This is an oracle
The term "oracle" in Hebrew is "מַשָּׂא" (massa), which can also be translated as "burden." This indicates a message of weighty significance, often involving judgment or prophecy. In the context of Isaiah, oracles are divine pronouncements that carry the authority and power of God. They are not mere predictions but declarations of God's sovereign will. The use of "oracle" here sets the tone for a serious and solemn message from God, emphasizing the gravity of the forthcoming judgment.

concerning Damascus
Damascus is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, with a rich history that dates back to ancient times. It was a significant city in the Aramean kingdom and later became a major center in the Roman Empire. In the biblical context, Damascus often represents the broader region of Aram (modern-day Syria). The mention of Damascus here highlights its importance and the impact of the prophecy. Historically, Damascus was a formidable city, and its mention signifies a significant event in the biblical narrative.

Behold
The word "behold" is used to draw attention and emphasize the importance of what follows. In Hebrew, it is "הִנֵּה" (hinneh), which serves as a call to the audience to pay close attention. It is a divine alert, indicating that something significant and noteworthy is about to be revealed. This word often precedes a revelation or a divine action, underscoring the immediacy and certainty of God's message.

Damascus will no longer be a city
This phrase indicates a complete transformation of Damascus from a thriving city to a state of desolation. The prophecy foretells the end of Damascus as a city, which is a dramatic statement given its historical prominence. The Hebrew word for "city" is "עִיר" (ir), which implies a place of habitation, commerce, and governance. The prophecy suggests a reversal of its status, pointing to divine judgment and the cessation of its role as a center of power and influence.

but will become a heap of ruins
The imagery of a "heap of ruins" conveys total destruction and desolation. The Hebrew word for "heap" is "מְעִי" (me'i), which implies a pile or mound, often used to describe the aftermath of destruction. This phrase paints a vivid picture of the consequences of divine judgment, where what once was a bustling city is reduced to rubble. It serves as a stark reminder of the impermanence of human achievements in the face of God's sovereign will. The transformation from a city to ruins underscores the theme of divine retribution and the fulfillment of prophecy.

The cities of Aroer
The term "Aroer" refers to a region or city that was located on the northern bank of the Arnon River, which is in present-day Jordan. Historically, Aroer was a significant city in the territory of the tribe of Reuben, as mentioned in the Old Testament. The Hebrew root of "Aroer" suggests a place of ruins or desolation, which aligns with the prophetic message of destruction and abandonment. This phrase sets the stage for the prophecy, indicating a once-thriving area that will face desolation. The mention of "cities" implies a broader impact, suggesting that the judgment is not limited to a single location but affects multiple settlements.

are forsaken
The Hebrew word used here can be translated as "abandoned" or "deserted." This conveys a sense of complete desolation, where the inhabitants have left, and the cities are left to decay. In the context of Isaiah's prophecy, this abandonment is a result of divine judgment. The forsaking of these cities serves as a stark reminder of the consequences of turning away from God. It also reflects the transient nature of human achievements when they are not grounded in divine purpose.

they will be for flocks to lie down in
This phrase paints a vivid picture of the transformation from bustling cities to quiet pastures. The Hebrew imagery here suggests a peaceful, undisturbed rest for the flocks, indicating that the area will become so desolate that only animals will inhabit it. This transformation underscores the totality of the judgment and the reversal of fortunes. In a broader theological sense, it can also symbolize the peace that follows divine judgment, where God's creation returns to a state of natural order.

with no one to frighten them
The absence of people to disturb the flocks highlights the complete desolation and abandonment of the area. The Hebrew context suggests a sense of security and peace for the animals, which contrasts sharply with the previous human activity and turmoil. This phrase emphasizes the thoroughness of the judgment and the resulting peace that comes when human sin and rebellion are removed. It serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty and the ultimate peace that He brings, even in the midst of judgment.

The fortress will disappear from Ephraim
The term "fortress" in this context refers to a place of defense and security. In Hebrew, the word used is "מִבְצָר" (mivtsar), which signifies a fortified city or stronghold. Ephraim, representing the northern kingdom of Israel, relied heavily on its fortifications for protection against invaders. Historically, Ephraim was a dominant tribe in Israel, often symbolizing the entire northern kingdom. The prophecy that the fortress will disappear indicates a divine judgment leading to vulnerability and exposure. This serves as a reminder that reliance on physical defenses is futile without the favor and protection of God.

and the kingdom from Damascus
"Damascus" was the capital of Aram (modern-day Syria) and a significant power in the ancient Near East. The "kingdom" here refers to the political and military strength of Damascus. The Hebrew word for kingdom, "מַמְלָכָה" (mamlakah), implies sovereignty and rule. Historically, Damascus was a formidable adversary to Israel and Judah. The prophecy foretells the removal of its power and influence, emphasizing that no earthly kingdom can withstand the decrees of the LORD. This serves as a cautionary tale about the transient nature of human power and the ultimate sovereignty of God over all nations.

the remnant of Aram
The "remnant" signifies what is left after a calamity or judgment. In Hebrew, "שְׁאָר" (she'ar) denotes a surviving group. Aram, often at odds with Israel, would face significant reduction and loss. The concept of a remnant is recurrent in biblical prophecy, often indicating a small, preserved group that survives divine judgment. This highlights God's mercy and the hope of restoration even amidst judgment. The remnant of Aram serves as a testament to God's control over history and His ability to preserve a people for His purposes.

will be like the glory of the Israelites
The "glory" of the Israelites refers to their former splendor and divine favor. In Hebrew, "כָּבוֹד" (kavod) means weightiness or honor. The Israelites, chosen by God, experienced periods of great prosperity and divine blessing. However, their glory was often diminished due to disobedience and idolatry. The comparison suggests that Aram's remnant will experience a similar fate to Israel's diminished glory. This serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of turning away from God and the fleeting nature of earthly glory.

declares the LORD of Hosts
The phrase "declares the LORD of Hosts" underscores the authority and certainty of the prophecy. The title "LORD of Hosts" (Yahweh Sabaoth) emphasizes God's supreme command over the armies of heaven and earth. It is a powerful reminder of His omnipotence and the assurance that His words will come to pass. This declaration serves to inspire awe and reverence, reinforcing the message that God's plans are unassailable and His judgments are just. It calls believers to trust in His sovereignty and align themselves with His divine will.

In that day
This phrase often signifies a specific time of divine intervention or judgment in biblical prophecy. The Hebrew term "בַּיּ֣וֹם הַה֔וּא" (bayyom hahu) is used frequently in prophetic literature to denote a future period when God will act decisively. It serves as a reminder of God's sovereignty over time and history, emphasizing that He has appointed times for His purposes to unfold. This phrase encourages believers to trust in God's perfect timing and His ultimate plan for redemption and justice.

the glory of Jacob
"Jacob" here represents the nation of Israel, as Jacob was the patriarch whose name was changed to Israel. The "glory" (Hebrew: "כָּבוֹד" - kavod) refers to the honor, wealth, and splendor that Israel once possessed. Historically, Israel was known for its prosperity and divine favor. However, this passage foretells a decline, serving as a warning against pride and self-reliance. It reminds believers that true glory comes from God and that earthly glory is fleeting.

will fade
The Hebrew word "דָּלַל" (dalal) means to diminish or become weak. This imagery of fading glory suggests a loss of strength and vitality, akin to a flower withering. It serves as a metaphor for the spiritual and moral decline that can occur when a nation or individual turns away from God. This warning encourages believers to remain steadfast in their faith and to seek God's presence continually, as He is the source of true strength and glory.

and the fat of his body
In ancient times, "fat" (Hebrew: "מִשְׁמַן" - mishman) symbolized abundance and prosperity. It was associated with health, wealth, and blessing. The reference to the "fat of his body" wasting away indicates a loss of these blessings. This serves as a cautionary message about the dangers of complacency and the false security found in material wealth. It calls believers to prioritize spiritual richness over earthly abundance.

will waste away
The phrase "waste away" (Hebrew: "רָזָה" - razah) conveys the idea of becoming lean or emaciated. This vivid imagery underscores the severity of the judgment and the complete reversal of fortune that Israel would experience. It serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of turning away from God and the importance of repentance. For believers, it is a call to remain vigilant in their spiritual walk and to rely on God's provision and grace.

It will be as when a harvester gathers the standing grain
The imagery of a harvester is deeply rooted in the agrarian culture of ancient Israel. The Hebrew word for "harvester" (קֹצֵר, qotser) evokes the image of one who diligently works the fields, gathering the fruits of labor. This phrase suggests a time of judgment and collection, where what has been sown is now being reaped. In a spiritual sense, it reflects the divine principle of sowing and reaping, where God gathers His people or executes judgment based on their actions. The "standing grain" symbolizes the people or nations ready for judgment, standing in their current state before God.

and his arm reaps the heads of grain
The "arm" (זְרוֹעַ, zeroa) in Hebrew often symbolizes strength and power. Here, it represents the might and authority of the harvester, which can be seen as a metaphor for God's power in executing His will. The act of reaping "the heads of grain" signifies the culmination of a process, where the most valuable part of the crop is collected. This can be interpreted as God discerning and separating the righteous from the unrighteous, emphasizing His sovereignty and justice.

as when one gleans heads of grain
Gleaning (לָקַט, laqat) was a practice commanded by God in the Law, allowing the poor and the foreigner to collect leftover crops after the harvest (Leviticus 19:9-10). This phrase suggests a thorough and meticulous gathering, ensuring nothing of value is left behind. Spiritually, it reflects God's care and provision, ensuring that His purposes are fully accomplished and that His people are not forgotten, even in times of judgment.

in the Valley of Rephaim
The Valley of Rephaim, located southwest of Jerusalem, was known as a fertile area, often associated with battles and divine interventions (2 Samuel 5:18-25). The mention of this specific location adds a historical and geographical context, reminding the audience of past events where God demonstrated His power and faithfulness. It serves as a backdrop for the prophecy, emphasizing that just as God acted in history, He will act again in the future. The valley, once a place of conflict, becomes a symbol of God's ultimate victory and the fulfillment of His promises.

Yet gleanings will remain
The word "gleanings" refers to the remnants left after the main harvest has been collected. In the Hebrew context, the term is "עֹלֵלוֹת" (olelot), which signifies the small, leftover portions that are often overlooked. This imagery is deeply rooted in the agricultural practices of ancient Israel, where gleaning was a provision for the poor and the foreigner (Leviticus 19:9-10). Spiritually, this phrase suggests that even in times of judgment or desolation, God’s mercy ensures that a remnant will survive. It is a promise of hope and continuity, emphasizing God's faithfulness to preserve His people.

like an olive tree that has been beaten
The olive tree is a significant symbol in the Bible, representing peace, prosperity, and endurance. The process of beating an olive tree was a common method to harvest olives, ensuring that the ripe fruit would fall while the unripe remained. The Hebrew word for "beaten" is "חָבַט" (chavat), which conveys a sense of forceful action. This imagery illustrates the thoroughness of God's judgment, yet it also highlights the resilience of what remains. The olive tree, despite being beaten, still stands, symbolizing the enduring nature of God's covenant with Israel.

two or three berries atop the tree
This phrase paints a picture of scarcity and survival. The "two or three berries" represent the small, seemingly insignificant remnant that persists after a time of trial. In the Hebrew culture, numbers often carry symbolic meaning. The numbers two and three can signify witness and completeness, respectively. Thus, this remnant, though small, serves as a witness to God's ongoing work and the completeness of His plan, even when it seems diminished.

four or five on its fruitful branches
The mention of "four or five" further emphasizes the idea of a small, yet significant, remnant. In biblical numerology, the number four often represents universality or completeness, while five can symbolize grace. The "fruitful branches" suggest that even in a time of judgment, there is potential for future growth and blessing. This imagery reassures believers that God's grace is sufficient, and His purposes will ultimately bear fruit, even from the smallest beginnings.

declares the LORD, the God of Israel
This phrase underscores the authority and sovereignty of God. The use of "declares" (Hebrew: "נְאֻם" - ne'um) indicates a solemn pronouncement, affirming that these words are not merely human observations but divine revelation. Referring to God as "the LORD, the God of Israel" emphasizes His covenant relationship with His people. It is a reminder that the God who speaks is the same God who has been faithful throughout Israel's history, and His declarations are both trustworthy and binding. This assurance provides comfort and hope, reinforcing the belief that God's promises will be fulfilled.

In that day
This phrase often signifies a future time of divine intervention or judgment. In the prophetic literature of the Bible, "that day" frequently refers to the "Day of the Lord," a time when God will act decisively in human history. The Hebrew root for "day" is "yom," which can mean a literal day or an extended period. Here, it suggests a pivotal moment when God’s presence and power will be unmistakably revealed, prompting a significant change in human behavior and understanding.

men will look
The act of looking in this context implies seeking, acknowledging, or turning one's attention towards something significant. The Hebrew word "nabat" is often used to denote looking with intent or consideration. This suggests a deliberate and conscious decision by people to seek out their Creator, indicating a shift from previous distractions or idolatries to a focus on the divine.

to their Maker
The term "Maker" refers to God as the Creator of all things. The Hebrew word "asah" means to make or do, emphasizing God’s role as the one who has fashioned humanity and the universe. This acknowledgment of God as the Maker underscores a return to recognizing His sovereignty and creative power, a theme that resonates throughout the Scriptures as a call to worship and reverence.

and turn their eyes
Turning one's eyes signifies a change in focus or direction. The Hebrew verb "panah" means to turn or face, indicating repentance or a reorientation of life towards God. This phrase suggests a conscious decision to redirect attention and allegiance from worldly concerns or false gods to the true God, reflecting a heart transformation.

to the Holy One of Israel
The title "Holy One of Israel" is a distinctive name for God, emphasizing His purity, separateness, and covenant relationship with Israel. The Hebrew word "qadosh" means holy, set apart, or sacred. This title highlights God’s unique and unapproachable holiness, as well as His special bond with His chosen people. It serves as a reminder of God’s faithfulness and the call for His people to live in holiness and devotion to Him.

They will not look
The phrase "They will not look" signifies a turning away or a deliberate choice to ignore or abandon something previously held in regard. In the Hebrew context, the verb used here implies a conscious decision to avert one's gaze or attention. This reflects a significant shift in priorities or beliefs, often seen in the context of repentance or a return to faithfulness. Historically, this can be seen as a call to the Israelites to turn away from idolatry and return to the worship of Yahweh.

to the altars
Altars in ancient Israel were places of sacrifice and worship, often constructed to honor deities. The Hebrew word for altar, "mizbeach," is derived from a root meaning "to slaughter," indicating its primary function in sacrificial rites. The mention of altars here underscores the people's previous reliance on man-made structures for spiritual fulfillment, which God is calling them to abandon.

they have made with their hands
This phrase emphasizes the human origin of these altars, contrasting them with the divine nature of God. The act of creating altars "with their hands" suggests a reliance on human effort and ingenuity rather than divine provision. In a broader biblical context, this reflects the futility of idolatry, as human-made objects cannot compare to the living God.

and they will have no regard
To "have no regard" indicates a complete disregard or dismissal. In the Hebrew, this phrase conveys a sense of rejection or disinterest. This is a powerful statement of transformation, where the people will no longer value or consider the idols they once revered. It speaks to a profound change of heart and mind, aligning with the biblical theme of repentance.

for the Asherah poles
Asherah poles were wooden symbols associated with the Canaanite goddess Asherah, often erected near altars. These poles represented fertility and were central to pagan worship practices. The rejection of Asherah poles signifies a renunciation of foreign gods and a return to monotheistic worship. Archaeological findings have confirmed the widespread presence of such poles, highlighting the challenge Israel faced in maintaining pure worship.

and the work of their fingers
This phrase reiterates the human origin of the idols and altars, emphasizing their crafted nature. The "work of their fingers" suggests meticulous effort and personal investment in creating these objects of worship. Biblically, this highlights the contrast between the Creator and the created, urging the people to recognize the superiority of God over man-made idols. The imagery of fingers crafting idols serves as a reminder of the futility and limitations of human efforts in spiritual matters.

In that day
This phrase often signals a prophetic declaration, pointing to a specific time of divine intervention or judgment. In the Hebrew context, "that day" refers to a future event determined by God. It is a reminder of God's sovereignty over time and history, emphasizing that He has appointed times for both judgment and redemption.

their strong cities
The term "strong cities" refers to fortified places that were considered secure and impenetrable. In ancient times, cities with strong walls were symbols of power and protection. The Hebrew word for "strong" conveys might and strength, suggesting that even the most fortified human defenses are vulnerable to God's judgment.

will be like abandoned places
The imagery of abandonment evokes a sense of desolation and neglect. In the Hebrew context, abandonment often signifies divine judgment, where once-thriving places are left deserted. This serves as a warning that reliance on human strength and fortifications is futile without God's favor.

in the thickets
Thickets are dense groups of bushes or trees, often associated with wild, untamed areas. The mention of thickets suggests a return to chaos and disorder, a reversal from cultivated civilization to wilderness. This imagery underscores the consequences of turning away from God, leading to spiritual and physical desolation.

like the branches that were abandoned before the Israelites
This phrase recalls the historical context of the conquest of Canaan, where the inhabitants were driven out before the Israelites. The "branches" symbolize the remnants of those who were displaced. It serves as a reminder of God's past actions in history, reinforcing the certainty of His future judgments.

and the land will be desolate
Desolation is a recurring theme in prophetic literature, symbolizing the result of divine judgment. The Hebrew word for "desolate" conveys emptiness and ruin. This stark outcome serves as a call to repentance, urging the people to turn back to God to avoid such a fate. The desolation of the land is both a literal and spiritual warning of the consequences of forsaking God.

For you have forgotten
The Hebrew root for "forgotten" is שָׁכַח (shakach), which implies a willful neglect or disregard. In the context of ancient Israel, forgetting God was not merely a lapse in memory but a deliberate turning away from His commandments and covenant. This phrase serves as a poignant reminder of the importance of keeping God at the forefront of our lives, acknowledging His sovereignty and grace continually.

the God of your salvation
The term "salvation" in Hebrew is יְשׁוּעָה (yeshuah), which denotes deliverance and victory. This phrase emphasizes that God is not just a distant deity but the active source of deliverance for His people. Historically, Israel experienced numerous instances of divine intervention, from the Exodus to the conquest of Canaan. This serves as a call to remember and rely on God's saving power in our own lives.

and failed to remember
The Hebrew word זָכַר (zakar) means to recall or bring to mind. In biblical times, remembering was an active process involving both the mind and heart, often expressed through rituals and storytelling. This phrase underscores the importance of actively engaging with our faith and history, ensuring that God's past faithfulness informs our present and future actions.

the Rock of your refuge
The imagery of God as a "Rock" is a powerful metaphor found throughout Scripture, symbolizing strength, stability, and protection. The Hebrew word צוּר (tsur) conveys the idea of an unmovable foundation. In ancient Near Eastern culture, rocks and high places were often seen as places of safety. This phrase reassures believers of God's unchanging nature and His role as a steadfast protector in times of trouble.

Therefore, though you cultivate
The act of cultivation implies effort and expectation of growth and harvest. In the agricultural society of ancient Israel, farming was a central part of life, symbolizing human effort and dependence on divine blessing. This phrase suggests that despite human efforts, without God's blessing, such endeavors are ultimately futile.

the finest plants
The Hebrew word for "finest" is שַׁעֲשֻׁעִים (sha'ashuim), which can mean delightful or luxurious. This indicates that the people were investing in what they perceived as the best, yet without God's favor, even the finest efforts can fall short. It serves as a reminder that true prosperity and success come from aligning our efforts with God's will.

and set out imported vine slips
The practice of importing vine slips suggests a desire for quality and improvement, possibly reflecting the influence of foreign cultures and practices. In the biblical context, vines often symbolize Israel itself or its spiritual state. This phrase highlights the futility of seeking external solutions or influences when the core issue is spiritual neglect. It calls believers to root their lives in God's truth rather than worldly wisdom.

In the day
This phrase sets a specific time frame, indicating a moment of reckoning or judgment. In the Hebrew context, "day" often signifies a period of divine intervention or significant change. It is a reminder that God's timing is perfect and that He acts decisively in history.

you will carefully fence
The act of fencing implies protection and care. In ancient agricultural practices, fencing was crucial to safeguard crops from animals and thieves. Spiritually, this suggests human efforts to secure and protect what is valuable, yet it also hints at the futility of relying solely on human strength without divine blessing.

your plantings
Plantings symbolize human endeavors and investments. In the agrarian society of ancient Israel, planting was a vital activity for survival and prosperity. This imagery reflects the broader theme of sowing and reaping found throughout Scripture, emphasizing that what is sown in the flesh will reap corruption unless it is blessed by God.

and in the morning
Morning signifies new beginnings and hope. Biblically, it often represents the dawn of God's mercies and the renewal of His promises. This phrase suggests an expectation of growth and fruition, a fresh start after the labor of planting.

you will bring them to bud
The budding of plants is a metaphor for potential and the initial signs of success. It indicates the early stages of growth and the anticipation of a fruitful harvest. Spiritually, it can be seen as the initial evidence of God's work in our lives, the first fruits of His promises.

yet the harvest
Harvest is a time of reaping and gathering the results of one's labor. It is a critical moment in the agricultural cycle and a frequent biblical metaphor for judgment and reward. The harvest represents the culmination of efforts and the realization of potential.

will flee away
This phrase conveys a sense of loss and disappointment. Despite the careful preparation and hopeful beginnings, the expected outcome vanishes. It serves as a sobering reminder of the transient nature of earthly endeavors and the futility of relying on human efforts without God's blessing.

on the day of disease
Disease here symbolizes affliction and calamity. In the biblical context, disease often represents divine judgment or the consequences of sin. It underscores the vulnerability of human life and the need for divine intervention and healing.

and incurable pain
Incurable pain suggests a deep, unrelenting suffering that cannot be remedied by human means. It points to the ultimate consequences of turning away from God and the spiritual anguish that results from separation from Him. This phrase calls believers to seek the Lord, who alone can heal and restore.

Oh, the raging of many nations
The word "raging" in Hebrew is "hamon," which conveys a sense of tumult, noise, or commotion. This imagery is often used in the Bible to describe the chaotic and tumultuous nature of nations that are in rebellion against God. Historically, this can be seen in the context of the Assyrian Empire, which was a dominant force during Isaiah's time, causing fear and unrest among smaller nations. From a spiritual perspective, this phrase can be seen as a reminder of the futility of nations that rise against God's sovereign plan. Despite their power and noise, they are ultimately under God's control.

they rage like the raging sea
The sea is often used in Scripture as a symbol of chaos and disorder. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the sea was seen as a place of danger and unpredictability. The comparison of nations to the "raging sea" emphasizes their instability and the threat they pose. Yet, it also serves as a reminder of God's power over creation, as He is the one who calms the seas (Psalm 89:9). This imagery reassures believers that no matter how tumultuous the world becomes, God remains sovereign and in control.

Oh, the uproar of the peoples
The term "uproar" is translated from the Hebrew word "sha'on," which implies a loud, confused noise or tumult. This reflects the collective unrest and rebellion of the peoples against God. Historically, this can be seen in the alliances and conflicts among nations surrounding Israel. Spiritually, it represents the clamor of humanity's rebellion against divine authority. Despite the noise and confusion, God's purposes remain unshaken, and His plans will ultimately prevail.

they roar like the roaring of mighty waters
The repetition of "roar" and "roaring" emphasizes the intensity and overwhelming nature of the nations' commotion. The "mighty waters" symbolize powerful and potentially destructive forces. In the biblical context, this can be seen as a metaphor for the overwhelming threats faced by God's people. However, it also serves as a reminder of God's power to subdue such forces, as seen in His control over the waters during creation and the Exodus. For believers, this is an assurance that no matter how formidable the opposition, God's power is greater, and His protection is sure.

The nations rage
The phrase "The nations rage" evokes a vivid image of chaos and turmoil among the peoples of the world. The Hebrew word for "rage" here is "hāmôn," which can also mean a tumult or uproar. This suggests not just anger, but a loud, disorderly commotion. Historically, this reflects the constant state of unrest and conflict among the nations surrounding Israel, often seen as a threat to God's people. In a broader spiritual sense, it symbolizes the rebellion of humanity against God's order, a theme prevalent throughout the Bible.

like the rushing of many waters
This simile "like the rushing of many waters" conveys the overwhelming and uncontrollable nature of the nations' rage. The imagery of water is frequently used in Scripture to depict power and chaos, as seen in the Hebrew word "kĕmayim," meaning waters. This can be likened to the roaring seas, which are often used as a metaphor for nations in turmoil (Psalm 93:3-4). The historical context here may refer to the Assyrian empire's expansion, which was as relentless and consuming as a flood.

but He rebukes them
The phrase "but He rebukes them" introduces a divine intervention. The Hebrew word for "rebuke" is "gā‘ar," which implies a strong reprimand or command to cease. This highlights God's sovereign power over the nations, emphasizing that despite their might and fury, they are subject to His authority. This is a recurring theme in the Bible, where God's word alone can calm storms (Mark 4:39) and subdue nations.

and they flee far away
The result of God's rebuke is that "they flee far away." The Hebrew verb "nūs" means to flee or escape, indicating a sudden and complete retreat. This demonstrates the futility of opposing God, as even the most formidable forces cannot withstand His command. Historically, this could be seen in the retreat of enemy forces from Israel when God intervened on behalf of His people.

chased like chaff on the mountains before the wind
The imagery "chased like chaff on the mountains before the wind" paints a picture of utter helplessness and insignificance. Chaff, the husks separated from grain, is lightweight and easily blown away. The Hebrew word "mōts" for chaff emphasizes its worthlessness. This metaphor illustrates how the nations, despite their apparent strength, are powerless against God's will. The mountains amplify the effect of the wind, symbolizing the vastness of God's power.

like a tumbleweed before a gale
Finally, "like a tumbleweed before a gale" reinforces the idea of being driven away effortlessly. The Hebrew word "galgal," translated as tumbleweed, suggests something that is rootless and transient. A gale, a strong wind, represents God's overwhelming force. This imagery serves as a reminder of the temporary nature of human power and the enduring sovereignty of God. In a spiritual context, it calls believers to trust in God's ultimate control over the chaos of the world.

In the evening
The phrase "In the evening" suggests a time of day that is often associated with the end of activities, rest, and reflection. In the Hebrew context, evening marks the beginning of a new day, symbolizing a transition. This can be seen as a metaphor for the unexpected nature of God's judgment, which can come at a time when people least expect it. The evening is a time of vulnerability, and this sets the stage for the suddenness of the events that follow.

there is sudden terror!
The word "sudden" emphasizes the unexpected and swift nature of the terror that befalls the enemies of God's people. The Hebrew root for "terror" (בֶּהָלָה, behalah) conveys a sense of panic and fear that grips individuals without warning. This reflects the divine intervention where God acts decisively against those who oppose His will. The terror is not just a physical threat but a spiritual realization of impending doom.

Before morning, they are no more
"Before morning" indicates the brevity and completeness of the judgment. The night, often a symbol of danger and uncertainty, gives way to the morning, which brings clarity and revelation. The phrase "they are no more" signifies total annihilation or removal. Historically, this can be seen in the context of the Assyrian threat to Israel, where God promises deliverance that is swift and complete. The morning brings a new reality where the enemies have vanished, showcasing God's power to protect and deliver His people.

This is the portion of those who loot us
The word "portion" (חֵלֶק, chelek) in Hebrew often refers to an allotted share or inheritance. Here, it denotes the fate or destiny that awaits those who oppress God's people. The "portion" is not a blessing but a curse, a divine retribution for their actions. The looters, those who unjustly take what belongs to others, are assured of a recompense that matches their deeds. This reflects the biblical principle of divine justice, where God ensures that evil does not go unpunished.

and the lot of those who plunder us
The term "lot" (גּוֹרָל, goral) is akin to a destiny or fate determined by God. In biblical times, casting lots was a method used to discern God's will. Here, it underscores the certainty and divine ordination of the judgment against the plunderers. Those who "plunder," taking by force and causing destruction, are assured of a divinely appointed end. This serves as a warning and a comfort: a warning to those who act wickedly and a comfort to the faithful that God sees and will act on their behalf.