Now a man named Ananias
The name "Ananias" is derived from the Hebrew name "Hananiah," which means "Yahweh is gracious." This name is significant in the context of the early church, as it reflects the grace of God that was being poured out upon the believers. However, the account of Ananias serves as a cautionary tale about the misuse of God's grace. Historically, names in the Bible often carry deep meanings and can reflect the character or destiny of the individual. In this case, Ananias's actions contrast sharply with the graciousness implied by his name, highlighting the tension between divine grace and human sinfulness.

together with his wife Sapphira
The name "Sapphira" is of Aramaic origin, meaning "beautiful" or "sapphire." In biblical times, sapphires were considered precious and valuable, symbolizing beauty and worth. The mention of Sapphira alongside Ananias indicates a partnership in both marriage and the decision they made regarding the property. This phrase underscores the unity and complicity in their actions, reminding us of the importance of integrity and honesty within relationships. The early church was characterized by communal living and shared resources, and the actions of Ananias and Sapphira stand in stark contrast to the spirit of generosity and transparency that was expected.

also sold a piece of property
The act of selling property was common in the early church, as believers were moved by the Holy Spirit to support one another and ensure that no one was in need. The word "also" suggests that Ananias and Sapphira were following the example of others, such as Barnabas, who had sold land and laid the proceeds at the apostles' feet (Acts 4:36-37). This context highlights the communal and sacrificial nature of the early Christian community. However, the subsequent actions of Ananias and Sapphira reveal a deviation from the genuine spirit of giving. The selling of property was not merely a financial transaction but a spiritual act of worship and trust in God's provision. Their account serves as a reminder of the importance of sincerity and truthfulness in our offerings to God.

With his wife’s full knowledge
This phrase indicates a deliberate and premeditated act of deception involving both Ananias and Sapphira. The Greek word for "knowledge" here is "γνῶσις" (gnōsis), which implies an awareness or understanding. In the context of early Christian community life, this shared knowledge underscores the gravity of their sin, as it was not a momentary lapse but a conscious decision to deceive the apostles and, by extension, the Holy Spirit. Historically, this reflects the communal living and sharing of resources among the early Christians, as seen in Acts 4:32-37, where believers were of "one heart and soul."

he kept back
The Greek word used here is "νοσφίζω" (nosphizō), meaning to misappropriate or embezzle. This term is significant because it implies a breach of trust and integrity. In the context of the early church, where believers were expected to be transparent and honest in their dealings, this act of keeping back part of the proceeds was a serious offense. It highlights the importance of honesty and integrity in the Christian community, as well as the expectation of full commitment to the communal life.

some of the proceeds for himself
This phrase indicates that Ananias and Sapphira sold a piece of property and decided to withhold a portion of the money for personal use. The act of selling property and donating the proceeds was a voluntary act of generosity, as seen in the example of Barnabas in Acts 4:36-37. However, by pretending to donate the entire amount while secretly keeping some back, Ananias and Sapphira were not only lying to the apostles but also to God. This act of deceit is a stark reminder of the dangers of hypocrisy and the importance of sincerity in one's relationship with God.

but brought a portion
The contrast introduced by "but" highlights the duplicity of Ananias and Sapphira's actions. They brought only a portion of the proceeds, yet presented it as if it were the whole amount. This act of partial giving, while pretending it to be complete, is a form of deception that undermines the trust and unity within the Christian community. It serves as a cautionary tale about the importance of transparency and honesty in one's dealings with others, especially within the body of Christ.

and laid it at the apostles’ feet
This phrase reflects the practice of the early church, where believers would lay their contributions at the apostles' feet as a sign of submission and trust in their leadership. The act of laying the money at the apostles' feet symbolizes the surrender of personal wealth for the common good and the support of the community. However, in the case of Ananias and Sapphira, this outward act of submission was marred by their inward deceit, highlighting the disconnect between their actions and their hearts. It serves as a powerful reminder that God desires truth in the inward being (Psalm 51:6) and that outward acts of piety must be matched by inward sincerity.

Then Peter said
The phrase "Then Peter said" introduces the apostolic authority of Peter, who is often seen as the leader among the apostles. The Greek word for "said" is "eipen," which implies a declaration or proclamation. This moment is significant as it shows Peter acting under divine inspiration, addressing a serious issue within the early church. Historically, Peter's role is crucial as he is often the spokesperson for the apostles, and his words carry weight in the early Christian community.

Ananias
Ananias is a Greek name meaning "God is gracious." However, in this context, Ananias's actions contradict the grace implied by his name. His account serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of hypocrisy and deceit within the church. The historical context of the early church was one of communal living and sharing, as seen in Acts 4:32-37, making Ananias's actions particularly egregious.

how is it that Satan has so filled your heart
The phrase "Satan has so filled your heart" indicates a spiritual battle and the influence of evil. The Greek word for "filled" is "eplērōsen," suggesting a complete or overwhelming influence. This highlights the reality of spiritual warfare and the susceptibility of believers to temptation. In a conservative Christian perspective, this serves as a reminder of the need for vigilance and reliance on the Holy Spirit to guard one's heart against the enemy's schemes.

that you have lied to the Holy Spirit
"Lied to the Holy Spirit" underscores the gravity of Ananias's sin. The Greek word for "lied" is "pseusasthai," which means to deceive or falsify. This phrase emphasizes the personhood and divinity of the Holy Spirit, as lying to the Spirit is equated with lying to God. It serves as a theological affirmation of the Trinity and the active presence of the Holy Spirit in the church.

and have kept for yourself some of the money
The phrase "kept for yourself" reveals the selfishness and deceit in Ananias's actions. The Greek word "nosphisasthai" implies embezzlement or misappropriation. This act of withholding is not just a financial issue but a spiritual one, reflecting a lack of trust in God's provision and a desire for personal gain over communal well-being.

you received for the land
"Received for the land" refers to the sale of property, which was a common practice among early Christians to support the community. The historical context of this practice is rooted in the believers' commitment to living out the teachings of Jesus regarding generosity and care for one another. Ananias's failure to fully commit to this communal ethic highlights the tension between personal wealth and communal responsibility in the early church.

Did it not belong to you before it was sold?
This phrase emphasizes the personal ownership and responsibility of Ananias over his property. The Greek word for "belong" (ὑπάρχω, hyparchō) suggests existence or possession. In the early church, believers voluntarily shared their possessions, but this was not mandated. The context here is the freedom and autonomy Ananias had over his property, highlighting that his sin was not in withholding money, but in deceit.

And after it was sold, was it not at your disposal?
The phrase "at your disposal" underscores the continued authority Ananias had over the proceeds from the sale. The Greek term (ἐξουσία, exousia) implies power or control. This reinforces the idea that the act of giving was voluntary. The early church's communal living was based on love and generosity, not compulsion, reflecting the heart of Christian stewardship.

How could you conceive such a deed in your heart?
The word "conceive" (τίθημι, tithēmi) in Greek means to set, place, or establish. This indicates a deliberate and premeditated action. The heart, in biblical terms, is the center of moral and spiritual life. Ananias's sin was birthed in his heart, showing that sin often begins internally before manifesting outwardly. This serves as a warning to guard one's heart against deceit and hypocrisy.

You have not lied to men, but to God
This statement elevates the gravity of Ananias's sin. The Greek word for "lied" (ψεύδομαι, pseudomai) means to deceive or falsify. While the act was committed in the presence of men, it was ultimately against God, highlighting the divine nature of the church and the seriousness of sin within the community. This reflects the belief that God is omniscient and that integrity before Him is paramount.

On hearing these words
This phrase indicates the immediate and direct impact of the apostle Peter's words on Ananias. The Greek word for "hearing" is "ἀκούω" (akouo), which implies not just the act of hearing but understanding and internalizing the message. In the context of the early church, the words spoken by the apostles carried divine authority and were seen as the voice of God. This highlights the seriousness with which the early Christians regarded the apostolic teachings and the Holy Spirit's presence in their community.

Ananias
Ananias is a Greek name meaning "God is gracious." However, in this narrative, Ananias's actions contradict the grace implied by his name. His account serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of hypocrisy and deceit within the church. Historically, names in the Bible often reflect character or destiny, and the irony here is that Ananias's actions were anything but gracious, leading to divine judgment.

fell down and died
The phrase "fell down" comes from the Greek "πίπτω" (pipto), which means to fall or collapse suddenly. This sudden death is a divine act of judgment, emphasizing the seriousness of sin, particularly deceit against the Holy Spirit. The immediate consequence of Ananias's sin serves as a powerful reminder of God's holiness and the purity required within the church. In the historical context of the early church, such an event would have reinforced the fear of God and the importance of integrity among believers.

And great fear
The Greek word for "fear" is "φόβος" (phobos), which can mean both fear and reverence. This fear was not merely terror but a profound respect and awe for God's power and holiness. The early church was a community marked by the presence of the Holy Spirit, and this event underscored the reality of God's active involvement in the life of the church. The "great fear" that came over the people was a recognition of the seriousness of sin and the need for holiness.

came over all who heard what had happened
The phrase "came over" is translated from the Greek "γίνομαι" (ginomai), which means to become or to happen. This indicates a transformation in the mindset of the community. The event was not just a private matter but became known to all, serving as a public lesson. The early church was a close-knit community, and news of such a significant event would have spread quickly, reinforcing the call to live in truth and sincerity. The historical context of the early church, facing both internal and external challenges, required a strong foundation of trust and integrity, which this event helped to establish.

Then the young men
The phrase "the young men" refers to a group of younger members of the early Christian community. In the Greek, "νεανίσκοι" (neaniskoi) suggests young men who were likely tasked with physical duties due to their strength and vitality. Historically, young men in Jewish culture often took on roles that required physical labor, and their involvement here underscores the communal responsibility and order within the early church. This reflects the early church's structure, where each member had a role, emphasizing unity and service.

stepped forward
The action of stepping forward indicates a readiness and willingness to serve. In the context of the early church, this act of stepping forward can be seen as a demonstration of obedience and respect for the community's needs. It highlights the immediacy and urgency with which the early Christians responded to situations, reflecting their commitment to maintaining order and reverence within the community.

wrapped up his body
The act of wrapping the body is significant in Jewish burial customs, where the deceased were prepared with care and respect. The Greek word "συνέστειλαν" (synesteilan) implies a careful and respectful preparation of the body. This practice aligns with Jewish traditions of honoring the dead, as seen in John 19:40, where Jesus' body was wrapped in linen. It underscores the early Christians' adherence to cultural customs while also reflecting their respect for the sanctity of life and death.

and carried him out
Carrying the body out signifies the removal of Ananias from the community space, which was necessary to maintain purity and order. The Greek "ἐξενέγκαντες" (exenegkantes) suggests a deliberate and respectful action. This act of carrying out the body also symbolizes the separation of sin from the community, as Ananias' deceit was a serious offense against the Holy Spirit and the unity of the church.

and buried him
Burial was an essential practice in Jewish culture, reflecting the belief in the dignity of the human body and the hope of resurrection. The Greek "ἔθαψαν" (ethapsan) indicates a finality to the act, completing the process of dealing with Ananias' sin. This burial, done without delay, highlights the seriousness with which the early church dealt with sin and the importance of maintaining holiness within the community. It serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of deceit and the need for integrity in the life of believers.

About three hours later
This phrase sets the stage for the unfolding drama, emphasizing the passage of time between the events involving Ananias and those involving Sapphira. The specific mention of "three hours" may symbolize a period of completeness or divine timing, as the number three often holds significance in biblical texts, representing completeness or the divine nature of the Trinity. This time frame allows for reflection on the gravity of Ananias's actions and the impending consequences for Sapphira.

his wife also came in
Sapphira's entrance into the narrative is crucial. Her role as Ananias's wife highlights the partnership in their deceit. In the cultural and historical context of the early church, the unity of husband and wife was significant, and their joint actions would have been seen as a shared responsibility. The Greek word for "came in" (εἰσῆλθεν) suggests a deliberate action, indicating that Sapphira was entering the community space with purpose, unaware of the preceding events.

unaware of what had happened
This phrase underscores Sapphira's ignorance of the fate that had befallen her husband. The Greek term for "unaware" (μὴ εἰδυῖα) implies a lack of knowledge or understanding, which is pivotal in the narrative. It sets the stage for the impending revelation and judgment. Her ignorance serves as a narrative device to heighten the tension and drama of the unfolding events. In a broader theological sense, this ignorance can be seen as a metaphor for spiritual blindness or the consequences of sin that are hidden until revealed by God.

Tell me
The phrase "Tell me" is a direct command from Peter, indicating the authority he holds as an apostle. In the Greek, the word used is "eipe," which is an imperative form of "lego," meaning to speak or say. This command reflects the seriousness of the situation and Peter's role as a leader in the early church. It underscores the importance of truthfulness and transparency within the Christian community, as Peter seeks to uncover the truth about the actions of Ananias and Sapphira.

said Peter
Peter, one of Jesus' closest disciples, is the speaker here. His leadership is evident throughout the Book of Acts as he guides the early church. Historically, Peter's role is significant as he is often seen as the rock upon which the church is built (Matthew 16:18). His involvement in this narrative highlights the gravity of the situation and the need for integrity among believers.

is this the price
The question "is this the price" refers to the amount of money received from the sale of the land. The Greek word for "price" is "timē," which can also mean honor or value. This dual meaning emphasizes the moral and ethical implications of the transaction. The question is not just about the monetary value but also about the honesty and integrity of the individuals involved.

you and your husband got for the land?
This phrase highlights the joint responsibility of Sapphira and her husband, Ananias, in the deceit. The Greek word for "got" is "apodidōmi," meaning to give back or return, indicating the transaction's completion. The mention of "land" reflects the communal lifestyle of the early Christians, who often sold possessions to support one another (Acts 4:32-35). This context underscores the betrayal of community trust through their deceit.

Yes, she said
Sapphira's response, "Yes," is a confirmation of the lie. The Greek word "nai" is an affirmation, showing her complicity in the deception. Her agreement with the falsehood highlights the theme of personal accountability and the consequences of sin. It serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of dishonesty and the importance of truth in the Christian life.

that is the price
The phrase "that is the price" is a reiteration of the lie. The Greek structure emphasizes the finality and certainty of her statement. This moment is pivotal as it seals Sapphira's fate, illustrating the severe consequences of lying to the Holy Spirit. It serves as a powerful reminder of the need for integrity and the seriousness with which God views deceit within His church.

How could you conspire
The phrase "How could you conspire" is a direct confrontation of the deceitful actions taken by Ananias and Sapphira. The Greek word for "conspire" is "συμφωνέω" (symphoneo), which means to agree together or to make a pact. This highlights the premeditated nature of their sin, emphasizing that it was not a momentary lapse but a deliberate act against the community and God. In a historical context, this reflects the early church's emphasis on unity and honesty, as deceit threatened the very fabric of the fledgling Christian community.

to test the Spirit of the Lord
The phrase "to test the Spirit of the Lord" uses the Greek word "πειράζω" (peirazō), meaning to test or tempt. This indicates a deliberate challenge to God's omniscience and authority. In the scriptural context, testing God is a serious offense, as seen in the Old Testament when the Israelites tested God in the wilderness (Exodus 17:2). This act of testing the Spirit is a grave sin, as it shows a lack of faith and reverence for God's presence and power within the church.

Look!
The word "Look!" is an imperative, drawing immediate attention to the impending judgment. It serves as a wake-up call, not only to Sapphira but to all who hear the account. This urgency underscores the seriousness of the situation and the swift justice of God. In the broader biblical narrative, such calls to attention often precede significant divine action or revelation.

The feet of the men who buried your husband are at the door
This phrase is rich with imagery and foreboding. The "feet" symbolize the agents of God's judgment, and their presence "at the door" signifies the immediacy of the consequence. Historically, burial customs were swift, often on the same day, which underscores the rapid unfolding of events. This serves as a stark reminder of the certainty and swiftness of divine justice.

and they will carry you out also
The phrase "and they will carry you out also" is a prophetic declaration of Sapphira's impending death. The Greek verb "ἐκφέρω" (ekphero) means to carry out or to bear away, often used in the context of carrying out the dead. This serves as a sobering conclusion to the narrative, reinforcing the seriousness of sin within the community. It also serves as a warning to the early church and to believers today about the consequences of deceit and hypocrisy before God.

At that instant
The phrase "at that instant" underscores the immediacy and suddenness of the event. In the Greek, the word used is "parachrēma," which conveys the idea of something happening immediately or without delay. This highlights the divine judgment that was executed swiftly, emphasizing the seriousness of the sin committed by Sapphira. In a broader biblical context, it serves as a reminder of God's omniscience and the importance of integrity before Him.

she fell down
The action of "falling down" is significant in biblical literature, often symbolizing submission or the result of divine intervention. The Greek word "epesen" is used here, which can mean to fall physically or metaphorically. In this context, it indicates the physical collapse due to divine judgment. This act serves as a stark warning to the early church about the consequences of deceit and hypocrisy.

at his feet
The phrase "at his feet" is rich in biblical symbolism. In many instances, being at someone's feet signifies a position of humility or submission. However, in this context, it is a literal description of where Sapphira fell, indicating the presence of the apostles as witnesses to this divine act. It also serves to contrast the humility expected of believers with the pride and deceit that led to her downfall.

and died
The finality of "and died" is a sobering reminder of the wages of sin. The Greek word "apethanen" is used, which simply means to die. This death was not just physical but also spiritual, as it was a direct consequence of lying to the Holy Spirit. It serves as a powerful message to the early church about the seriousness of sin and the holiness of God.

Then the young men came in
The "young men" mentioned here were likely members of the early Christian community tasked with practical duties. Their role in this narrative is significant as it shows the communal responsibility and order within the early church. The Greek term "neōteroi" indicates their youth, suggesting a role of service and readiness to act in accordance with the apostles' guidance.

and, finding her dead
The phrase "finding her dead" emphasizes the reality and seriousness of the situation. It confirms the divine judgment that had been pronounced. This discovery by the young men serves as a witness to the entire community of the consequences of sin, reinforcing the need for honesty and integrity.

carried her out
The act of carrying her out signifies the removal of sin from the community. In the Greek, "exenegkan" is used, which means to carry out or remove. This action reflects the purity and holiness that the early church was called to maintain, symbolizing the separation from sin and deceit.

and buried her
Burial in biblical times was an act of respect and finality. The Greek word "ethapsan" is used here, indicating the act of burial. This was done swiftly, in accordance with Jewish customs, and signifies the end of Sapphira's earthly life and the consequences of her actions.

beside her husband
The phrase "beside her husband" highlights the unity in both life and death between Ananias and Sapphira. It serves as a poignant reminder of the shared responsibility and consequences of their actions. In a broader scriptural context, it underscores the biblical principle that sin affects not just the individual but also those around them, reinforcing the call to communal holiness and accountability.

And great fear
The phrase "great fear" in Greek is "φόβος μέγας" (phobos megas). The word "phobos" can mean fear, terror, or reverence. In this context, it suggests a profound awe and respect for the power and holiness of God. This fear is not merely terror but a recognition of God's authority and the seriousness of sin. Historically, the early church was witnessing the immediate consequences of deceit and hypocrisy through the deaths of Ananias and Sapphira, which underscored the holiness required within the community of believers.

came over
The Greek word used here is "ἐγένετο" (egeneto), which means "came to be" or "occurred." This indicates that the fear was not just a passing emotion but a significant and transformative event that affected the entire community. It suggests a divine intervention that brought about a change in the hearts and minds of the people, leading them to a deeper understanding of God's nature and expectations.

the whole church
The term "church" is translated from the Greek "ἐκκλησία" (ekklesia), which means "assembly" or "congregation." This is one of the earliest uses of the term to describe the Christian community. The "whole church" implies that this fear was not limited to a few individuals but was a collective experience shared by all believers. It highlights the unity and shared responsibility within the body of Christ, emphasizing that the actions of individuals can impact the entire community.

and all who heard about these events
This phrase extends the impact of the events beyond the immediate community of believers to include "all who heard." The Greek word "πάντας" (pantas) means "all" or "everyone," indicating that the news of these events spread widely. The phrase "heard about these events" suggests that the account of Ananias and Sapphira's deaths served as a powerful testimony to the seriousness of sin and the reality of God's judgment. It underscores the role of the early church as a witness to the surrounding society, demonstrating the transformative power of the Gospel and the call to holiness.

The apostles performed
The term "apostles" comes from the Greek word "apostolos," meaning "one who is sent out." This highlights the divine commissioning of the apostles by Jesus Christ to spread the Gospel. Their role was foundational in the early church, serving as both leaders and witnesses to Christ's resurrection. The phrase "performed" indicates active engagement in their mission, empowered by the Holy Spirit to carry out miraculous works.

many signs and wonders
"Signs" (Greek: "semeia") and "wonders" (Greek: "terata") refer to miraculous events that serve as divine authentication of the apostles' message. In the biblical context, these terms often appear together, emphasizing both the miraculous nature and the purpose of these acts—to point people to God and confirm the truth of the Gospel. Historically, such signs and wonders were crucial in establishing the credibility of the early church in a skeptical world.

among the people
This phrase underscores the public nature of the apostles' ministry. The miracles were not performed in secret but "among the people," indicating transparency and accessibility. The early church was deeply integrated into the community, and the apostles' works were a testament to God's power and presence among His people.

and with one accord
The Greek word "homothumadon" is translated as "with one accord," signifying unity and harmony among the believers. This unity was a hallmark of the early church, reflecting the prayer of Jesus in John 17 for His followers to be one. Such unity was essential for the church's strength and witness, allowing them to face external opposition with a united front.

the believers gathered together
The act of gathering together was central to the life of the early church. It was in these gatherings that believers found encouragement, teaching, and fellowship. The Greek term "synago" implies a purposeful assembly, highlighting the intentionality behind their meetings. This practice of gathering is a model for Christian community, emphasizing the importance of corporate worship and mutual support.

in Solomon’s Colonnade
Solomon's Colonnade, also known as Solomon's Porch, was a covered area on the eastern side of the Temple in Jerusalem. It served as a meeting place for the early church, providing a public yet somewhat protected space for teaching and fellowship. Archaeologically, this location is significant as it connects the early Christian movement with the Jewish heritage, symbolizing continuity and fulfillment of God's promises through Christ. The choice of this location also reflects the apostles' strategic use of familiar and significant spaces to reach the people with the Gospel message.

Although the people
This phrase indicates a distinction between the apostles and the general populace. The Greek word for "people" here is "laos," which often refers to the common people or the general population. In the context of Acts, "the people" often refers to the Jewish populace in Jerusalem. Historically, this was a time of great tension and expectation among the Jewish people, who were under Roman occupation and yearning for deliverance. The apostles, through their teachings and miracles, were gaining attention and respect from these people.

regarded them highly
The Greek word for "regarded" is "megaluno," which means to magnify or hold in high esteem. This indicates that the apostles were not only respected but were seen as significant figures within the community. Their actions, teachings, and the miracles they performed were causing the people to view them with great admiration. This respect was not just for their miraculous works but also for their evident sincerity and dedication to their faith. The early church's integrity and the apostles' boldness in preaching the gospel were compelling to the people.

no one else dared
The phrase "dared" comes from the Greek word "tolmao," which means to have courage or boldness. This suggests that there was a sense of fear or reverence that prevented others from joining the apostles. The context of Acts 5 reveals that this was a time of divine judgment, as seen in the preceding verses with the account of Ananias and Sapphira. The fear of God's holiness and the seriousness of joining the apostles in their mission were palpable. This reverence for the divine and the recognition of the cost of discipleship kept many at a distance.

join them
The Greek word for "join" is "kollao," which means to glue or cement together, indicating a close association or union. In the early church, joining the apostles was not merely a social or religious affiliation; it was a commitment to a new way of life, one that was counter-cultural and often met with persecution. The historical context of the early church was one of both rapid growth and significant opposition. To join the apostles meant to align oneself with the burgeoning Christian movement, which was seen as a threat by both Jewish religious leaders and Roman authorities.

Yet more and more believers
This phrase indicates a continuous and increasing growth of the early Christian community. The Greek word for "believers" is "πιστεύοντες" (pisteuontes), which means those who have faith or trust. This reflects the dynamic and living faith of the early Christians, who were not merely adherents to a new doctrine but were transformed individuals. The phrase "more and more" suggests an exponential growth, reminiscent of the mustard seed parable in Matthew 13:31-32, where the kingdom of heaven is likened to a small seed that grows into a large tree. This growth is a testament to the power of the Holy Spirit working through the apostles and the compelling nature of the Gospel message.

were brought to the Lord
The phrase "were brought" is translated from the Greek "προσετίθεντο" (prosetithento), which implies being added or joined to something. This is not merely a physical joining but a spiritual union with Christ, the head of the Church. The early Church saw itself as the body of Christ, and new believers were seen as being grafted into this body. The phrase "to the Lord" emphasizes the centrality of Jesus Christ in the life of the believer. It is not merely an affiliation with a group but a personal relationship with the Lord, who is the source of salvation and life. This reflects the early Church's understanding of conversion as a transformative encounter with the risen Christ.

large numbers of both men and women
The inclusion of "large numbers" highlights the significant impact the apostles' ministry had on the population. The Greek word "πλήθη" (plēthē) indicates a multitude or great number, underscoring the widespread acceptance and appeal of the Christian message. The specific mention of "both men and women" is significant in the historical and cultural context of the time. In a patriarchal society, the inclusion of women as equal participants in the faith community was revolutionary. This reflects the inclusive nature of the Gospel, which breaks down social and gender barriers, as echoed in Galatians 3:28, "There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus." The early Church's recognition of the equal value and contribution of women in the faith community is a testament to the transformative power of the Gospel in challenging societal norms and promoting equality.

As a result
This phrase indicates a direct consequence of the preceding events. In the context of Acts, the apostles were performing many signs and wonders among the people, which led to an increase in faith and expectation. The Greek word here, "hōste," implies a natural outcome or effect, emphasizing the powerful impact of the apostles' ministry on the community.

they would carry
The act of carrying the sick demonstrates the faith and hope of the people. The Greek verb "pherō" suggests a deliberate and purposeful action. This reflects the communal effort and belief in the healing power associated with the apostles, particularly Peter.

the sick
The term "asthenēs" in Greek refers to those who are weak or infirm. In the historical context, sickness was often seen as a physical manifestation of spiritual or moral issues. The early church's ministry to the sick was a testament to the holistic healing power of the Gospel, addressing both physical and spiritual needs.

out into the streets
The streets, or "plateia" in Greek, were public spaces where daily life unfolded. By bringing the sick into the streets, the community was making a public declaration of faith. This act also symbolizes the breaking down of barriers, as the healing power of God was not confined to private or sacred spaces but was available to all.

lay them on cots and mats
The use of "cots" (Greek "klinidion") and "mats" (Greek "krabattos") indicates the varied conditions of the sick. Cots were more structured, while mats were simple and portable, suggesting that people from different social and economic backgrounds were seeking healing. This diversity highlights the inclusive nature of the early Christian message.

so that at least Peter’s shadow
The mention of "Peter’s shadow" (Greek "skia") is significant. In ancient times, a person's shadow was often thought to carry their essence or power. The belief that Peter's shadow could heal reflects the extraordinary faith of the people and the profound authority bestowed upon the apostles by the Holy Spirit.

might fall on some of them
The phrase "might fall" (Greek "episkiazō") conveys the idea of overshadowing or covering. This imagery is reminiscent of the Holy Spirit overshadowing Mary in Luke 1:35, suggesting divine intervention and presence. The hope was that even indirect contact with Peter would result in healing, underscoring the pervasive power of God at work.

as he passed by
The act of passing by, or "parerchomai" in Greek, indicates movement and transition. Peter's journey through the streets symbolizes the spread of the Gospel and the dynamic nature of the early church's mission. It serves as a reminder that the work of God is ongoing and active, reaching out to those in need wherever they are found.

Crowds also gathered
The phrase indicates a significant movement of people, suggesting that the events surrounding the apostles were drawing widespread attention. The Greek word for "crowds" (ὄχλοι, ochloi) implies a large, diverse group, emphasizing the impact of the apostles' ministry. Historically, Jerusalem was a bustling city, especially during religious festivals, which would have contributed to the gathering of such crowds. This movement of people signifies the growing influence of the early church and the compelling nature of the apostles' message and miracles.

from the towns around Jerusalem
This phrase highlights the geographical spread of the apostles' influence beyond the city of Jerusalem. The Greek preposition "from" (ἀπό, apo) indicates that people were traveling from various surrounding areas, showing the regional impact of the apostles' ministry. This movement from surrounding towns suggests that the message of the Gospel was not confined to a single location but was beginning to permeate the broader Judean region, fulfilling Jesus' command to be His witnesses "in Jerusalem, and in all Judea" (Acts 1:8).

bringing the sick
The act of bringing the sick to the apostles underscores the desperation and hope of the people. The Greek word for "bringing" (φέροντες, pherontes) conveys a sense of carrying or bearing a burden, reflecting the physical and emotional weight of illness. In the historical context, medical knowledge was limited, and many ailments were considered incurable. The people's actions demonstrate their faith in the apostles' ability to heal through the power of Jesus Christ, echoing the healing ministry of Jesus Himself.

and those tormented by unclean spirits
This phrase addresses the spiritual afflictions that plagued many individuals. The term "tormented" (ὀχλουμένους, ochloumenous) suggests severe distress or harassment, while "unclean spirits" refers to demonic influences. In the Jewish context, spiritual purity was of utmost importance, and unclean spirits were seen as a significant threat to one's spiritual and communal life. The mention of these afflictions highlights the comprehensive nature of the apostles' ministry, addressing both physical and spiritual needs.

and all of them were healed
The phrase "all of them were healed" is a powerful testament to the completeness and effectiveness of the apostles' healing ministry. The Greek word for "healed" (ἐθεραπεύοντο, etherapeuonto) implies a restoration to health, both physically and spiritually. This universal healing reflects the boundless compassion and power of God working through the apostles. It serves as a fulfillment of Jesus' promise that His followers would do even greater works (John 14:12) and underscores the divine authority bestowed upon the early church. The comprehensive healing also symbolizes the holistic salvation offered through the Gospel, addressing every aspect of human brokenness.

Then
The word "then" serves as a transitional marker, indicating a continuation of the narrative from the preceding events. In the context of Acts, this follows the apostles' miraculous signs and wonders, which drew many to the early Christian community. The use of "then" suggests a cause-and-effect relationship, highlighting the growing tension between the early Christians and the Jewish religious leaders.

the high priest
The high priest was the chief religious authority in Judaism, responsible for the temple and its rituals. In the Greek, "archiereus" denotes this position of power and influence. Historically, the high priest at this time was likely Caiaphas, who played a significant role in the trial of Jesus. His involvement here underscores the continuity of opposition to the Christian message from the highest levels of Jewish leadership.

and all his associates
This phrase refers to those who were aligned with the high priest, likely members of the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council. The Greek term "syndromos" implies a close association or partnership, indicating that this was a concerted effort by the religious elite to suppress the burgeoning Christian movement.

who belonged to the party of the Sadducees
The Sadducees were a sect within Judaism known for their aristocratic status and control of the temple. They were distinct from the Pharisees in their denial of the resurrection and the existence of angels and spirits. Theologically conservative, they were threatened by the apostles' teachings, which affirmed the resurrection of Jesus. This historical context highlights the ideological clash between the Sadducees and the early Christians.

were filled with jealousy
The Greek word "zelos" conveys a strong sense of envy or zeal. This emotion was not merely personal but was rooted in a fear of losing authority and influence. The apostles' success and the people's response to their message challenged the Sadducees' religious and social standing. This jealousy is a recurring theme in Acts, illustrating the spiritual battle between the established religious order and the new covenant inaugurated by Christ.

They arrested the apostles
The phrase "They arrested the apostles" marks a significant moment in the early Christian church's history. The "they" refers to the religious authorities, specifically the high priest and his associates, who were threatened by the apostles' growing influence and the spread of the Gospel. The Greek word for "arrested" is "ἐπέβαλον" (epebalon), which implies a forceful laying of hands upon someone, indicating the hostility and aggression of the authorities. The "apostles" were the chosen messengers of Jesus Christ, tasked with spreading His teachings. This arrest was not just a legal action but a spiritual confrontation between the nascent Christian movement and the established religious order. Historically, this reflects the tension between the early church and Jewish leaders, who saw the apostles' message as a challenge to their authority and traditions.

and put them in the public jail
The phrase "and put them in the public jail" highlights the apostles' treatment as common criminals. The Greek term for "public jail" is "δημόσιον" (dēmosion), which indicates a place of confinement used for ordinary prisoners. This underscores the humiliation and degradation intended by the authorities, aiming to discredit the apostles and deter others from following their teachings. The public nature of the jail also suggests that the authorities wanted to make an example of the apostles, showing that their message would not be tolerated. In a broader scriptural context, this act of imprisonment is reminiscent of the trials faced by prophets and righteous individuals throughout biblical history, who often suffered for their faithfulness to God's call. This moment serves as a testament to the apostles' unwavering commitment to their mission, despite the risks and opposition they faced.

But during the night
The phrase "But during the night" sets the stage for a divine intervention that occurs under the cover of darkness. In biblical literature, night often symbolizes a time of trial or testing, yet it is also a time when God’s power is most vividly displayed. The Greek word for "night" (νύξ, nux) can imply a period of spiritual darkness or ignorance, but here it is transformed into a moment of divine revelation and action. This highlights the sovereignty of God, who works beyond human constraints and expectations, often choosing the most unexpected times to manifest His will.

an angel of the Lord
The term "an angel of the Lord" signifies a messenger sent directly from God. In the Greek, "angel" (ἄγγελος, angelos) means "messenger." Throughout Scripture, angels are depicted as divine agents who execute God’s commands, protect His people, and deliver His messages. The presence of an angel underscores the importance of the apostles' mission and the divine endorsement of their ministry. This intervention is a reminder of the spiritual realm's active involvement in earthly affairs, affirming that God’s purposes cannot be thwarted by human opposition.

opened the doors of the jail
"Opened the doors of the jail" is a powerful image of liberation and divine authority. The Greek word for "opened" (ἤνοιξεν, ēnoixen) suggests an action that is both physical and symbolic. In a historical context, jails were secure and formidable, representing the power of human authority and control. However, the angel’s ability to open these doors without resistance illustrates God’s supreme power over earthly institutions. This act of opening is not just a physical release but also a metaphor for spiritual freedom, emphasizing that no earthly power can imprison the truth of the Gospel.

and brought them out
The phrase "and brought them out" completes the miraculous deliverance. The Greek verb "brought" (ἐξήγαγεν, exēgagen) implies guidance and leadership, suggesting that the apostles were not merely set free but were led with purpose. This act of bringing out is reminiscent of God leading the Israelites out of Egypt, symbolizing a new exodus and a call to continue their mission. It serves as an encouragement to believers that God not only liberates but also directs and empowers His people to fulfill His divine purposes. This divine guidance reassures Christians that God is actively involved in their lives, leading them through trials and into His plans for them.

Go
The Greek word for "go" is "πορεύομαι" (poreuomai), which implies movement with purpose and direction. In the context of Acts, this command is not merely about physical movement but a divine commission. The apostles are being sent with authority and urgency, reminiscent of the Great Commission in Matthew 28:19. This directive underscores the active nature of Christian witness, emphasizing that faith is not passive but requires action and obedience to God's call.

stand
The term "stand" comes from the Greek "ἵστημι" (histēmi), which conveys the idea of being firm, steadfast, and unwavering. In the historical context of the early church, this command to stand in the temple courts is significant. It symbolizes boldness and courage, as the apostles are to take a public and visible stance for their faith in a place where they had previously faced opposition. This act of standing is a testament to their commitment and the power of the Holy Spirit enabling them to face persecution without fear.

in the temple courts
The temple courts were the central place of worship and teaching for the Jewish people. By instructing the apostles to go there, God is directing them to the heart of religious life in Jerusalem. This location is significant because it represents the intersection of the old covenant and the new message of Jesus Christ. The temple courts were a place of authority and tradition, and the apostles' presence there signifies the fulfillment of the law and prophets through Christ. It also highlights the transition from the old covenant to the new, as the message of Jesus is proclaimed in the very heart of Jewish worship.

tell the people
The Greek word for "tell" is "λαλέω" (laleō), which means to speak or proclaim. This is not a suggestion but a command to communicate openly and clearly. The apostles are to declare the message without reservation or fear. The phrase "the people" refers to the Jewish populace gathered in the temple, indicating that the message of Christ is for all, transcending social and religious boundaries. This directive emphasizes the inclusive nature of the Gospel, which is to be shared with everyone.

the full message
The phrase "the full message" is translated from the Greek "τὰ ῥήματα τῆς ζωῆς ταύτης" (ta rhēmata tēs zōēs tautēs), meaning the complete or entire message. This underscores the importance of proclaiming the entirety of the Gospel, not just parts that are convenient or palatable. The apostles are charged with delivering the whole truth of the new life in Christ, which includes both the promise of salvation and the call to repentance and discipleship. This comprehensive message is essential for true conversion and spiritual growth.

of this new life
The term "new life" is derived from the Greek "ζωῆς" (zōēs), which signifies life in its fullest sense. This new life is not merely a continuation of the old but a transformative experience brought about by faith in Jesus Christ. It represents a radical change from death to life, from sin to righteousness, and from the old covenant to the new. The apostles are to testify to the resurrection power of Christ, which offers eternal life and a restored relationship with God. This new life is characterized by the indwelling of the Holy Spirit, empowering believers to live in accordance with God's will.

At daybreak
The phrase "at daybreak" signifies the early morning, a time often associated with new beginnings and divine encounters in Scripture. In the Greek, "orthros" refers to dawn or early morning, symbolizing the light of Christ breaking into the darkness of the world. This timing underscores the apostles' eagerness and obedience to God's command, reflecting the urgency and priority of spreading the Gospel.

the apostles
The term "apostles" comes from the Greek "apostolos," meaning "one who is sent." This highlights their role as messengers of Christ, entrusted with the mission to spread His teachings. The apostles were foundational to the early Church, and their actions in this verse demonstrate their commitment to their divine commission, despite the risks involved.

entered the temple courts
The "temple courts" were central to Jewish religious life, serving as a place of worship, teaching, and community gathering. By entering the temple courts, the apostles positioned themselves in a place of significant religious and cultural influence. This act of entering the temple signifies their boldness and determination to proclaim the Gospel in the heart of Jewish tradition.

as they had been told
This phrase emphasizes obedience to divine instruction. The apostles' actions were not based on their own initiative but were in direct response to God's command. This obedience is a key theme in Acts, illustrating the importance of following God's guidance in the mission of the Church.

and began to teach the people
Teaching was a central aspect of the apostles' ministry. The Greek word "didasko" means to instruct or impart knowledge. The apostles' teaching was not merely informational but transformational, aimed at leading people to a deeper understanding of Christ and His Kingdom. This teaching in the temple courts signifies the fulfillment of Jesus' command to make disciples of all nations.

When the high priest and his associates arrived
The "high priest" and his "associates" represent the religious authority of the time. Their arrival signifies the tension between the new Christian movement and the established Jewish leadership. Historically, the high priest held significant power, both religiously and politically, and their involvement indicates the perceived threat of the apostles' message to their authority.

they convened the Sanhedrin
The "Sanhedrin" was the supreme council and tribunal of the Jews, composed of elders, scribes, and priests. Convening the Sanhedrin reflects the seriousness with which the Jewish leaders viewed the apostles' activities. This assembly was responsible for maintaining religious order, and their convening highlights the growing conflict between the nascent Church and traditional Jewish authority.

the full assembly of the elders of Israel
This phrase underscores the comprehensive nature of the Sanhedrin's authority, representing the collective leadership of the Jewish people. The "elders of Israel" were respected leaders, and their involvement indicates the gravity of the situation. This assembly's role was to deliberate on matters of law and doctrine, and their gathering signifies the challenge the apostles posed to the status quo.

and sent to the jail for the apostles
This action of sending to the jail underscores the apostles' previous arrest and the ongoing opposition they faced. The Greek word "desmoterion" for jail indicates a place of confinement, symbolizing the attempts to suppress the Gospel. Despite this, the apostles' unwavering commitment to their mission serves as an inspiration for believers to remain steadfast in the face of persecution.

But on arriving at the jail
This phrase sets the scene for a moment of divine intervention. The Greek word for "arriving" (παραγίνομαι, paraginomai) implies a coming or appearing, often used in contexts where something significant is about to unfold. The "jail" (φυλακή, phylakē) was a place of confinement, yet it becomes a stage for God's miraculous work. Historically, jails were secure and formidable, emphasizing the power of God to transcend human barriers.

the officers did not find them there
The "officers" (ὑπηρέτης, hypēretēs) were temple guards, tasked with maintaining order and enforcing the Sanhedrin's decrees. Their failure to "find" (εὑρίσκω, heuriskō) the apostles highlights the futility of human efforts against divine will. This moment echoes the resurrection narrative, where the tomb was found empty, symbolizing God's authority over earthly powers.

So they returned with the report
The act of "returning" (ὑποστρέφω, hypostrephō) signifies a retreat, a recognition of the limits of human authority. The "report" (ἀπαγγέλλω, apangellō) they bring is not just a statement of fact but a testament to the apostles' divine mission. This phrase underscores the theme of God's sovereignty and the unstoppable nature of His plans, encouraging believers to trust in His ultimate control over all circumstances.

We found the jail securely locked
The phrase "securely locked" indicates a state of complete security and control, suggesting that human efforts were made to ensure the apostles remained imprisoned. The Greek word for "securely" (ἀσφαλῶς, asphalōs) implies a sense of safety and certainty. This reflects the authorities' confidence in their earthly power and measures. However, it also sets the stage for a divine intervention that transcends human limitations, highlighting the theme of God's sovereignty and the futility of opposing His will.

with the guards posted at the doors
The presence of "guards posted at the doors" underscores the seriousness with which the apostles' imprisonment was treated. The Greek term for "guards" (φυλάκων, phylakōn) refers to those tasked with watching over prisoners, emphasizing vigilance and authority. Historically, Roman and Jewish authorities took great care in maintaining order and preventing escapes. This detail accentuates the miraculous nature of the apostles' escape, as it was not due to human error but divine intervention, reinforcing the power of God to protect and deliver His servants.

but when we opened them
The act of opening the doors, expecting to find the prisoners, is a moment of revelation. The Greek word for "opened" (ἀνοίξαντες, anoixantes) suggests an unveiling or discovery. This action symbolizes the human expectation of control and predictability, which is about to be challenged by the unexpected work of God. It serves as a reminder that God's plans often defy human understanding and expectations, calling believers to trust in His greater wisdom and purpose.

we found no one inside
The discovery that "no one" was inside the jail is a powerful testament to the miraculous. The Greek phrase (οὐδένα εὕρομεν ἔσω, oudena heurōmen esō) conveys a sense of astonishment and disbelief. This moment highlights the futility of human efforts against the divine will. Scripturally, it echoes other instances where God delivers His people in unexpected ways, such as Daniel in the lion's den or Peter's later escape from prison. It serves as an encouragement to believers that God is always in control, capable of delivering His people from seemingly impossible situations, and that His purposes will always prevail.

When the captain of the temple guard
The "captain of the temple guard" refers to the officer responsible for maintaining order in the temple precincts. In Greek, the term used is "στρατηγός" (strategos), which denotes a high-ranking official. Historically, this position was second only to the high priest in terms of authority within the temple. The captain's role was crucial in ensuring that the temple, a sacred space for Jewish worship and sacrifice, remained a place of order and reverence. This highlights the seriousness with which the Jewish authorities took any disturbance in the temple, reflecting their commitment to preserving the sanctity of their religious practices.

and the chief priests
The "chief priests" were members of the Jewish priestly hierarchy, often from the Sadducean sect, who held significant religious and political power. The Greek term "ἀρχιερεῖς" (archiereis) indicates those who were leaders among the priests, possibly including the high priest and former high priests. Their involvement in this narrative underscores the tension between the early Christian movement and the established Jewish religious leadership. The chief priests were deeply invested in maintaining their authority and the status quo, which the apostles' teachings and actions threatened.

heard this account
The phrase "heard this account" suggests that the captain and the chief priests were receiving reports about the apostles' activities. The Greek word "ἀκούσαντες" (akousantes) implies not just hearing but understanding and processing the information. This account likely included the miraculous escape of the apostles from prison, which was a direct challenge to their authority and control. The dissemination of such news would have been alarming to the religious leaders, as it indicated a divine endorsement of the apostles' mission.

they were perplexed
The word "perplexed" comes from the Greek "διηπόρουν" (diēporoun), meaning to be in doubt or at a loss. This reaction reveals the leaders' confusion and inability to comprehend the situation fully. Their perplexity highlights the supernatural nature of the apostles' escape and the growing influence of the Christian message, which defied human explanation and control. It also reflects the spiritual blindness and resistance of the religious authorities to the new work God was doing through the apostles.

as to what was happening
This phrase indicates their uncertainty about the implications of the events unfolding before them. The Greek "τί ἂν γένοιτο τοῦτο" (ti an genoito touto) suggests a questioning of the future consequences. The religious leaders were concerned about the potential spread of the apostles' teachings and the impact on their authority and the Jewish faith. This moment of uncertainty is pivotal, as it sets the stage for the continued growth of the early Church despite opposition, demonstrating the unstoppable nature of God's plan and the fulfillment of Jesus' promise that His followers would be His witnesses to the ends of the earth.

Then someone came in and announced
This phrase sets the scene for a moment of surprise and urgency. The Greek word for "announced" (ἀπαγγέλλω, apangellō) implies a formal report or declaration. In the context of the early church, this announcement is significant as it underscores the divine intervention that had occurred. The apostles, previously imprisoned, are now free and actively teaching. This reflects the unstoppable nature of God's work and the boldness of the apostles, empowered by the Holy Spirit.

Look
The word "Look" (ἰδού, idou) is an imperative often used to draw attention to something unexpected or important. It serves as a call to witness the miraculous and the fulfillment of God's promises. In the biblical narrative, such calls to attention often precede significant revelations or divine actions, emphasizing the importance of what follows.

the men you put in jail
This phrase highlights the apostles' previous imprisonment, a result of their bold proclamation of the Gospel. The Greek term for "jail" (φυλακή, phylakē) can also mean a place of guarding or a watch. Historically, this reflects the early church's persecution and the authorities' attempts to suppress the spread of Christianity. Yet, it also points to the futility of human efforts against God's sovereign plans.

are standing in the temple courts
The "temple courts" (ἱερὸν, hieron) were central to Jewish religious life, a place of worship, teaching, and gathering. The apostles' presence there is significant; it symbolizes the continuity and fulfillment of God's covenant with Israel through Jesus Christ. Their boldness in standing there, despite previous threats, demonstrates their unwavering commitment to their mission and the power of the Holy Spirit at work within them.

teaching the people
"Teaching" (διδάσκω, didaskō) is a central activity of the apostles, reflecting Jesus' Great Commission to make disciples of all nations. The act of teaching in the temple courts signifies the apostles' role in spreading the Gospel and instructing believers in the ways of Christ. It also highlights the transformative power of the Gospel message, which could not be contained by imprisonment or opposition. The apostles' teaching is a testament to their obedience to God rather than human authorities, as they prioritize divine command over earthly restrictions.

At that point
This phrase indicates a specific moment in time, suggesting urgency and immediacy. In the context of Acts 5, the apostles had been preaching boldly in the temple courts, despite previous warnings from the Jewish authorities. The phrase underscores the tension and the pivotal nature of the events unfolding. Historically, this was a period of significant growth and challenge for the early church, as the apostles were spreading the message of Jesus Christ in Jerusalem, the heart of Jewish religious life.

the captain
The Greek word used here is "στρατηγός" (strategos), referring to a high-ranking officer in charge of the temple guard. This position was one of authority and respect within the Jewish temple hierarchy. The captain's involvement highlights the seriousness with which the Jewish leaders viewed the apostles' activities. It also reflects the organized structure of temple security, which was tasked with maintaining order and protecting the sanctity of the temple.

went with the officers
The term "officers" translates from the Greek "ὑπηρέτης" (hypēretēs), meaning servants or attendants. These were likely members of the temple guard, responsible for enforcing the Sanhedrin's orders. Their role was to ensure compliance with religious laws and directives. This phrase illustrates the coordinated effort by the Jewish authorities to address what they perceived as a threat to their religious and social order.

and brought them
The act of bringing the apostles indicates a non-violent approach, as opposed to arresting them with force. This suggests a level of respect or caution, possibly due to the apostles' growing popularity among the people. The authorities were aware of the potential for public unrest if they acted too harshly. This reflects the delicate balance the Jewish leaders had to maintain between enforcing their authority and avoiding public backlash.

without violence
This phrase is significant, as it highlights the restraint exercised by the temple authorities. The Greek word "βίας" (bias) means force or violence. The decision to avoid violence was likely influenced by the apostles' favor with the people, as well as the leaders' fear of inciting a riot. This restraint underscores the apostles' influence and the growing impact of their message, which was challenging the established religious norms.

for they feared
The fear mentioned here is a crucial element in understanding the dynamics between the apostles and the Jewish authorities. The Greek word "φοβέω" (phobeo) implies a deep concern or apprehension. The authorities were not only concerned about maintaining order but also about their own positions and the potential repercussions from the Roman authorities if a disturbance occurred. This fear reflects the power of the apostles' message and the divine authority with which they spoke.

that the people
The people, or "λαός" (laos) in Greek, refers to the general populace of Jerusalem. The apostles had gained significant support among the people due to their teachings and miraculous signs. This popular support was a source of concern for the Jewish leaders, as it threatened their control and influence. The people's favor towards the apostles is a testament to the compelling nature of the Gospel message and the work of the Holy Spirit in drawing individuals to the truth.

might stone them
Stoning was a traditional Jewish form of capital punishment for blasphemy or other serious offenses. The fear of being stoned by the people indicates the high level of support the apostles had garnered. It also reflects the volatile nature of public opinion and the potential for mob justice. This phrase highlights the precarious position of the Jewish leaders, who were caught between their desire to suppress the apostles and the risk of inciting the wrath of the people.

They brought them in
This phrase indicates the apostles were forcibly taken into custody. The Greek word used here is "ἤγαγον" (ēgagon), which implies leading or bringing someone with authority. Historically, this reflects the tension between the early Christian movement and the Jewish religious authorities. The apostles were seen as a threat to the established order, and this act of bringing them in underscores the conflict between the nascent Church and the Sanhedrin.

made them stand
The Greek word "ἔστησαν" (estēsan) is used here, meaning to make someone stand or to set them in place. This act of making the apostles stand before the Sanhedrin is symbolic of judgment and trial. In the Jewish tradition, standing before the Sanhedrin was a position of being judged, highlighting the gravity of the situation. It reflects the apostles' boldness and the seriousness with which the Sanhedrin viewed their actions.

before the Sanhedrin
The Sanhedrin was the supreme religious council in Jerusalem, composed of chief priests, elders, and scribes. The Greek term "Συνέδριον" (Synedrion) refers to this assembly. Historically, the Sanhedrin held significant power, both religiously and politically, within Jewish society. The apostles standing before this body signifies the clash between the new covenant in Christ and the old religious order.

where the high priest
The high priest, "ἀρχιερεύς" (archiereus) in Greek, was the highest religious authority in Judaism. At this time, the high priest was likely Caiaphas, who played a significant role in the trial of Jesus. The mention of the high priest here emphasizes the continuity of opposition from the same religious leaders who opposed Jesus, now opposing His followers.

interrogated them
The Greek word "ἐπηρώτησεν" (epērōtēsen) means to question or interrogate. This interrogation was not merely a request for information but a formal examination, likely with the intent to intimidate or condemn. The apostles' response to this interrogation would demonstrate their unwavering faith and commitment to the Gospel, serving as an inspiration for believers to stand firm in their convictions despite opposition.

We gave you strict orders
The phrase "strict orders" in the Greek is "παραγγελίᾳ παρηγγείλαμεν" (parangelia parēngeilamen), which conveys a command or charge with authority. This reflects the Sanhedrin's attempt to assert their religious authority over the apostles. Historically, the Sanhedrin was the supreme religious council in Jerusalem, and their orders were expected to be followed without question. This highlights the tension between human authority and divine mandate, as the apostles were compelled by a higher calling to preach the Gospel.

not to teach in this name
The phrase "in this name" refers to the name of Jesus Christ. In Jewish culture, a name was not merely a label but represented the essence and authority of a person. The Sanhedrin's refusal to even mention Jesus' name underscores their rejection of His authority and their desire to suppress His influence. This reflects the broader spiritual conflict between the early Christian movement and the established religious order.

he said
The speaker here is the high priest, representing the religious leadership of Israel. His role was to mediate between God and the people, yet here he stands in opposition to God's new covenant through Christ. This irony is a powerful reminder of how religious systems can sometimes become obstacles to divine truth.

Yet you have filled Jerusalem with your teaching
The apostles' teaching had permeated Jerusalem, indicating the rapid spread of the Gospel despite opposition. The Greek word for "filled" is "πεπληρώκατε" (peplērōkate), suggesting a complete saturation. This reflects the unstoppable nature of the Gospel message, which, empowered by the Holy Spirit, transcends human barriers and reaches the hearts of many.

and are determined
The Greek word "βούλεσθε" (boulesthe) implies a deliberate intention or resolve. The apostles were unwavering in their mission, driven by a divine commission that surpassed any earthly authority. This determination is a testament to their faith and the transformative power of their encounter with the risen Christ.

to make us responsible for this man's blood
The phrase "this man's blood" refers to the crucifixion of Jesus. The Sanhedrin's concern about being held accountable reveals their awareness of their role in Jesus' death. This echoes the earlier cry of the crowd in Matthew 27:25, "His blood be on us and on our children!" Theologically, it underscores the concept of collective responsibility and the need for repentance and forgiveness through Christ's atoning sacrifice.

But Peter and the other apostles replied
This phrase introduces the response of Peter and the apostles to the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council. The Greek word for "replied" (ἀπεκρίθη) indicates a formal response, suggesting the gravity and deliberation behind their words. Historically, this moment is significant as it highlights the early church's boldness and unity in the face of persecution. The apostles, led by Peter, are not acting individually but collectively, demonstrating the strength of their shared conviction and the guidance of the Holy Spirit.

We must obey
The Greek word for "must" (δεῖ) conveys a sense of divine necessity or obligation. This is not a casual choice but a compelling duty. The apostles recognize that their allegiance to God supersedes all earthly authorities. This principle of divine obedience is rooted in the Hebrew Scriptures, where figures like Daniel and his friends chose faithfulness to God over compliance with human decrees. The apostles' declaration serves as a timeless reminder for believers to prioritize God's commands above all else.

God rather than men
This phrase encapsulates the core of the apostles' conviction. The contrast between "God" (Θεός) and "men" (ἀνθρώποις) underscores the ultimate authority of the divine over human institutions. In the historical context, the apostles were confronting the Sanhedrin, who wielded significant religious and social power. Yet, the apostles assert that God's authority is supreme. This echoes the teachings of Jesus, who instructed His followers to render unto Caesar what is Caesar's, but unto God what is God's (Matthew 22:21). The apostles' stance is a powerful testament to their unwavering faith and commitment to the Great Commission, even in the face of potential suffering or death.

The God of our fathers
This phrase emphasizes the continuity of the Christian faith with the Jewish tradition. The Greek word for "fathers" (πατέρων, pateron) refers to the patriarchs of Israel, such as Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. By invoking "The God of our fathers," Peter is affirming that the God who acted in the history of Israel is the same God who is now working through Jesus Christ. This connection underscores the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies and promises in the person and work of Jesus, reinforcing the unity of God's redemptive plan throughout history.

raised up Jesus
The phrase "raised up" (ἤγειρεν, egeiren) is significant in the context of the resurrection. It indicates that God actively brought Jesus back to life, affirming His divine power and authority. This act of raising Jesus is central to the Christian faith, as it validates Jesus' claims of divinity and His victory over sin and death. The resurrection is not just a historical event but a transformative reality that offers hope and assurance of eternal life to believers.

whom you had killed
This phrase directly addresses the responsibility of the Jewish leaders in the death of Jesus. The Greek word for "killed" (διεχειρίσασθε, diecheirisasthe) implies a deliberate and violent act. Peter's bold accusation serves as a call to repentance, highlighting the gravity of their actions. It also serves as a reminder of the human tendency to reject God's messengers and the need for humility and acknowledgment of sin.

by hanging Him on a tree
The phrase "hanging Him on a tree" (κρεμάσαντες ἐπὶ ξύλου, kremasantes epi xylou) is a reference to Deuteronomy 21:22-23, where being hanged on a tree is associated with being cursed by God. In the New Testament context, this phrase underscores the shame and curse that Jesus bore on behalf of humanity. By willingly enduring this form of execution, Jesus took upon Himself the curse of sin, offering redemption and reconciliation with God. This act of sacrificial love is central to the Christian message of salvation and grace.

God exalted Him
The phrase "God exalted Him" signifies the divine action of elevating Jesus to a position of supreme honor and authority. The Greek word for "exalted" is "ὑψόω" (hypsóō), which means to lift up or elevate. This exaltation is not merely a physical ascension but a spiritual and authoritative elevation, affirming Jesus' divine nature and His victory over sin and death. Historically, this reflects the early Christian belief in the resurrection and ascension of Jesus, which is central to Christian faith. It underscores the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies regarding the Messiah's triumph and divine endorsement.

to His right hand
The phrase "to His right hand" is a metaphorical expression denoting a place of power and honor. In ancient cultures, the right hand was considered a position of favor and authority. Biblically, this imagery is rooted in Psalm 110:1, where the Messiah is invited to sit at God's right hand. Theologically, it signifies Jesus' co-regency with God, sharing in divine authority and participating in the governance of the universe. This position underscores the belief in Jesus' divinity and His role as an intercessor for humanity.

as Prince and Savior
The titles "Prince and Savior" highlight the dual role of Jesus in God's redemptive plan. The Greek word for "Prince" is "ἀρχηγός" (archēgos), which can mean leader, pioneer, or author. It suggests that Jesus is the originator and leader of salvation, guiding believers into eternal life. "Savior" (σωτήρ, sōtēr) emphasizes His role in delivering humanity from sin and its consequences. Together, these titles affirm Jesus' authority and His mission to bring salvation, reflecting the early church's understanding of His messianic role.

in order to grant repentance
The phrase "in order to grant repentance" indicates the purpose of Jesus' exaltation. The Greek word for "repentance" is "μετάνοια" (metanoia), which means a change of mind or turning away from sin. This highlights the transformative aspect of salvation, where individuals are called to turn from their sinful ways and align themselves with God's will. Theologically, it underscores the necessity of repentance as a prerequisite for receiving God's grace and forgiveness.

and forgiveness of sins
"Forgiveness of sins" is a central tenet of Christian doctrine, emphasizing the removal of guilt and the restoration of a right relationship with God. The Greek word for "forgiveness" is "ἄφεσις" (aphesis), which means release or pardon. This concept is deeply rooted in the sacrificial system of the Old Testament, where atonement was made for sins. In the New Testament, Jesus' sacrificial death is seen as the ultimate atonement, providing a once-for-all forgiveness for those who believe.

to Israel
The phrase "to Israel" indicates the initial focus of Jesus' mission. Historically, Israel was God's chosen people, and the early church saw Jesus' ministry as the fulfillment of God's promises to Israel. However, this also foreshadows the expansion of the gospel to the Gentiles, as seen later in Acts. Theologically, it reflects the continuity of God's redemptive plan from the Old Testament to the New, emphasizing that salvation is first offered to the Jews and then to the entire world.

We are witnesses
The phrase "we are witnesses" underscores the apostolic authority and firsthand experience of the disciples. The Greek word for "witnesses" is "μάρτυρες" (martyres), which is the root for the English word "martyr." This indicates not only their role in testifying to the truth of Jesus Christ but also foreshadows the suffering and persecution they would endure for their testimony. Historically, the apostles were indeed eyewitnesses to the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus, which gave them a unique and authoritative position in the early church. Their witness was not just a recounting of events but a bold proclamation of the transformative power of the Gospel.

of these things
"These things" refers to the events surrounding the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ, as well as the outpouring of the Holy Spirit. The apostles were not speaking of abstract concepts but of concrete historical events that they had personally experienced. This phrase emphasizes the tangible reality of the Gospel message, rooted in actual occurrences that were verifiable and witnessed by many. The historical context of the early church was one of rapid growth and expansion, fueled by the compelling testimony of those who had seen and heard Jesus.

and so is the Holy Spirit
The inclusion of the Holy Spirit as a witness alongside the apostles highlights the divine endorsement and empowerment of their message. The Holy Spirit, referred to in Greek as "Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον" (Pneuma Hagion), is the third person of the Trinity, actively involved in the work of salvation and the life of the believer. The Holy Spirit's role as a witness is both internal, confirming the truth of the Gospel in the hearts of believers, and external, manifesting through signs, wonders, and the bold proclamation of the apostles. This underscores the unity and cooperation within the Godhead in the mission of the church.

whom God has given
This phrase emphasizes the sovereignty and grace of God in the giving of the Holy Spirit. The Greek word for "given" is "ἔδωκεν" (edōken), which conveys the idea of a gift freely bestowed. The Holy Spirit is not earned or merited but is a gracious gift from God to His people. This reflects the broader biblical theme of God's initiative in salvation and His desire to empower His followers for service and witness. The historical context of the early church was marked by a deep reliance on the Holy Spirit for guidance, strength, and boldness in the face of persecution.

to those who obey Him
Obedience is a key theme in the Christian life, and this phrase highlights the relationship between obedience and the reception of the Holy Spirit. The Greek word for "obey" is "πειθαρχοῦσιν" (peitharchousin), which implies a willingness to be persuaded and to submit to authority. In the context of Acts, obedience to God is contrasted with obedience to human authorities, as the apostles prioritize God's command to preach the Gospel over any human directive. This obedience is not a legalistic requirement but a response of faith and love to the grace of God, resulting in the indwelling presence and power of the Holy Spirit.

When they heard this
This phrase refers to the response of the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council, upon hearing the apostles' bold proclamation of the Gospel and their defiance of the council's orders. The Greek word for "heard" is "ἀκούσαντες" (akousantes), which implies not just the act of hearing but also understanding and processing the message. The apostles had just testified about Jesus' resurrection and divine authority, which directly challenged the Sanhedrin's power and beliefs. This hearing was not merely auditory but a confrontation with a truth that demanded a response.

they were enraged
The Greek word used here is "διεπρίοντο" (dieprionto), which literally means "to be sawn through" or "cut to the heart." This vivid imagery suggests a deep, visceral reaction, indicating that the message of the apostles pierced through their defenses and provoked a strong emotional response. Historically, the Sanhedrin was composed of religious leaders who were deeply invested in maintaining their authority and the status quo. The apostles' message threatened their religious and social order, leading to this intense anger.

and wanted to put the apostles to death
The desire to execute the apostles reveals the severity of the threat perceived by the Sanhedrin. The Greek word "βουλεύοντο" (bouleuonto) is used here, meaning "they were planning" or "they were resolved." This indicates a deliberate and considered decision, not a rash impulse. The historical context is crucial here; the Sanhedrin had previously orchestrated the crucifixion of Jesus, and now they faced His followers who were gaining influence. The apostles' unwavering commitment to their mission, even in the face of death, highlights the transformative power of the Holy Spirit and the truth of the resurrection. This moment underscores the early church's courage and the divine protection that would ultimately guide and sustain them through persecution.

But a Pharisee named Gamaliel
The mention of "a Pharisee" immediately situates us within the religious and political landscape of first-century Judea. The Pharisees were a prominent Jewish sect known for their strict adherence to the Law and traditions. "Gamaliel" is a significant figure, as he was a respected teacher of the law. In the Jewish tradition, Gamaliel is often associated with wisdom and moderation. His presence in this narrative highlights the diversity of thought within the Jewish leadership and the potential for reasoned discourse even amidst conflict.

a teacher of the law
This phrase underscores Gamaliel's authority and expertise in the Jewish legal tradition. The Greek term "nomodidaskalos" indicates someone who is not only knowledgeable but also capable of instructing others in the Torah. In the context of Acts, this establishes Gamaliel as a figure of considerable influence and respect, whose opinions would carry weight in the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council.

who was honored by all the people
The phrase "honored by all the people" suggests a widespread respect that transcends mere academic or religious circles. Gamaliel's reputation is not limited to the Pharisees or the Sanhedrin but extends to the general populace. This respect likely stems from his wisdom, fairness, and perhaps his role in guiding the Jewish community through complex legal and ethical issues.

stood up in the Sanhedrin
The act of "standing up" in the Sanhedrin is both literal and symbolic. It signifies Gamaliel's readiness to speak and assert his influence in a critical moment. The Sanhedrin was the supreme council and tribunal of the Jews during post-exilic times, composed of 71 members. Gamaliel's action here is a pivotal moment, as it sets the stage for his counsel, which will ultimately impact the fate of the apostles.

and ordered that the men be put outside for a short time
Gamaliel's decision to have "the men be put outside" reflects a strategic pause, allowing the council to deliberate without the immediate presence of the apostles. This action demonstrates his prudence and desire to ensure that the decision is made with careful consideration. The phrase "for a short time" indicates that this was not meant to be a lengthy exclusion but a temporary measure to facilitate a more open discussion among the council members.

Men of Israel
This phrase is a direct address to the Jewish council, the Sanhedrin, which was composed of the religious leaders of Israel. The term "Men of Israel" is significant as it invokes a sense of national identity and shared heritage. In the Greek, "Ἄνδρες Ἰσραηλῖται" (Andres Israēlitai) emphasizes the collective responsibility and unity of the Jewish people. Historically, Israel was chosen by God as His people, and this address serves as a reminder of their covenantal relationship with God. It calls the leaders to act in a manner worthy of their identity as God's chosen people.

he said
This refers to Gamaliel, a respected Pharisee and teacher of the law, who is speaking to the Sanhedrin. Gamaliel's role is crucial as he is a voice of reason and moderation in a potentially volatile situation. His words carry weight due to his esteemed position and his reputation for wisdom. In the context of the early church, Gamaliel's intervention is seen as providential, as it leads to the apostles' release. His speech reflects a cautious and thoughtful approach, urging the council to consider the implications of their actions.

consider carefully
The Greek word used here is "προσέχετε" (prosechete), which means to pay attention, be cautious, or take heed. This phrase is a call to deliberate reflection and careful judgment. It suggests a pause for thoughtful consideration rather than rash action. In the biblical context, wisdom and discernment are highly valued, and this exhortation aligns with the scriptural principle of seeking God's guidance before making decisions. It is a reminder to weigh actions against God's will and the potential consequences.

what you are about to do
This phrase highlights the immediacy and gravity of the decision facing the Sanhedrin. The Greek construction implies an impending action that requires urgent attention. The Sanhedrin is on the brink of making a significant decision regarding the apostles, who are preaching the gospel of Jesus Christ. Historically, this moment is pivotal for the early church, as the apostles' fate could influence the spread of Christianity. The phrase underscores the importance of considering the long-term impact of their actions on the nascent Christian movement.

to these men
The "men" referred to are the apostles, specifically Peter and John, who have been brought before the Sanhedrin for preaching about Jesus. The Greek term "τοὺς ἀνθρώπους τούτους" (tous anthrōpous toutous) personalizes the situation, reminding the council that their decision affects real individuals with a divine mission. In the broader scriptural context, these men are not just ordinary individuals; they are chosen by Christ to be His witnesses. The phrase serves as a reminder of the apostles' divine calling and the potential consequences of opposing God's work through them.

Some time ago
This phrase sets the historical context for the events being described. It indicates that the events involving Theudas occurred in the past, providing a backdrop for the current narrative in Acts. Historically, this suggests a period of unrest and messianic expectations among the Jewish people, which was not uncommon in the years leading up to and following the life of Jesus Christ.

Theudas
Theudas is a figure mentioned in this passage as a leader of a failed revolt. The name Theudas is of Greek origin, meaning "gift of God." Historically, there is some debate about the exact identity of Theudas, as Josephus, a first-century Jewish historian, also mentions a Theudas who led a revolt, but the timing seems different. This highlights the turbulent period in Judea, where many individuals claimed to be messianic figures.

rose up
The Greek word used here is "anestē," which means to stand up or rise. This implies that Theudas took a position of leadership or initiated an action, likely a rebellion or movement. In the context of Acts, this rising up is contrasted with the resurrection of Jesus, who rose not just in a physical sense but in a spiritual and eternal victory.

claiming to be somebody
This phrase indicates that Theudas asserted himself as a person of importance or authority. In the historical context, many individuals claimed to be the Messiah or a prophet, seeking to lead the Jewish people against Roman rule. This claim is significant as it contrasts with Jesus, who, though He was the Son of God, often demonstrated humility and servanthood.

about four hundred men joined him
The number "four hundred" signifies a substantial following, indicating that Theudas had a significant influence and was able to rally a considerable group to his cause. This reflects the desperation and hope among the Jewish people for deliverance. However, it also serves as a reminder of the fleeting nature of human-led movements compared to the divine mission of Christ.

He was killed
Theudas's death marks the end of his movement. The Greek word "apokteinō" is used here, meaning to kill or put to death. This is a stark reminder of the mortality and ultimate failure of human endeavors that are not aligned with God's will. In contrast, Jesus's death was not the end but the beginning of eternal life for believers.

and all his followers were dispersed
The dispersal of Theudas's followers signifies the collapse of his movement. The Greek word "diaskorpizō" means to scatter or disperse. This scattering is symbolic of the lack of lasting impact or unity in movements not founded on God's truth. It contrasts with the early Christian church, which, despite persecution, grew and spread across the world.

and it all came to nothing
This phrase underscores the futility of Theudas's rebellion. The Greek word "ginomai" is used here, meaning to become or come into being, but in this context, it emphasizes the ultimate failure and insignificance of the movement. This serves as a powerful reminder that only what is rooted in Christ will endure and bear eternal fruit.

After him
This phrase refers to the sequence of events following the uprising led by Theudas, mentioned in the previous verse. The historical context here is crucial, as it situates Judas the Galilean's revolt within a timeline of Jewish resistance against Roman rule. The phrase underscores the cyclical nature of such uprisings, highlighting the persistent unrest and desire for liberation among the Jewish people during this period.

Judas the Galilean
Judas the Galilean is a significant historical figure known for leading a revolt against Roman taxation. His actions are documented by the Jewish historian Josephus, who describes Judas as a zealous leader advocating for Jewish independence. The mention of Judas in Acts serves as a reminder of the political and social tensions of the time, illustrating the fervent desire for freedom from Roman oppression. From a theological perspective, Judas's zeal contrasts with the spiritual kingdom Jesus preached, emphasizing the difference between earthly and heavenly pursuits.

appeared
The Greek word used here, "anestē," implies rising up or coming forth, often with a connotation of taking a stand or initiating action. This word choice reflects Judas's emergence as a leader and instigator of rebellion. It suggests a moment of significant impact, as Judas's appearance marked a pivotal point in the Jewish resistance against Roman authority.

in the days of the census
The census mentioned here refers to the Roman census conducted for taxation purposes, which was deeply resented by the Jewish population. This event is historically linked to the census ordered by Quirinius around 6 AD, which led to widespread unrest. The census symbolizes Roman control and the imposition of foreign rule, serving as a catalyst for Judas's revolt. It highlights the socio-political climate of the time, where taxation was not just an economic burden but also a symbol of subjugation.

drew away people after him
This phrase indicates Judas's ability to attract followers and inspire them to join his cause. The Greek term "apēgagen" suggests leading or guiding, often with a sense of persuasion or influence. Judas's charisma and leadership skills enabled him to rally support, reflecting the deep-seated discontent among the Jewish populace. This movement, however, was ultimately rooted in earthly ambitions, contrasting with the spiritual following of Jesus, who called people to a higher, eternal purpose.

He too perished
The phrase succinctly conveys the fate of Judas, paralleling the outcome of other failed messianic figures. The use of "perished" underscores the temporal and ultimately futile nature of his rebellion. From a theological standpoint, this serves as a reminder of the transient nature of earthly power and the ultimate sovereignty of God. It contrasts with the eternal life promised through faith in Christ, who overcame death.

and all his followers were scattered
The scattering of Judas's followers signifies the disintegration of his movement following his death. The Greek word "dieskorpisthēsan" implies dispersion and disbandment, reflecting the lack of lasting impact or unity without their leader. This outcome highlights the fragility of movements based on human leadership and earthly goals. In contrast, the early Christian church, despite persecution, grew and thrived, rooted in the enduring truth of the Gospel and the guidance of the Holy Spirit. This serves as an inspirational reminder of the strength and resilience found in faith and divine purpose.

So in the present case
This phrase sets the context for a specific situation being addressed. The speaker, Gamaliel, a respected Pharisee and teacher of the law, is addressing the Sanhedrin regarding the apostles. The Greek word for "present" (νῦν) emphasizes the immediacy and relevance of the situation. Historically, this was a time of great tension between the Jewish authorities and the burgeoning Christian movement. Gamaliel's wisdom is highlighted here, as he calls for a measured response rather than a hasty judgment.

I advise you
Gamaliel's role as an advisor is crucial. The Greek word "παραγγέλλω" (parangellō) implies a command or authoritative instruction. His advice carries weight due to his status and experience. In a broader scriptural context, this reflects the biblical principle of seeking wise counsel, as seen in Proverbs 11:14, "Where there is no guidance, a people falls, but in an abundance of counselors there is safety."

Leave these men alone!
The directive to "leave" (ἀφίημι, aphiēmi) suggests a deliberate choice to release or let go. This is a call for restraint and non-interference. Historically, this reflects a period when the early church was under scrutiny and persecution. Gamaliel's counsel is a reminder of the power of divine providence and the futility of opposing God's will.

Let them go!
This phrase reinforces the idea of freedom and non-intervention. The Greek "ἄφετε" (aphete) is an imperative, urging the council to refrain from action. This reflects a trust in God's sovereignty, a theme prevalent throughout scripture, where human plans are subject to divine oversight.

For if their purpose or endeavor
The word "purpose" (βούλη, boulē) and "endeavor" (ἔργον, ergon) denote intention and action. Gamaliel distinguishes between human and divine origins of plans. This echoes the biblical teaching that human efforts, apart from God, are ultimately futile, as seen in Psalm 127:1, "Unless the LORD builds the house, the builders labor in vain."

is of human origin
The phrase "of human origin" (ἐξ ἀνθρώπων, ex anthrōpōn) contrasts with divine origin. It underscores the transient nature of human schemes. Historically, many movements and rebellions had arisen and failed, reinforcing the idea that only what is rooted in God endures.

it will fail
The certainty of failure (καταλύω, katalyō) for human-originated plans is emphasized. This reflects a biblical worldview that sees God's purposes as ultimately prevailing. The historical context of the early church, which despite persecution, grew and thrived, serves as a testament to the truth of Gamaliel's insight. This assurance inspires believers to trust in God's eternal plan, knowing that what is of God will stand the test of time.

But if it is from God
This phrase introduces a conditional statement that acknowledges the possibility of divine origin. The Greek word for "if" (εἰ) is a conjunction that sets up a hypothetical scenario. The phrase "from God" (ἐκ Θεοῦ) implies divine authority and origin. In the context of Acts, this refers to the work and mission of the apostles, suggesting that their actions and teachings could be divinely inspired. Historically, this reflects the Jewish understanding of God as the ultimate source of authority and truth, a belief deeply rooted in the Old Testament.

you will not be able to stop them
The phrase underscores the futility of opposing a divine mission. The Greek verb "to stop" (καταλύω) means to destroy or overthrow. This implies that human efforts are powerless against God's will. Theologically, this reflects the sovereignty of God, a central tenet in conservative Christian doctrine, emphasizing that God's plans are unstoppable and will ultimately prevail. This echoes the biblical narrative where God's purposes are fulfilled despite human opposition, as seen throughout the history of Israel and the early church.

You may even find yourselves fighting against God
This phrase serves as a warning about the consequences of opposing God's work. The Greek word for "fighting" (θεομάχος) literally means "God-fighter," indicating active resistance against divine purposes. Historically, this reflects the tension between the early Christian movement and the Jewish authorities. Scripturally, it resonates with the broader biblical theme of human rebellion against God, as seen in accounts like the Tower of Babel or the opposition faced by prophets. Theologically, it serves as a cautionary reminder that opposing God's will leads to spiritual peril, reinforcing the need for discernment and humility in recognizing God's work in the world.

At this
This phrase refers to the preceding counsel given by Gamaliel, a respected Pharisee and teacher of the law. His advice was to leave the apostles alone, suggesting that if their movement was of human origin, it would fail, but if it was from God, it could not be stopped. The Greek word here implies a decisive moment of consideration and agreement, highlighting the influence of Gamaliel's wisdom and the divine orchestration in the apostles' mission.

they yielded to his advice
The Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council, decided to follow Gamaliel's counsel. The Greek term for "yielded" suggests a reluctant but necessary compliance, indicating the tension between their desire to suppress the apostles and the wisdom of Gamaliel's warning. This moment underscores the sovereignty of God in guiding even the decisions of those who oppose His work.

They called the apostles in
The apostles were brought before the council again, signifying the continued scrutiny and opposition they faced. This phrase reflects the early church's reality of persecution and the apostles' unwavering commitment to their mission. Historically, this setting in Jerusalem was a place of significant religious authority, emphasizing the boldness required to stand firm in their testimony.

and had them flogged
Flogging was a severe punishment, often involving 39 lashes, intended to deter and humiliate. The Greek word used here conveys the brutality of the act. This punishment fulfilled Jesus' prophecy that His followers would suffer for His name (Matthew 10:17-18). The apostles' endurance of such suffering is a testament to their faith and the power of the Holy Spirit within them.

Then they ordered them not to speak in the name of Jesus
The council's command reflects their fear of the growing influence of the apostles' teaching. The phrase "in the name of Jesus" signifies the authority and power associated with Jesus, which the religious leaders sought to suppress. This order highlights the spiritual battle between the forces of darkness and the light of the Gospel.

and released them
Despite the punishment and threats, the apostles were set free. This release signifies God's providential care and the unstoppable nature of His plan. The Greek term for "released" suggests a dismissal, yet it also implies a divine release into continued ministry. The apostles' freedom to continue preaching underscores the triumph of God's purposes over human opposition.

The apostles left the Sanhedrin
This phrase indicates a departure from the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council. Historically, the Sanhedrin was a powerful body in Jewish society, responsible for religious and legal decisions. The apostles' departure signifies a release from a place of authority and judgment. The Greek word for "left" (ἀπέρχομαι, aperchomai) implies a movement away, not just physically but also symbolically, from the constraints of human authority to the freedom found in divine mission.

rejoicing
The Greek word here is χαίρω (chairō), which means to be glad or to rejoice. This joy is not a mere emotional response but a profound spiritual state. Despite facing persecution, the apostles' joy reflects their deep faith and understanding of their mission. Historically, joy in suffering is a recurring theme in Christian theology, emphasizing the paradox of finding spiritual fulfillment in trials.

that they had been counted worthy
The phrase "counted worthy" comes from the Greek καταξιόω (kataxioō), meaning to deem worthy or deserving. This reflects a divine evaluation, suggesting that their suffering was not in vain but was a mark of honor. In a historical context, being deemed worthy by God was a significant affirmation of their faith and mission, aligning with the teachings of Jesus about the blessedness of those who are persecuted for righteousness' sake (Matthew 5:10).

of suffering disgrace
The Greek word for "disgrace" is ἀτιμία (atimia), which means dishonor or shame. In the cultural context of the time, honor and shame were pivotal societal values. The apostles' willingness to endure disgrace highlights their commitment to Christ above societal norms. This suffering is not just physical but also social, as they were publicly humiliated. Yet, they embraced this as part of their calling, reflecting the teachings of Jesus about taking up one's cross (Luke 9:23).

for the Name
The "Name" refers to Jesus Christ, encapsulating His authority, character, and mission. In Jewish tradition, a name held significant meaning, often reflecting one's identity and purpose. The apostles' suffering "for the Name" signifies their allegiance to Jesus and His mission. This phrase underscores the centrality of Christ in their lives and ministry, as they were willing to endure all for His sake. Historically, this reflects the early Christian understanding of identity and mission being rooted in Christ alone.

Every day
The phrase "Every day" emphasizes the continuous and unwavering commitment of the apostles to their mission. In the Greek, "καθ' ἡμέραν" (kath' hēmeran) suggests a daily, habitual action. This reflects the early church's dedication to spreading the Gospel, undeterred by persecution or opposition. It serves as a model for modern believers, encouraging a consistent and persistent faith practice.

in the temple courts
The "temple courts" were central to Jewish religious life, a place of worship, teaching, and community gathering. The Greek term "ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ" (en tō hierō) indicates the physical location within the temple complex. The apostles' presence here signifies their boldness and commitment to reaching both Jews and Gentiles in a familiar and significant setting, highlighting the continuity of the Christian message with Jewish tradition.

and from house to house
The phrase "from house to house" (Greek: "κατ' οἶκον," kat' oikon) illustrates the personal and communal aspect of early Christian evangelism. This approach allowed for intimate fellowship and discipleship, fostering a strong sense of community. It underscores the importance of personal relationships in spreading the Gospel, a principle that remains vital in contemporary ministry.

they did not stop
The determination of the apostles is captured in "they did not stop" (Greek: "οὐκ ἐπαύοντο," ouk epaunonto). Despite facing severe persecution, they remained steadfast. This phrase inspires believers to persevere in their faith and witness, regardless of external pressures or challenges, trusting in God's provision and strength.

teaching and proclaiming
"Teaching and proclaiming" (Greek: "διδάσκοντες καὶ εὐαγγελιζόμενοι," didaskontes kai euangelizomenoi) highlights the dual aspects of the apostles' ministry. "Teaching" involves instructing believers in the doctrines of the faith, while "proclaiming" refers to the public declaration of the Gospel. This combination is essential for both edifying the church and reaching the lost, emphasizing the need for sound doctrine and evangelistic zeal.

the good news
The "good news" (Greek: "τὸ εὐαγγέλιον," to euangelion) is the core message of Christianity, centered on the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. It is a message of hope, redemption, and salvation, offered to all who believe. This term reminds believers of the transformative power of the Gospel and their responsibility to share it with others.

that Jesus is the Christ
The declaration "that Jesus is the Christ" (Greek: "ὅτι Ἰησοῦς ἐστιν ὁ Χριστός," hoti Iēsous estin ho Christos) affirms Jesus as the Messiah, the anointed one promised in the Hebrew Scriptures. This proclamation is foundational to Christian faith, asserting Jesus' divine identity and mission. It calls believers to recognize and submit to Jesus' lordship, living in accordance with His teachings and example.