Here, Paul uses the Greek word "mōrainō," meaning to make foolish or to render void. This statement is a powerful declaration of God's sovereignty over human wisdom. The "wisdom of the world" refers to the collective understanding and knowledge that humanity esteems apart from God. Through the cross of Christ, God has demonstrated the ultimate folly of relying on human wisdom for salvation. Historically, the crucifixion was seen as a scandal and foolishness to both Jews and Greeks, yet it is through this very act that God reveals His profound wisdom and power. This verse serves as a reminder that true wisdom comes from God and is often contrary to human expectations and understanding.

For since in the wisdom of God
This phrase introduces the divine perspective that contrasts with human understanding. The Greek word for "wisdom" here is "sophia," which implies a deep, spiritual insight that transcends human intellect. In the biblical context, God's wisdom is often portrayed as mysterious and beyond human comprehension (Isaiah 55:8-9). This wisdom is not just intellectual but is rooted in God's eternal plan and purpose, which is ultimately for the redemption of humanity. Historically, the wisdom of God is seen in His creation and His redemptive acts throughout history, culminating in the work of Christ.

the world through its wisdom did not know Him
The "world" refers to humanity in its fallen state, often characterized by pride and self-reliance. The Greek term "kosmos" is used here, indicating the organized system of human society that operates independently of God. The phrase "through its wisdom" suggests a reliance on human reasoning and philosophy, which, despite its achievements, fails to grasp the divine nature and purpose. Historically, this reflects the Greek philosophical tradition, which sought knowledge and truth but often missed the revelation of God. Scripturally, this echoes Romans 1:21-22, where human wisdom leads to futile thinking and darkened hearts.

did not know Him
The Greek word for "know" is "ginosko," which implies an intimate, experiential knowledge rather than mere intellectual assent. This highlights the failure of human wisdom to achieve a true relationship with God. Despite humanity's advancements and intellectual pursuits, there remains a spiritual blindness that only divine revelation can overcome. This is a recurring theme in Scripture, where knowing God is depicted as a relational and transformative experience (Jeremiah 9:23-24).

God was pleased
The phrase "God was pleased" indicates divine intentionality and delight. The Greek word "eudokeo" suggests a sense of satisfaction and purpose in God's actions. This reflects the biblical theme of God's sovereign will and His pleasure in accomplishing His redemptive plan. It underscores the idea that God's ways, though often mysterious to us, are perfect and good (Psalm 115:3).

through the foolishness of what was preached
The "foolishness" here is a paradoxical term. The Greek word "moria" refers to something that appears absurd or nonsensical from a human perspective. The message of the cross, central to Christian preaching, is seen as foolishness to those who rely on worldly wisdom (1 Corinthians 1:18). Yet, it is through this seemingly foolish message that God reveals His power and wisdom. Historically, the preaching of the cross was a stumbling block to Jews and foolishness to Greeks, as it contradicted their expectations of power and wisdom.

to save those who believe
The ultimate purpose of God's plan is salvation, which is offered to "those who believe." The Greek word "sozo" for "save" implies deliverance, healing, and restoration. This salvation is not achieved through human effort or wisdom but through faith in the message of the gospel. The term "believe" (Greek "pisteuo") denotes trust and reliance on Christ, emphasizing a personal and active faith. Scripturally, this aligns with the core message of the New Testament, where faith in Christ is the means of receiving God's grace and entering into a restored relationship with Him (Ephesians 2:8-9).

Jews demand signs
The phrase "Jews demand signs" reflects a historical and cultural context deeply rooted in the Jewish tradition. The Greek word for "signs" is "σημεῖα" (sēmeia), which refers to miraculous events or wonders that serve as divine authentication. Throughout the Old Testament, God often provided signs to His people as a means of confirming His promises and presence, such as the plagues in Egypt or the parting of the Red Sea. In the time of Jesus and Paul, many Jews expected the Messiah to perform miraculous signs as proof of His divine authority. This expectation is evident in the Gospels, where religious leaders frequently asked Jesus for a sign to validate His claims (e.g., Matthew 12:38). From a conservative Christian perspective, this demand for signs can be seen as a reliance on external, tangible evidence rather than faith in God's revealed Word and promises.

Greeks search for wisdom
The phrase "Greeks search for wisdom" highlights the cultural and philosophical pursuits of the Greek world. The Greek word for "wisdom" is "σοφία" (sophia), which denotes a love for knowledge, understanding, and intellectual insight. Greek culture, particularly in cities like Athens, was renowned for its philosophers and thinkers, such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, who sought to understand the world through reason and logic. This pursuit of wisdom often led to a reliance on human intellect and philosophical systems rather than divine revelation. In the context of 1 Corinthians, Paul contrasts this human wisdom with the wisdom of God, which is revealed through the message of the cross—a message that appears foolish to those who rely solely on human understanding. From a conservative Christian perspective, this serves as a reminder that true wisdom comes from God and is often countercultural, challenging the prevailing philosophies of the age.

but we preach
The phrase "but we preach" emphasizes the apostolic mission and the centrality of the message that Paul and his companions are delivering. The Greek word for "preach" is "κηρύσσω" (kērussō), which means to proclaim or herald. This word conveys the idea of a public declaration, much like a town crier announcing important news. In the context of the early church, preaching was not merely a transfer of information but a divine mandate to proclaim the transformative message of the Gospel. The apostles were not just sharing opinions; they were delivering a message with authority and urgency, rooted in divine revelation.

Christ crucified
The phrase "Christ crucified" is the heart of the Gospel message. The Greek word for "Christ" is "Χριστός" (Christos), meaning "Anointed One," equivalent to the Hebrew "Messiah." The term "crucified" comes from the Greek "σταυρόω" (stauroō), which means to be impaled on a cross. This was a method of execution reserved for the most heinous criminals in Roman society, symbolizing extreme shame and suffering. For Paul, the crucifixion of Christ is not a point of embarrassment but the very power and wisdom of God. It signifies the ultimate sacrifice for sin, fulfilling Old Testament prophecies and demonstrating God's love and justice. The crucifixion is central to Christian theology, as it represents the means by which humanity is reconciled to God.

a stumbling block to Jews
The term "stumbling block" is translated from the Greek "σκάνδαλον" (skandalon), which refers to an obstacle or offense that causes one to trip or fall. For the Jews, the idea of a crucified Messiah was scandalous and contradictory to their expectations of a triumphant, conquering king. The Jewish anticipation of the Messiah was rooted in Old Testament prophecies that spoke of a deliverer who would restore Israel's glory. The crucifixion, therefore, was a major obstacle to Jewish acceptance of Jesus as the Messiah, as it seemed to contradict their understanding of God's plan for redemption and victory.

and foolishness to Gentiles
The word "foolishness" comes from the Greek "μωρία" (mōria), which means absurdity or folly. To the Gentiles, particularly the Greeks who valued wisdom and philosophy, the message of a crucified savior was irrational and nonsensical. Greek culture esteemed intellectual prowess and the pursuit of knowledge, often viewing the physical world and human suffering as inferior or illusory. The notion that salvation could come through the humiliating death of a man on a cross was perceived as foolishness, lacking the sophistication and logic that Greek philosophy prized. Yet, Paul asserts that what seems foolish to human wisdom is, in fact, the profound wisdom of God, revealing the limitations of human understanding and the depth of divine truth.

but to those who are called
The phrase "but to those who are called" refers to individuals who have been divinely summoned by God to receive the message of the Gospel. The Greek word for "called" is "klētois," which implies an invitation or a divine appointment. In the context of 1 Corinthians, Paul emphasizes that this calling transcends human wisdom and societal divisions. Historically, the concept of being "called" is rooted in the Old Testament, where God calls His people, Israel, to be a holy nation. In the New Testament, this calling extends to all who believe in Christ, highlighting the inclusivity of the Gospel message.

both Jews and Greeks
This phrase underscores the universality of the Gospel. "Jews" and "Greeks" represent the two primary cultural and religious groups of the time. The Jews were God's chosen people, with a rich heritage of the Law and the Prophets, while the Greeks symbolize the Gentile world, known for their philosophy and pursuit of wisdom. By including both groups, Paul emphasizes that the message of Christ is not limited by ethnic or cultural boundaries. This reflects the early church's mission to spread the Gospel to all nations, fulfilling the Great Commission.

Christ the power of God
Here, Paul identifies Christ as "the power of God." The Greek word for "power" is "dynamis," which conveys strength, ability, and miraculous power. In a world that revered physical might and intellectual prowess, Paul presents Christ as the ultimate source of divine power. This power is not merely physical but transformative, capable of changing hearts and lives. Historically, the early Christians witnessed this power through miracles, the resurrection, and the spread of the Gospel despite persecution. For believers, Christ embodies the power to overcome sin and death, offering hope and salvation.

and the wisdom of God
The phrase "and the wisdom of God" highlights Christ as the embodiment of divine wisdom. The Greek word for "wisdom" is "sophia," which denotes insight, skill, and intelligence. In contrast to human wisdom, which often leads to pride and division, God's wisdom is pure, peaceable, and unifying. The wisdom of God is revealed in the person and work of Christ, whose life, death, and resurrection defy human understanding yet fulfill God's redemptive plan. Scripturally, this wisdom is a mystery revealed to those who believe, offering guidance and understanding beyond human comprehension.

For the foolishness of God
The phrase "foolishness of God" is a profound paradox that Paul uses to challenge human perceptions of wisdom. The Greek word for "foolishness" is "mōria," which can imply absurdity or folly. In the context of the Greco-Roman world, where wisdom and philosophy were highly esteemed, the message of the cross seemed irrational. However, Paul emphasizes that what appears as "foolishness" to human understanding is part of God's divine plan, which transcends human logic. This challenges believers to trust in God's wisdom, even when it defies worldly expectations.

is wiser than man's wisdom
Here, Paul contrasts divine "foolishness" with "man's wisdom." The Greek word for "wiser" is "sophos," which denotes a deep, insightful understanding. Human wisdom, represented by the Greek "sophia," often relies on intellectual prowess and philosophical reasoning. However, Paul asserts that God's "foolishness" surpasses even the highest human intellect. This serves as a reminder that true wisdom comes from God and that human wisdom is limited and often flawed. Believers are encouraged to seek divine wisdom through prayer and scripture, rather than relying solely on human understanding.

and the weakness of God
The phrase "weakness of God" is another paradoxical statement. The Greek word for "weakness" is "astheneia," which can mean frailty or lack of strength. In the context of the crucifixion, the apparent "weakness" of Christ's suffering and death is actually the power of God at work. This concept would have been countercultural in a society that valued strength and power. Paul uses this paradox to illustrate that God's ways are not our ways, and His power is made perfect in what the world perceives as weakness.

is stronger than man's strength
Paul concludes with a powerful assertion that God's "weakness" is mightier than human "strength." The Greek word for "stronger" is "ischuros," indicating might and power. Human strength, often associated with physical power or military might, is ultimately limited. In contrast, God's strength is infinite and eternal. This serves as an encouragement to believers to rely on God's strength rather than their own. It is a call to humility, recognizing that true power comes from God and is often revealed in unexpected ways.

Brothers
The term "brothers" (Greek: ἀδελφοί, adelphoi) is a term of endearment and unity, indicating the familial bond among believers in Christ. In the early church, this term was inclusive of both men and women, emphasizing the spiritual kinship that transcends biological ties. Paul uses this term to remind the Corinthians of their shared identity in Christ, which is more significant than any social or cultural distinctions.

Consider
The Greek word for "consider" (βλέπετε, blepete) implies a careful observation or reflection. Paul is urging the Corinthians to reflect deeply on their own experiences and the circumstances of their calling. This introspection is meant to lead them to a greater understanding of God's grace and the divine wisdom that often contradicts worldly expectations.

The time of your calling
The phrase "the time of your calling" refers to the moment when the Corinthians were called to faith in Christ. This calling is not based on human merit but on God's sovereign choice. The concept of "calling" (κλῆσις, klēsis) in the New Testament often denotes a divine invitation to salvation and service, highlighting God's initiative in the process of redemption.

Not many of you were wise by human standards
Here, "wise by human standards" (σοφοὶ κατὰ σάρκα, sophoi kata sarka) refers to the worldly wisdom that was highly valued in Greco-Roman society. Paul points out that God's calling does not depend on human wisdom or intellectual prowess. This challenges the Corinthian believers to value divine wisdom, which often appears foolish to the world, over human wisdom.

Not many were powerful
The term "powerful" (δυνατοί, dynatoi) refers to those with influence, authority, or social standing. In the context of Corinth, a city known for its social stratification, Paul emphasizes that God's call is not limited to the socially elite. This serves as a reminder that God's power is made perfect in weakness, and His kingdom operates on principles contrary to worldly power dynamics.

Not many were of noble birth
"Noble birth" (εὐγενεῖς, eugenēs) indicates those of high social rank or aristocratic lineage. In a culture that prized noble heritage, Paul underscores that God's call transcends social hierarchies. This reflects the biblical theme that God often chooses the lowly and despised to accomplish His purposes, thereby nullifying human boasting and exalting His grace.

But God chose
The phrase "But God chose" emphasizes divine sovereignty and intentionality. The Greek word for "chose" is "ἐξελέξατο" (exelexato), which implies a deliberate selection. This choice is not random but purposeful, highlighting God's active role in the unfolding of His divine plan. In a historical context, this reflects God's pattern throughout Scripture of choosing unlikely individuals or groups to fulfill His purposes, such as David, a shepherd boy, becoming king, or Israel, a small nation, being chosen as God's people.

the foolish things of the world
The term "foolish" comes from the Greek "μωρά" (mōra), which can mean dull or lacking wisdom. In the cultural context of Corinth, wisdom was highly prized, and Greek philosophers were esteemed. However, God's choice of what the world considers "foolish" serves to overturn human expectations and values. This reflects a recurring biblical theme where God's wisdom is contrasted with human wisdom, as seen in the lives of prophets and apostles who were often dismissed by worldly standards.

to shame the wise
The word "shame" is translated from the Greek "καταισχύνῃ" (kataischynē), meaning to disgrace or confound. This action is not merely to embarrass but to reveal the limitations and inadequacies of human wisdom when compared to divine wisdom. Historically, this can be seen in the spread of Christianity, where the message of the cross, considered foolishness by many, transformed lives and societies, challenging the prevailing intellectual and cultural norms.

God chose the weak things of the world
Here, "weak" is from the Greek "ἀσθενῆ" (asthenē), indicating those lacking strength or influence. In a society that valued power and status, God's choice of the "weak" underscores His preference for humility and dependence on Him. This is evident in biblical narratives where God uses the seemingly powerless, like Gideon or the disciples, to accomplish His purposes, demonstrating that true strength comes from reliance on God.

to shame the strong
The "strong" refers to those with power, authority, or influence, derived from the Greek "ἰσχυρά" (ischyra). By choosing the weak to shame the strong, God subverts societal norms and expectations. This serves as a reminder that human strength is ultimately insufficient without God. Throughout history, the church has often thrived under persecution and weakness, illustrating that God's power is made perfect in weakness, as Paul later writes in 2 Corinthians 12:9.

He chose
The phrase "He chose" underscores the divine initiative and sovereignty of God in the process of selection. The Greek word used here is "ἐξελέξατο" (exelexato), which implies a deliberate and purposeful choice. This reflects the biblical theme that God’s ways are not our ways (Isaiah 55:8-9), and His choices often defy human expectations. In a historical context, this choice is reminiscent of God’s selection of Israel, a small and seemingly insignificant nation, to be His people (Deuteronomy 7:7-8).

the lowly and despised things of the world
This phrase highlights God’s preference for using what the world considers insignificant or contemptible. The Greek words "τὰ ἀγενῆ" (ta agene) and "τὰ ἐξουθενημένα" (ta exouthenēmena) refer to things that are without noble birth or are looked down upon. Historically, this reflects the early Christian community, which was largely composed of the poor and marginalized. Scripturally, it echoes the Beatitudes, where Jesus blesses the poor in spirit and those who are persecuted (Matthew 5:3-12).

and the things that are not
This phrase, "τὰ μὴ ὄντα" (ta mē onta), refers to things that are considered non-existent or of no account by worldly standards. It emphasizes the paradox of God’s kingdom, where the last shall be first (Matthew 20:16). In a broader theological context, it points to God’s ability to create ex nihilo, or out of nothing, as seen in the creation narrative (Genesis 1).

to nullify the things that are
The purpose of God’s choice is "to nullify" or "καταργήσῃ" (katargēsē), meaning to render ineffective or bring to nothing. This demonstrates God’s power to overturn human wisdom and strength. Historically, this was evident in the spread of Christianity, which thrived despite persecution and opposition from powerful empires. Scripturally, it aligns with the theme of God using the weak to shame the strong (1 Corinthians 1:27), showcasing His glory and wisdom.

so that
This phrase indicates purpose or result. In the Greek, it is "ὅπως" (hopōs), which is often used to express the intended outcome of an action. Here, it connects the preceding verses, which discuss God's choice of the foolish, weak, and lowly things of the world to shame the wise and strong. The purpose is to demonstrate that God's ways are not man's ways, and His wisdom surpasses human understanding. This divine intention underscores the sovereignty of God in salvation and His desire to nullify human pride.

no one
The Greek term "οὐδεὶς" (oudeis) is emphatic, meaning absolutely no person. This universality emphasizes that all humanity, regardless of status, intellect, or achievement, stands on equal footing before God. It reflects the biblical teaching that all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God (Romans 3:23), and thus, no one can claim personal merit in the presence of the Almighty.

may boast
The word "boast" comes from the Greek "καυχάομαι" (kauchaomai), which means to glory or take pride in something. In the cultural context of Corinth, boasting was a common practice, often associated with one's social status, wisdom, or accomplishments. Paul challenges this cultural norm by asserting that human boasting is inappropriate in the context of God's grace. The only legitimate boasting is in the Lord, as stated later in 1 Corinthians 1:31.

in His presence
The phrase "in His presence" is translated from the Greek "ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ" (enōpion autou), meaning before Him or in His sight. This phrase conveys the idea of standing before God, who sees and knows all. It is a reminder of the divine omnipresence and omniscience, where human pretensions are laid bare. In the biblical narrative, being in God's presence is a place of humility and reverence, where human pride is silenced, and God's glory is magnified.

It is because of Him
This phrase emphasizes the sovereignty and initiative of God in the salvation process. The Greek word for "because" (ἐξ) indicates origin or source, underscoring that it is solely by God's action and grace that believers are united with Christ. Historically, this reflects the Jewish understanding of God as the ultimate source of wisdom and salvation, a theme prevalent throughout the Old Testament.

that you are in Christ Jesus
The phrase "in Christ Jesus" is central to Pauline theology, denoting a profound spiritual union with Christ. The Greek preposition "ἐν" (in) suggests an intimate, personal relationship, akin to being enveloped or surrounded by Christ. This concept is revolutionary, as it signifies a new identity and status for believers, transcending cultural and religious boundaries of the time.

who has become for us wisdom from God
Here, Paul identifies Christ as the embodiment of divine wisdom. The Greek word "σοφία" (wisdom) is rich in meaning, often associated with skillful living and understanding. In the historical context, wisdom was highly valued in Greek culture, yet Paul redefines it as found in the person of Christ, contrasting human wisdom with divine revelation.

our righteousness
Righteousness (δικαιοσύνη) in Greek conveys the idea of being in right standing with God. This righteousness is not achieved through human effort but is imputed to believers through faith in Christ. This reflects the core of the Gospel message, where Christ's sacrificial death and resurrection provide the means for justification before God.

holiness
The term "holiness" (ἁγιασμός) refers to sanctification, the process of being set apart for God's purposes. In the Jewish tradition, holiness was associated with ritual purity and moral integrity. Paul extends this concept to the transformative work of the Holy Spirit in believers, enabling them to live lives that reflect God's character.

and redemption
Redemption (ἀπολύτρωσις) in Greek carries the connotation of liberation or being bought back, often used in the context of freeing slaves. This term would resonate deeply with Paul's audience, many of whom were familiar with the concept of slavery. In a spiritual sense, it signifies the deliverance from sin and its consequences, achieved through Christ's atoning sacrifice.

Therefore
This word serves as a conclusion to the preceding argument. In the context of 1 Corinthians 1, Paul has been discussing the wisdom of God versus the wisdom of the world. The use of "therefore" indicates that what follows is a summation or application of the truths he has been expounding. It connects the reader back to the previous verses where Paul emphasizes that God chose the foolish things of the world to shame the wise, and the weak things to shame the strong. This is a call to humility and recognition of God's sovereignty.

as it is written
This phrase indicates that Paul is quoting from the Old Testament, specifically Jeremiah 9:24. By using this phrase, Paul is grounding his argument in the authority of Scripture, which was highly respected by his audience. It shows the continuity of God's message from the Old Testament to the New Testament, emphasizing that the principle of boasting in the Lord is not a new concept but a timeless truth.

'Let him who boasts
The word "boasts" here is translated from the Greek word "kauchaomai," which means to glory or to take pride in something. In the Greco-Roman world, boasting was often associated with one's achievements, status, or wisdom. However, Paul is redirecting this natural human tendency away from self and towards God. This redirection is crucial in understanding the Christian life, where all glory is due to God alone.

boast in the Lord
The phrase "in the Lord" is pivotal. It shifts the focus from human accomplishments to divine grace. The Lord, in this context, refers to Jesus Christ, who is the embodiment of God's wisdom and power. By boasting in the Lord, believers acknowledge that their salvation, wisdom, and strength come from Him alone. This is a call to recognize God's work in our lives and to give Him the glory He deserves. Historically, this was a radical departure from the cultural norms of Corinth, where personal achievement and status were highly valued.