Jude, a servant of Jesus Christ and a brother of James
Jude
The name "Jude" is derived from the Greek "Ioudas," which is equivalent to the Hebrew "Judah" or "Yehudah." This name was common in the Jewish culture of the time and is shared by several figures in the New Testament. Jude identifies himself as the author of this epistle, and traditionally, he is understood to be one of the brothers of Jesus, making him a significant figure in the early Christian community. His choice to use "Jude" rather than "Judas" may have been to distinguish himself from Judas Iscariot, the betrayer of Jesus.

a servant of Jesus Christ
The term "servant" comes from the Greek word "doulos," which means bondservant or slave. This term reflects a position of humility and total devotion. By identifying himself as a servant of Jesus Christ, Jude emphasizes his submission and dedication to Christ's mission and authority. This is a powerful statement of identity, as it places his relationship with Jesus above any familial ties, highlighting the primacy of spiritual kinship over biological connections.

and a brother of James
James is widely recognized as the leader of the Jerusalem church and is often referred to as "James the Just." The mention of James serves to establish Jude's credibility and authority, as James was a well-respected figure in the early church. This familial connection also implies Jude's intimate knowledge of Jesus' teachings and the early Christian movement. The reference to James helps to situate Jude within the historical and communal context of the early church, underscoring the authenticity and weight of his message.

Mercy
The Greek word for "mercy" is "ἔλεος" (eleos), which conveys a deep sense of compassion and kindness. In the biblical context, mercy is a fundamental attribute of God, reflecting His willingness to forgive and show compassion to those who are undeserving. Historically, mercy was a key theme in the Jewish understanding of God's covenant with Israel, where God repeatedly showed mercy despite the people's failings. In the New Testament, mercy is extended through Christ's sacrifice, offering believers a new covenant of grace. Jude's invocation of mercy here is a reminder of God's continual compassion and forgiveness, encouraging believers to reflect this attribute in their own lives.

Peace
The term "peace" is translated from the Greek "εἰρήνη" (eirēnē), which encompasses not only the absence of conflict but also the presence of harmony and wholeness. In the Hebrew tradition, this concept is akin to "shalom," a state of complete well-being and fulfillment. Peace is a gift from God, often associated with the presence of the Holy Spirit and the reconciliation brought by Jesus Christ. In the early Christian communities, peace was a crucial element, as believers faced persecution and internal conflicts. Jude's blessing of peace serves as a call for unity and tranquility among the faithful, rooted in the peace that Christ Himself imparts.

Love
The word "love" here is derived from the Greek "ἀγάπη" (agapē), which signifies selfless, unconditional love. This is the highest form of love, often associated with God's love for humanity and the love that believers are called to exhibit towards one another. In the scriptural context, agapē is central to the Christian faith, as it embodies the essence of God's nature and the commandment to love one's neighbor. Jude's emphasis on love highlights the importance of maintaining a community characterized by genuine care and concern, reflecting the love that God has shown through Jesus Christ.

Be multiplied
The phrase "be multiplied" comes from the Greek "πληθυνθείη" (plēthyntheiē), which suggests an increase or abundance. This expression is a common biblical benediction, indicating not just a simple addition but an overflowing abundance of the qualities mentioned. In the historical context of Jude's letter, the early church faced challenges that required an abundance of mercy, peace, and love to overcome. By invoking this multiplication, Jude is encouraging believers to seek and experience these virtues in ever-increasing measure, allowing them to thrive spiritually and relationally in a challenging world.

To you
The phrase "to you" personalizes the blessing, directing it specifically to the recipients of Jude's letter. This personal touch underscores the communal and individual nature of the Christian faith, where each believer is a recipient of God's grace and is called to embody these virtues. In the broader scriptural narrative, the personal address serves as a reminder that God's promises and blessings are not abstract concepts but are meant for each individual within the body of Christ. Jude's letter, though addressing a specific audience, extends this blessing to all believers, inviting them to partake in the rich spiritual life that God offers.

Beloved
The term "Beloved" is translated from the Greek word "ἀγαπητοί" (agapetoi), which signifies a deep, divine love. This word is often used in the New Testament to address fellow believers, emphasizing the bond of love that unites the Christian community. Jude's use of "Beloved" sets a tone of affection and concern, reminding readers of their identity as cherished members of God's family. This term also reflects the love that God has for His people, a love that is unconditional and sacrificial, as demonstrated through Christ.

although I made every effort
The phrase "although I made every effort" indicates Jude's initial intention and determination. The Greek word "σπουδή" (spoudē) conveys a sense of diligence and eagerness. Jude's original plan was to write about the shared salvation, highlighting the common ground and unity among believers. This effort underscores the importance of the message he intended to convey, showing his commitment to the spiritual well-being of his audience.

to write to you about the salvation we share
"To write to you about the salvation we share" reflects Jude's desire to discuss the common salvation that binds all Christians. The Greek word for "salvation," "σωτηρία" (sōtēria), encompasses deliverance, preservation, and safety, pointing to the comprehensive nature of God's saving work through Jesus Christ. This shared salvation is a central theme in Christian doctrine, emphasizing the unity and fellowship among believers who have been redeemed by the same Savior.

I felt it necessary
"I felt it necessary" reveals a shift in Jude's focus due to pressing circumstances. The Greek word "ἀνάγκη" (anankē) implies a sense of compulsion or obligation. Jude's change of topic suggests an urgent need to address a specific issue threatening the faith community. This necessity highlights the importance of being responsive to the Holy Spirit's guidance and the needs of the church.

to write and urge you
The phrase "to write and urge you" indicates Jude's proactive approach in addressing the situation. The Greek word "παρακαλέω" (parakaleō) means to exhort, encourage, or implore. Jude's exhortation is not merely a suggestion but a strong appeal to his readers to take action. This reflects the role of Christian leaders in guiding and motivating believers to remain steadfast in their faith.

to contend earnestly for the faith
"To contend earnestly for the faith" is a call to action, derived from the Greek word "ἐπαγωνίζομαι" (epagōnizomai), which means to struggle or fight with intense effort. This metaphor of contending suggests a spiritual battle, emphasizing the need for vigilance and perseverance in defending the truth of the Gospel. The "faith" refers to the body of Christian doctrine that has been handed down from the apostles, underscoring the importance of maintaining doctrinal purity.

entrusted once for all to the saints
The phrase "entrusted once for all to the saints" highlights the divine origin and permanence of the Christian faith. The Greek word "παραδοθείσῃ" (paradotheisē) means to deliver or hand over, indicating that the faith has been given as a sacred trust. "Once for all" (ἅπαξ, hapax) signifies the completeness and finality of this revelation, affirming that no new doctrines are needed. "The saints" refers to all believers, who are set apart for God, emphasizing their responsibility to guard and uphold the truth. This phrase underscores the continuity and unchanging nature of the Gospel message throughout the ages.

For certain men have crept in unnoticed
The phrase "crept in unnoticed" suggests a stealthy, secretive infiltration into the Christian community. The Greek word used here, "pareisduno," implies slipping in stealthily or settling in alongside. Historically, this reflects the early church's challenges with false teachers who subtly introduced heretical ideas. The warning is timeless, urging vigilance against those who might distort the faith from within.

ungodly ones
The term "ungodly" is translated from the Greek "asebeis," which denotes a lack of reverence or piety towards God. In the context of Jude, these individuals are not merely irreligious but actively opposed to God's ways. This highlights the moral and spiritual decay that can occur when individuals reject divine authority, a theme consistent throughout Scripture.

who were designated long ago for condemnation
This phrase suggests a predetermined outcome for those who oppose God, echoing themes of divine justice and foreknowledge. The Greek word "progegrammenoi" implies something written beforehand, indicating that their fate was known to God. This reflects the biblical principle that God, in His omniscience, is aware of all actions and their consequences, reinforcing the certainty of divine judgment.

They turn the grace of our God into a license for immorality
Here, "turn the grace of our God into a license for immorality" warns against abusing God's grace. The Greek word "metatithentes" means to change or pervert. This misuse of grace as an excuse for sinful behavior is a perversion of the gospel message. Historically, this reflects early heresies like antinomianism, which rejected moral law, emphasizing the need for a balanced understanding of grace and obedience.

and they deny our only Master and Lord, Jesus Christ
The denial of "our only Master and Lord, Jesus Christ" is a direct affront to the core of Christian faith. The Greek "despotes" (Master) and "kurios" (Lord) emphasize Jesus' authority and divinity. This denial could be doctrinal, moral, or both, reflecting early challenges to Christ's nature and work. It serves as a call to uphold the truth of Christ's lordship against all false teachings.

Although you are fully aware of this
This phrase indicates that Jude is addressing an audience familiar with the foundational accounts of their faith. The Greek word for "fully aware" (εἰδότας) suggests a deep, experiential knowledge. Jude is not introducing new information but is calling his readers to remember and reflect on what they already know. This serves as a reminder of the importance of continually revisiting and reaffirming the truths of the faith, even those that are well-known.

I want to remind you
The act of reminding is central to Jude's message. The Greek word for "remind" (ὑπομιμνῄσκω) implies bringing something to mind that may have been forgotten or overlooked. This highlights the human tendency to forget spiritual truths and the necessity of constant vigilance and reflection. Jude's reminder serves as a pastoral exhortation, urging believers to remain steadfast in their faith.

that after Jesus had delivered His people out of the land of Egypt
This phrase connects the New Testament audience with the Old Testament narrative of the Exodus. The mention of "Jesus" in this context is significant, as it underscores the continuity of God's redemptive work throughout history. The Greek text uses "Ἰησοῦς" (Jesus), which some manuscripts render as "Lord" (κύριος), emphasizing the divine agency in the deliverance. This serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness and power to save, drawing a parallel between the physical deliverance from Egypt and the spiritual deliverance through Christ.

He destroyed those who did not believe
This sobering conclusion serves as a warning. The Greek word for "destroyed" (ἀπώλεσεν) conveys a sense of complete ruin or loss. It underscores the consequences of unbelief and disobedience. Historically, this refers to the generation of Israelites who perished in the wilderness due to their lack of faith (Numbers 14:29-30). Jude uses this historical example to caution his readers about the dangers of apostasy and the importance of maintaining faith in God's promises.

And the angels who did not stay within their own domain
This phrase refers to celestial beings who abandoned their assigned positions or roles. The Greek word for "domain" is "archē," which can mean a beginning, rule, or principality. In the context of Jude, it suggests a divinely appointed sphere of authority or responsibility. Historically, this is often linked to the narrative in Genesis 6:1-4, where "sons of God" are interpreted by some as angels who left their heavenly abode. This act of rebellion against God's order is a cautionary tale about the consequences of stepping outside God's ordained boundaries.

but abandoned their proper dwelling
The term "abandoned" comes from the Greek "apoleipō," meaning to leave behind or forsake. This indicates a deliberate choice to forsake their rightful place. The "proper dwelling" refers to their heavenly habitation, emphasizing the gravity of their rebellion. This act of leaving their "oikētērion" (dwelling) is seen as a willful rejection of God's design, highlighting the importance of obedience and the dangers of pride and ambition.

He has kept in eternal chains under darkness
The phrase "eternal chains" uses the Greek "aidios desmos," suggesting a binding that is perpetual and unbreakable. This signifies the severity of their punishment, as they are restrained in "zophos," a term for deep darkness or gloom. This imagery underscores the consequences of sin and rebellion against God. The "chains" symbolize God's sovereign control and judgment, serving as a warning to remain faithful and obedient.

bound for judgment on that great day
The "judgment" refers to the final reckoning, often associated with the eschatological "Day of the Lord." The Greek "krisis" implies a decisive verdict. This "great day" is a future event when God will execute justice. The certainty of this judgment serves as a reminder of God's righteousness and the ultimate accountability all creation has before Him. It encourages believers to live in anticipation of Christ's return, maintaining faithfulness and vigilance.

In like manner
This phrase connects the actions of Sodom and Gomorrah to the previous examples Jude has given, emphasizing a pattern of rebellion against God. The Greek word "ὡς" (hōs) suggests a comparison, indicating that the sins of these cities are akin to those of the fallen angels mentioned earlier in Jude. This serves as a warning that the consequences of such actions are consistent and severe.

Sodom and Gomorrah
These cities are infamous in biblical history for their extreme wickedness and are often cited as archetypes of divine judgment. Archaeological evidence suggests that these cities were located near the Dead Sea, and their destruction is a historical event that underscores the seriousness of sin. The Hebrew roots of these names, "Sodom" (סְדוֹם) and "Gomorrah" (עֲמוֹרָה), are associated with burning and submersion, respectively, which prophetically allude to their fiery end.

and the cities around them
This phrase expands the scope of judgment beyond just Sodom and Gomorrah, indicating that the surrounding cities were also complicit in similar sins. Historically, this suggests a widespread cultural acceptance of immorality, which ultimately led to their collective downfall. It serves as a reminder that societal norms do not justify sin in the eyes of God.

who indulged in sexual immorality
The Greek word "ἐκπορνεύω" (ekporneuō) is used here, which means to give oneself over to fornication. This term implies a willful and excessive pursuit of immoral sexual behavior. The Bible consistently teaches that sexual immorality is a serious sin, and this passage highlights the consequences of such actions.

and pursued strange flesh
The phrase "strange flesh" (σαρκὸς ἑτέρας, sarkos heteras) refers to unnatural sexual relations, possibly alluding to the attempted homosexual assault on the angelic visitors in Genesis 19. This pursuit of unnatural desires is presented as a grave sin that goes against God's created order.

are on display as an example
The Greek word "πρόκεινται" (prokeintai) means to be set forth or exhibited. The destruction of these cities serves as a visible, historical warning to all generations about the consequences of sin. It is a divine object lesson meant to deter others from following the same path.

of those who sustain the punishment
The word "punishment" (δίκη, dikē) in Greek conveys the idea of justice being served. This is not arbitrary wrath but a righteous response to sin. The term "sustain" implies an ongoing experience, suggesting that the consequences of sin are not only immediate but also eternal.

of eternal fire
The phrase "eternal fire" (πυρὸς αἰωνίου, pyros aiōniou) signifies the unending nature of the judgment faced by these cities. This is a sobering reminder of the reality of hell, a place of perpetual separation from God. The use of "eternal" underscores the seriousness of sin and the importance of repentance and faith in Christ to avoid such a fate.

Yet in the same way
This phrase connects the actions of the individuals Jude is addressing to the examples he previously mentioned, such as the Israelites who did not believe, the angels who abandoned their positions, and Sodom and Gomorrah. The Greek word "ὁμοίως" (homoios) suggests a direct comparison, indicating that the behaviors of these "dreamers" are not new but are a continuation of past rebellious actions against God. This serves as a warning that history often repeats itself when people turn away from divine truth.

these dreamers
The term "dreamers" (Greek: "ἐνυπνιαζόμενοι," enupniazomenoi) implies those who are deluded or living in a fantasy, detached from reality. In a spiritual sense, it suggests individuals who are led by their own imaginations and desires rather than the truth of God's Word. This highlights the danger of subjective experiences and personal revelations that contradict Scripture, a common issue in both ancient and modern contexts.

defile their bodies
The Greek word for "defile" is "μιαίνω" (miaino), which means to stain or pollute. This phrase indicates a moral and spiritual corruption, often associated with sexual immorality. In the historical context of Jude's time, such behavior was rampant in pagan practices and was a direct violation of God's commandments. The body, as the temple of the Holy Spirit, is meant to be kept pure, and defiling it is a serious offense against God.

reject authority
The word "authority" (Greek: "κυριότης," kuriotēs) refers to lordship or dominion. This phrase suggests a refusal to submit to God's established order and leadership, whether divine or ecclesiastical. Historically, this rebellion against authority is reminiscent of the fallen angels and the Israelites in the wilderness. It underscores the importance of humility and obedience in the Christian life, recognizing Christ as the ultimate authority.

and slander glorious beings
The phrase "slander glorious beings" (Greek: "βλασφημοῦσιν δόξας," blasphēmosin doxas) refers to speaking evil against celestial beings, possibly angels or other heavenly entities. The term "δόξας" (doxas) can mean "glories" or "glorious ones," emphasizing their exalted status. This behavior reflects a lack of reverence and understanding of the spiritual realm. In a broader sense, it warns against the arrogance and irreverence that can arise when individuals elevate their own opinions above divine revelation.

But even the archangel Michael
The phrase "But even the archangel Michael" introduces a significant figure in Jude's argument. Michael, whose name means "Who is like God?" in Hebrew, is one of the chief angels, often depicted as a warrior and protector of God's people. In the context of Jewish tradition and Scripture, Michael is seen as a powerful being, yet here he is portrayed with humility and restraint. This sets a precedent for believers, emphasizing that even the most powerful of God's servants act with deference to God's authority.

when he disputed with the devil
The word "disputed" suggests a legal or formal argument, indicating a serious confrontation. The devil, or Satan, whose name means "adversary" in Hebrew, is often seen as the accuser of God's people. This confrontation over Moses' body is not detailed elsewhere in Scripture, but it reflects the ongoing spiritual warfare and the devil's attempts to claim authority or rights over God's people. The historical context may draw from Jewish traditions, such as those found in the Assumption of Moses, which speak of such a dispute.

over the body of Moses
The "body of Moses" refers to the physical remains of the great prophet and leader of Israel. According to Deuteronomy 34:5-6, God Himself buried Moses in an undisclosed location. This secrecy may have been to prevent idolatry or misuse of his grave. Theologically, this dispute highlights the sanctity and divine protection over God's chosen servants, even in death.

did not presume to bring a slanderous charge against him
The phrase "did not presume to bring a slanderous charge" underscores Michael's restraint and respect for divine order. The Greek word for "slanderous" is "blasphemia," which can mean abusive speech or defamation. Michael's refusal to engage in such behavior, even against the devil, serves as a model for believers to avoid reviling or speaking ill, even of those who oppose them.

but said, 'The Lord rebuke you!'
Michael's response, "The Lord rebuke you," is a direct appeal to God's authority. Instead of taking matters into his own hands, Michael invokes the Lord's power to deal with the devil. This reflects a deep trust in God's justice and sovereignty. The phrase echoes Zechariah 3:2, where the Lord rebukes Satan in a similar manner. It serves as a reminder that ultimate judgment and authority belong to God alone, encouraging believers to rely on Him in spiritual battles.

These men
This phrase refers to the false teachers and ungodly individuals Jude warns about throughout his epistle. Historically, the early church faced numerous challenges from those who sought to distort the gospel. The Greek word for "men" here is "anthrōpoi," which can refer to both men and women, emphasizing that this warning is not gender-specific but rather applies to all who engage in such behavior.

slander
The Greek word used here is "blasphēmeō," which means to speak evil of or to revile. This term is often associated with speaking against God or sacred things. In the context of Jude, it highlights the audacity and irreverence of these individuals who speak against spiritual truths they do not comprehend. This behavior is a direct affront to the divine order and reflects a heart that is not aligned with God.

what they do not understand
This phrase underscores the ignorance of the false teachers. The Greek word "epistamai" implies a lack of experiential knowledge or insight. These individuals are critiquing and dismissing spiritual truths without truly grasping their significance. This ignorance is not merely intellectual but spiritual, indicating a disconnect from the wisdom that comes from God.

like irrational animals
The comparison to "irrational animals" uses the Greek word "aloga," meaning without reason or logic. This metaphor paints a vivid picture of individuals acting on base instincts rather than reasoned thought or spiritual discernment. In the biblical context, humans are called to rise above mere instinct and live according to the Spirit, which these individuals fail to do.

they will be destroyed
The Greek word "phtheirō" is used here, meaning to corrupt or ruin. This term indicates not just a physical destruction but a moral and spiritual decay leading to ultimate ruin. Jude warns that the path of ignorance and slander leads to inevitable destruction, a sobering reminder of the consequences of turning away from God's truth.

by the things they do instinctively
This phrase highlights the natural, unspiritual actions of these individuals. The Greek word "physikōs" refers to things done by nature, without the guidance of the Spirit. It suggests a life driven by fleshly desires rather than divine wisdom. The historical context of Jude's time shows a world where many were led by such instincts, contrasting sharply with the call to live by the Spirit.

Woe to them!
The word "woe" is a strong expression of grief or denunciation. In the Greek, "ouai" is an exclamation that conveys a sense of impending doom or judgment. This word is often used in prophetic literature to signal divine displeasure and the certainty of coming judgment. In the context of Jude, it serves as a warning to those who have strayed from the truth and are leading others astray. The use of "woe" here is reminiscent of the Old Testament prophets who pronounced judgment on Israel and the nations for their rebellion against God.

They have traveled the way of Cain
The phrase "the way of Cain" refers to the path of jealousy, hatred, and ultimately murder, as seen in the account of Cain and Abel in Genesis 4. Cain's way was one of self-centeredness and rejection of God's righteous standards. In the Greek, "hodon" (way) implies a journey or course of conduct. Jude uses this historical example to illustrate the destructive path of those who reject God's authority and pursue their own desires, leading to spiritual ruin.

they have rushed headlong into the error of Balaam for profit
The "error of Balaam" refers to the prophet Balaam's willingness to compromise his integrity for financial gain, as recounted in Numbers 22-24. The Greek word "plano" (error) suggests a wandering or straying from the truth. Balaam's account is a cautionary tale about the dangers of greed and the temptation to use one's spiritual gifts for personal gain. Jude warns that such behavior leads to spiritual destruction, as it prioritizes material wealth over obedience to God.

they have perished in the rebellion of Korah
The "rebellion of Korah" is a reference to the insurrection led by Korah against Moses and Aaron in Numbers 16. The Greek word "antilogia" (rebellion) denotes opposition or contradiction. Korah's rebellion was an act of defiance against God's appointed leaders, resulting in divine judgment. Jude uses this example to highlight the consequences of rejecting God's established order and authority. It serves as a sobering reminder of the seriousness of rebellion against God and His chosen representatives.

These men
The phrase "These men" refers to the false teachers and ungodly individuals Jude warns about throughout his epistle. In the Greek, "houtoi" (οὗτοι) is used, emphasizing the specific group Jude is addressing. Historically, the early church faced numerous challenges from within, as false doctrines and misleading leaders sought to corrupt the purity of the Gospel. Jude's warning is a timeless reminder for believers to remain vigilant against those who distort the truth.

are hidden reefs
The term "hidden reefs" (Greek: "spilades") metaphorically describes the danger these individuals pose. Just as hidden reefs can cause shipwrecks, these men threaten to lead believers astray. In the context of the early church, love feasts were communal meals that included the Lord's Supper. The imagery suggests that these individuals, while appearing to be part of the community, are actually dangerous and destructive.

in your love feasts
"Love feasts" (Greek: "agapais") were gatherings of early Christians for fellowship and the sharing of meals, often including the Eucharist. These feasts were meant to be expressions of love and unity within the body of Christ. The presence of false teachers at these gatherings highlights their deceitful nature and the potential for corruption within the church.

shamelessly feasting with you
The phrase "shamelessly feasting with you" indicates the brazen and audacious behavior of these individuals. They partake in the communal meals without any sense of guilt or awareness of their hypocrisy. This behavior reflects a deeper spiritual insensitivity and a lack of reverence for the sacredness of Christian fellowship.

but shepherding only themselves
The imagery of shepherding (Greek: "poimainontes") is significant in biblical literature, often used to describe leaders who care for and guide their flock. However, these individuals are self-serving, concerned only with their own interests. This contrasts sharply with the biblical model of leadership, which emphasizes selflessness and service to others, as exemplified by Christ, the Good Shepherd.

They are clouds without water
"Clouds without water" (Greek: "nephelai anudroi") symbolizes the emptiness and futility of these false teachers. In an agrarian society, clouds promised rain and nourishment, but these clouds deliver nothing. Similarly, these individuals offer no spiritual sustenance or truth, despite their outward appearance of wisdom or authority.

carried along by the wind
The phrase "carried along by the wind" suggests instability and lack of direction. In the biblical context, wind often symbolizes change or the Spirit, but here it indicates the capricious and unreliable nature of these individuals. They are driven by external forces rather than grounded in the truth of God's Word.

autumn trees, without fruit
"Autumn trees, without fruit" (Greek: "dendra phthinoporina akarpa") conveys the idea of barrenness and unfulfilled potential. Autumn is typically a time of harvest, yet these trees bear no fruit. This imagery underscores the spiritual deadness and lack of genuine faith in these individuals, who fail to produce the fruits of the Spirit.

twice dead
The phrase "twice dead" emphasizes the complete spiritual lifelessness of these false teachers. They are dead in their sins and further condemned by their rejection of the truth. This stark description serves as a warning of the severe consequences of apostasy and the importance of remaining rooted in Christ.

after being uprooted
"After being uprooted" suggests a finality and irreversibility to their condition. In biblical terms, being uprooted often signifies judgment and removal from God's presence. This imagery reinforces the seriousness of their spiritual state and the ultimate judgment they face for leading others astray.

wild waves of the sea
This phrase evokes a vivid image of chaos and destruction. In the Greek, "wild" (agriai) suggests something fierce and untamed, while "waves" (kymata) indicates the powerful and relentless nature of the sea. Historically, the sea was often seen as a symbol of chaos and danger in ancient Near Eastern cultures, including the Hebrew worldview. The imagery here suggests that the false teachers Jude is warning against are like these waves—unpredictable, destructive, and driven by their own passions, causing turmoil within the church.

casting up their own shame like foam
The Greek word for "casting up" (epaphrizonta) implies a forceful expulsion, much like the sea throws up debris onto the shore. "Shame" (aischynē) refers to disgraceful behavior, and "foam" (aphros) is the froth that appears on the surface of the sea, which is insubstantial and quickly dissipates. This metaphor highlights the emptiness and futility of the false teachers' actions. Their shameful deeds are exposed, much like foam that is visible but lacks substance, emphasizing the temporary and superficial nature of their influence.

wandering stars
In the ancient world, stars were often used for navigation, representing stability and guidance. However, "wandering stars" (planētai asteres) refers to planets, which appear to move erratically across the sky compared to the fixed stars. This imagery suggests instability and unreliability. Jude uses this metaphor to describe the false teachers as those who lead others astray, lacking the constancy and truth found in the teachings of Christ. Their guidance is misleading, much like a wandering star that cannot be relied upon for direction.

for whom blackest darkness has been reserved forever
The phrase "blackest darkness" (zophos tou skotous) conveys a sense of utter gloom and despair. In biblical literature, darkness often symbolizes judgment and separation from God. The use of "reserved" (tetērētai) indicates a divine appointment or destiny, underscoring the certainty of judgment for these false teachers. The word "forever" (eis ton aiōna) emphasizes the eternal nature of this judgment. This serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of leading others away from the truth of the Gospel, reinforcing the call to remain steadfast in faith and doctrine.

Enoch, the seventh from Adam
This phrase identifies Enoch as a significant figure in biblical history, tracing his lineage directly to Adam. Enoch is mentioned in Genesis 5:18-24, where he is noted for his close walk with God and his mysterious departure from earth, as "God took him." The number seven often symbolizes completeness or perfection in biblical numerology, suggesting Enoch's life was one of spiritual completeness. Enoch's position as the seventh from Adam underscores his role as a righteous man in a lineage that would eventually lead to Noah, who also found favor with God.

also prophesied about them
The act of prophesying involves delivering a message from God, often concerning future events or divine judgment. In this context, "them" refers to the ungodly individuals Jude warns against throughout his epistle. Enoch's prophecy, though not found in the canonical Old Testament, is referenced here, indicating that early Jewish tradition held Enoch as a prophet. This highlights the continuity of God's message against ungodliness from the earliest times.

Behold
This word serves as a call to attention, urging the reader to focus on the significance of the forthcoming prophecy. It is a common biblical term used to introduce divine revelation or important declarations. The use of "behold" emphasizes the certainty and importance of the prophecy that follows, inviting believers to consider the gravity of the Lord's coming.

the Lord is coming
This phrase is a declaration of the anticipated return of the Lord, a central theme in Christian eschatology. The Greek word for "coming" is "erchomai," which conveys the idea of arrival or advent. This prophecy assures believers of the certainty of Christ's return, a foundational hope in Christian doctrine. It serves as both a warning to the ungodly and a promise of deliverance for the faithful.

with myriads of His holy ones
The term "myriads" refers to an innumerable multitude, often used in Scripture to describe a vast host. "Holy ones" can refer to angels or the redeemed saints who accompany the Lord. This imagery is reminiscent of Old Testament theophanies where God appears with a heavenly host, as seen in Deuteronomy 33:2 and Daniel 7:10. The presence of these holy ones underscores the majesty and authority of the Lord's coming, reinforcing the message of divine judgment and the establishment of God's kingdom.

to execute judgment
The phrase "to execute judgment" is rooted in the Greek word "krisis," which implies a decisive act of justice. In the biblical context, this is not merely a legal decision but a divine intervention where God Himself is the judge. Historically, the concept of divine judgment is prevalent throughout the Old and New Testaments, emphasizing God's sovereignty and righteousness. This phrase assures believers that God will ultimately address all wrongs, reinforcing the hope and trust in His perfect justice.

on everyone
The term "everyone" underscores the universality of God's judgment. It is inclusive, leaving no one outside its scope. This reflects the biblical teaching that all humanity is accountable to God, as seen in Romans 14:12, where each person must give an account of themselves to God. The inclusivity of this judgment serves as a sobering reminder of the impartiality and fairness of God's justice.

to convict
The word "convict" comes from the Greek "elegcho," which means to expose or bring to light. It is not merely about declaring guilt but involves a revelation of truth that leads to acknowledgment of wrongdoing. This conviction is a work of the Holy Spirit, as seen in John 16:8, where the Spirit convicts the world of sin, righteousness, and judgment. It highlights God's desire for repentance and transformation rather than mere condemnation.

all the ungodly
"All the ungodly" refers to those who live without reverence for God. The Greek word "asebes" describes a lack of piety or respect towards God. Throughout Scripture, the ungodly are often contrasted with the righteous, emphasizing the moral and spiritual divide between those who follow God's ways and those who reject them. This distinction calls believers to live in a manner that honors God, standing apart from the ways of the ungodly.

of every ungodly act of wickedness
This phrase highlights the comprehensive nature of the judgment against "every ungodly act of wickedness." The repetition of "ungodly" emphasizes the severity and pervasiveness of sin. The Greek word "asebeia" for ungodliness and "poneria" for wickedness together paint a picture of actions that are fundamentally opposed to God's nature. This serves as a warning against complacency in sin and a call to pursue holiness.

and every harsh word spoken against Him
The phrase "every harsh word spoken against Him" points to the seriousness of blasphemy and irreverence towards God. The Greek "skleros" for harsh indicates something hard or severe, suggesting that words can be as damaging as actions. This reflects the biblical truth that words reveal the heart's condition (Matthew 12:34-37) and that God holds individuals accountable for their speech.

by ungodly sinners
"By ungodly sinners" reiterates the identity of those who are subject to judgment. The term "hamartolos" for sinners indicates those who miss the mark of God's standard. The repetition of "ungodly" underscores the persistent rebellion against God. This serves as a call to repentance, reminding believers of the grace available through Christ, who redeems and transforms sinners into saints.

These men
This phrase refers to the individuals Jude warns against throughout his epistle. Historically, these men are false teachers infiltrating the early Christian community. The Greek word used here, "houtoi," emphasizes a specific group, setting them apart from the faithful. Jude's warning is timeless, reminding believers to be vigilant against those who distort the truth for personal gain.

are discontented grumblers
The Greek word for "grumblers" is "goggystai," which evokes the murmuring of the Israelites in the wilderness (Exodus 16:7-9). This term suggests a deep-seated dissatisfaction with God's provision and plan. The addition of "discontented" highlights their restless nature, always finding fault and never satisfied. This serves as a caution against a spirit of ingratitude and rebellion against divine authority.

following after their own lusts
The phrase "following after" translates from the Greek "poreuomenoi," indicating a deliberate and continuous action. "Lusts" (Greek: "epithymias") refers to strong desires, often of a sinful nature. These men are driven by their own passions rather than the Spirit, illustrating a self-centered life contrary to the call of holiness and self-denial in Christ.

their mouths spew arrogant words
The imagery of "spewing" suggests an uncontrolled and excessive outpouring. The Greek word "hyperogkos" for "arrogant" conveys a sense of swelling or boastfulness. This phrase warns against the danger of prideful speech, which seeks to elevate oneself above others and ultimately above God. It is a reminder of the power of words and the importance of humility.

they flatter others for their own advantage
"Flatter" comes from the Greek "thaumazontes," meaning to admire or praise excessively. This flattery is not genuine but manipulative, aimed at gaining favor or influence. The phrase "for their own advantage" underscores the selfish motives behind their actions. This serves as a warning to discern the intentions behind words and to be wary of those who use charm for personal gain.

But you, beloved
The phrase "But you, beloved" serves as a direct address to the recipients of Jude's letter, emphasizing a personal and affectionate connection. The Greek word for "beloved" is "agapētoi," which is derived from "agapē," the highest form of love in Christian theology, often associated with divine love. This term underscores the deep, spiritual bond between Jude and his audience, reminding them of their identity as cherished members of the Christian community. In a historical context, this address serves to distinguish the faithful from those who have strayed, reinforcing their commitment to the teachings of Christ.

remember
The command to "remember" is a call to active recollection and mindfulness. The Greek word "mnēmoneuō" implies more than mere recall; it suggests a deliberate and continuous act of keeping something in mind. In the context of Jude's letter, this remembrance is crucial for maintaining doctrinal purity and spiritual vigilance. Historically, the early church faced numerous challenges from false teachings, making the act of remembering apostolic teachings vital for preserving the integrity of the faith.

what was foretold
This phrase points to the prophetic nature of the apostles' teachings. The Greek word "proeirēmenōn" indicates something spoken beforehand, suggesting that the apostles, inspired by the Holy Spirit, provided guidance and warnings about future challenges. This foretelling serves as a testament to the divine inspiration and authority of apostolic teaching, reinforcing the idea that the apostles were conduits of God's revelation to the church.

by the apostles
The term "apostles" refers to the original disciples of Jesus who were commissioned to spread His teachings. The Greek word "apostoloi" means "sent ones," highlighting their role as messengers and authoritative figures in the early church. Historically, the apostles were foundational to the establishment of Christian doctrine and practice, and their teachings were considered the standard against which all other teachings were measured.

of our Lord Jesus Christ
This phrase affirms the centrality of Jesus Christ in the apostles' message. The Greek word "Kyrios" for "Lord" denotes authority and divinity, acknowledging Jesus as the sovereign ruler and divine Son of God. The use of "our" emphasizes a shared faith and allegiance to Jesus, uniting Jude and his readers in their devotion. In a scriptural context, this underscores the continuity of the apostles' message with the teachings of Jesus, affirming that their foretelling was rooted in the authority and mission of Christ Himself.

In the last times
This phrase refers to the eschatological period, often understood as the time between Christ's first and second coming. The Greek term "ἐσχάτων χρόνων" (eschatōn chronōn) is used here, emphasizing the urgency and significance of the era. Historically, early Christians believed they were living in the last days, a period marked by both the fulfillment of God's promises and the presence of trials. This understanding calls believers to live with a sense of readiness and moral vigilance, recognizing the transient nature of earthly life and the imminent return of Christ.

there will be scoffers
The term "scoffers" comes from the Greek "ἐμπαῖκται" (empaiktai), which denotes those who mock or ridicule. In the historical context of Jude's writing, these individuals were likely false teachers or those who derided the Christian faith. The presence of scoffers is a recurring theme in Scripture, often associated with a rejection of divine truth and authority. This serves as a warning to believers to remain steadfast in their faith, discerning truth from deception, and not to be swayed by those who undermine the gospel.

who will follow
The phrase indicates a deliberate choice or lifestyle. The Greek "πορευόμενοι" (poreuomenoi) suggests a journey or path, implying that these scoffers are actively pursuing a particular way of life. This highlights the importance of intentionality in one's spiritual walk. Believers are called to follow Christ, contrasting with the path of the scoffers, which leads away from truth and righteousness.

their own ungodly desires
This part of the verse speaks to the motivations driving the scoffers. The Greek word "ἀσεβείαις" (asebeiais) refers to irreverence or impiety, a life lived without regard for God. Historically, such desires were often linked to moral corruption and a rejection of divine law. This serves as a cautionary note for Christians to examine their own desires and ensure they align with God's will, fostering a life of holiness and devotion rather than self-indulgence.

These are the ones who cause divisions
This phrase identifies a specific group of individuals within the early Christian community. The Greek word for "divisions" is "ἀποδιορίζω" (apodiorizō), which means to separate or create a distinction. Historically, the early church faced numerous challenges from false teachers and those who sought to disrupt the unity of believers. Jude warns against such individuals, emphasizing the importance of maintaining unity in the faith. The early church, much like today, was called to be a body of believers united in Christ, and any division was seen as a threat to the integrity and mission of the church.

who are worldly
The term "worldly" is translated from the Greek word "ψυχικός" (psychikos), which refers to being natural or unspiritual. This word contrasts with "πνευματικός" (pneumatikos), meaning spiritual. In the context of Jude's letter, "worldly" describes those who are driven by natural instincts rather than the Holy Spirit. This highlights a key theme in Jude's message: the danger of living according to the flesh rather than being led by the Spirit. The early church was called to live counter-culturally, not conforming to the patterns of the world but being transformed by the renewing of their minds (Romans 12:2).

and devoid of the Spirit
This phrase underscores the spiritual deficiency of those causing divisions. The Greek word "ἄπνευμος" (apneumos) means without the Spirit, indicating a lack of the Holy Spirit's presence and influence. In the New Testament, the Holy Spirit is essential for guiding, teaching, and empowering believers. Being "devoid of the Spirit" suggests a life not surrendered to God, lacking the fruit and gifts that come from a Spirit-filled life. Jude's warning serves as a reminder of the necessity of the Holy Spirit in the life of a believer, as it is through the Spirit that one can truly live a life pleasing to God and in harmony with fellow believers.

But you, beloved
The phrase "But you, beloved" serves as a direct address to the recipients of Jude's letter, contrasting them with the false teachers he warns against earlier in the epistle. The Greek word for "beloved" is "agapētoi," which signifies a deep, unconditional love. This term is often used in the New Testament to refer to fellow believers, emphasizing the familial bond within the Christian community. Jude's use of "beloved" underscores the pastoral care and affection he holds for his readers, reminding them of their identity as cherished members of God's family.

by building yourselves up
The phrase "by building yourselves up" uses the Greek word "epoikodomeō," which means to build upon a foundation. This imagery is reminiscent of constructing a sturdy edifice, suggesting that faith is not static but requires continual growth and strengthening. In the historical context of the early church, believers faced numerous challenges and false teachings, making it essential to actively fortify their faith. This call to build up one's faith implies personal responsibility and active participation in spiritual development, encouraging believers to engage in practices that deepen their understanding and commitment to the faith.

in your most holy faith
The term "most holy faith" highlights the sacred and set-apart nature of the Christian faith. The Greek word for "holy" is "hagios," which means consecrated or sacred. This phrase emphasizes the purity and divine origin of the faith that believers are called to uphold. In the context of Jude's letter, where false teachings threaten to corrupt the church, the "most holy faith" serves as a reminder of the true, unadulterated gospel that has been entrusted to the saints. It calls believers to remain steadfast in the foundational truths of Christianity, which are holy and worthy of reverence.

and praying in the Holy Spirit
The phrase "praying in the Holy Spirit" suggests a mode of prayer that is guided and empowered by the Holy Spirit. The Greek word "pneuma" for "Spirit" indicates the breath or wind of God, symbolizing His active presence and power in the life of a believer. This type of prayer goes beyond mere words, involving a deep communion with God where the Spirit intercedes and aligns the believer's heart with God's will. In the historical and scriptural context, praying in the Holy Spirit is a vital practice for maintaining spiritual vitality and discernment, especially in times of doctrinal confusion and moral decay. It encourages believers to rely on the Spirit's guidance to navigate the complexities of life and faith.

keep yourselves
The phrase "keep yourselves" is derived from the Greek word "τηρέω" (tēreō), which means to guard, watch over, or preserve. This implies an active responsibility on the part of believers to maintain their spiritual condition. In the historical context of Jude, the early church faced false teachings and moral decay, necessitating vigilance. The call to "keep" suggests a continuous, intentional effort to remain steadfast in faith, akin to a watchman guarding a city.

in the love of God
The "love of God" here is not merely an emotional state but a profound, covenantal relationship. The Greek word for love, "ἀγάπη" (agapē), signifies selfless, sacrificial love. This love is the foundation of the believer's relationship with God, reflecting His nature and character. Historically, the love of God is demonstrated through His redemptive acts, culminating in the sacrifice of Jesus Christ. Believers are called to remain within this sphere of divine love, which provides security and assurance amidst trials.

as you await
The phrase "as you await" comes from the Greek "προσδέχομαι" (prosdechomai), meaning to expect or look forward to. This denotes an attitude of hopeful anticipation. In the early church, there was a strong eschatological expectation, a looking forward to the return of Christ. This waiting is not passive but active, involving preparation and readiness, much like the parable of the wise virgins in Matthew 25.

the mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ
"Mercy" in this context is "ἔλεος" (eleos) in Greek, emphasizing compassion and kindness. The mercy of Jesus is a central theme in the New Testament, highlighting His role as Savior and Redeemer. Historically, mercy is a key attribute of God, often associated with His covenant faithfulness. The early Christians understood this mercy as both a present reality and a future hope, culminating in salvation and eternal life.

to bring you eternal life
"Eternal life" is translated from the Greek "ζωὴν αἰώνιον" (zōēn aiōnion), referring to life that is both qualitative and unending. It is not merely an extension of temporal existence but a participation in the divine nature. In the scriptural context, eternal life is a gift from God, secured through the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. It represents the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises, a life in perfect communion with Him. The early church viewed eternal life as the ultimate hope and goal of the Christian journey, a reality that begins now and is fully realized in the age to come.

And indeed, have mercy on those who doubt
And indeed
The phrase "And indeed" serves as a connective and emphatic introduction, indicating a continuation of thought from the previous verses. In the Greek, the word "kai" (καί) is often used to connect ideas, suggesting that what follows is a natural extension of the preceding exhortations. This phrase underscores the importance of the instruction that follows, emphasizing that it is not merely an afterthought but a crucial part of the Christian duty.

have mercy
The Greek word for "have mercy" is "eleaō" (ἐλεάω), which conveys a deep sense of compassion and kindness. In the biblical context, mercy is not just a feeling but an action that reflects God's own merciful nature. It involves a willingness to forgive and to extend grace to others, mirroring the mercy that believers have received from God. This call to mercy is a reminder of the Christian responsibility to act with love and compassion, especially towards those who are struggling in their faith.

on those who doubt
The phrase "on those who doubt" refers to individuals who are wavering in their faith or experiencing uncertainty. The Greek word "diakrinomenous" (διακρινόμενους) can mean to doubt, to hesitate, or to be at variance with oneself. This term suggests an internal struggle or conflict, often arising from external pressures or internal questions. Historically, the early Christian community faced numerous challenges, including persecution and false teachings, which could lead to doubt. Jude's exhortation to show mercy to doubters highlights the importance of patience and understanding within the Christian community. It encourages believers to support and guide those who are uncertain, helping them to find assurance and strength in their faith. This approach reflects the broader biblical theme of bearing one another's burdens and building each other up in love.

save others
The Greek word for "save" is "sōzō," which means to rescue or deliver from danger or destruction. In the context of Jude, this implies a spiritual rescue, emphasizing the urgency and importance of evangelism and discipleship. The call to "save others" reflects the Christian duty to actively participate in the Great Commission, reaching out to those who are spiritually lost and guiding them towards salvation through Jesus Christ.

by snatching them from the fire
The imagery of "snatching them from the fire" is vivid and urgent. The Greek word "harpazō" is used here, meaning to seize or carry off by force. This phrase suggests a dramatic and immediate action, akin to pulling someone from imminent danger. The "fire" symbolizes judgment or destruction, possibly alluding to the eternal consequences of sin. Historically, fire has been a symbol of divine judgment, as seen in the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. This phrase underscores the critical nature of evangelistic efforts, highlighting the peril faced by those who do not know Christ.

and to others show mercy
The Greek word for "mercy" is "eleos," which conveys compassion and kindness. Jude instructs believers to extend mercy to those who are wavering or caught in sin. This reflects the heart of God, who is rich in mercy and desires that none should perish. The call to "show mercy" aligns with the teachings of Jesus, who emphasized love and compassion towards others, even those who are struggling or have fallen away.

tempered with fear
The word "fear" in Greek is "phobos," which can mean reverence or respect, as well as a sense of caution. Here, it suggests a balanced approach to mercy, one that is mindful of the holiness and justice of God. This fear is not a paralyzing terror but a respectful awareness of the seriousness of sin and its consequences. It serves as a reminder to approach others with humility and discernment, recognizing the potential dangers of being influenced by sinful behaviors.

hating even the clothing stained by the flesh
The phrase "hating even the clothing stained by the flesh" uses the Greek word "miseō" for "hating," which implies a strong aversion or detest. The "clothing stained by the flesh" is a metaphor for the corrupting influence of sin. In ancient times, clothing could become ceremonially unclean, symbolizing moral or spiritual defilement. This phrase calls believers to maintain purity and holiness, avoiding any association with sin while still reaching out to those who are ensnared by it. It highlights the need for discernment and the importance of maintaining one's own spiritual integrity while ministering to others.

Now to Him
This phrase begins the doxology, a short hymn of praises to God, which is a common feature in New Testament writings. The word "Now" serves as a transition from the preceding warnings and exhortations to a focus on God. "To Him" directs our attention to God, emphasizing His centrality and sovereignty. In the Greek, "Him" (αὐτῷ, autō) is a pronoun referring to God, highlighting His personal involvement and relationship with believers.

who is able
The Greek word for "able" (δυναμένῳ, dynamenō) is derived from the root "dynamis," meaning power or strength. This emphasizes God's omnipotence and His ability to accomplish what He wills. It reassures believers of God's capability to fulfill His promises and protect His people, a theme consistent throughout Scripture.

to keep you from stumbling
The phrase "to keep you from stumbling" uses the Greek word "phylassō," meaning to guard or protect. This conveys the idea of God as a vigilant guardian who actively prevents believers from falling into sin or error. The imagery of stumbling suggests a journey, where God ensures the believer's path remains steady and secure.

and to present you
The word "present" (στήσαι, stēsai) in Greek implies standing or establishing. It suggests a formal presentation, as one might present a person of honor. This indicates God's role in preparing believers to stand before Him, highlighting His transformative work in their lives.

blameless
The term "blameless" (ἄμωμος, amōmos) is often used in sacrificial contexts, referring to offerings without defect. In a spiritual sense, it signifies moral and spiritual purity. This reflects the sanctifying work of Christ, who cleanses believers and makes them acceptable before God.

in His glorious presence
"Glorious presence" (δόξης, doxēs) refers to the divine majesty and splendor of God. The Greek word "doxa" is often associated with the visible manifestation of God's power and holiness. Being in His presence implies an intimate relationship with God, where His glory is fully revealed and experienced.

with great joy
The phrase "with great joy" (ἀγαλλιάσει, agalliasei) conveys an overwhelming sense of happiness and exultation. This joy is not merely emotional but is deeply rooted in the spiritual reality of salvation and eternal life. It reflects the ultimate fulfillment and satisfaction found in God's presence.

to the only God
This phrase emphasizes the monotheistic foundation of the Christian faith, affirming that there is but one true God. The Greek word for "only" is "monos," which underscores the exclusivity and uniqueness of God. In a historical context, this declaration stands in contrast to the polytheistic beliefs prevalent in the Roman Empire during the time of Jude's writing. It serves as a reminder to believers to remain steadfast in their devotion to the one true God amidst a culture of many deities.

our Savior
The term "Savior" (Greek: "soter") is a profound title for God, highlighting His role in delivering humanity from sin and death. This title is rich with Old Testament connotations, where God is frequently depicted as the deliverer of Israel. In the New Testament, this title is also ascribed to Jesus Christ, reinforcing the unity of the Father and the Son in the work of salvation. It is a reminder of the personal relationship believers have with God, who is not only the Creator but also the Redeemer.

be glory
"Glory" (Greek: "doxa") refers to the honor and praise due to God. It is a term that conveys the weightiness and splendor of God's presence and character. In the biblical narrative, God's glory is often associated with His divine manifestations, such as the cloud on Mount Sinai or the transfiguration of Jesus. This call to ascribe glory to God is an invitation for believers to recognize and proclaim His supreme worth and beauty in all aspects of life.

majesty
The word "majesty" (Greek: "megalosune") speaks to the greatness and grandeur of God. It is a term that evokes reverence and awe, acknowledging God's exalted status above all creation. Historically, this term would resonate with Jude's audience, who were familiar with the majesty attributed to earthly kings and rulers. However, Jude redirects this concept to the divine, reminding believers that God's majesty far surpasses any earthly authority.

dominion
"Dominion" (Greek: "kratos") refers to God's sovereign power and control over all things. It is a term that signifies strength and might, emphasizing God's ability to govern the universe with absolute authority. In the context of Jude's letter, this serves as a reassurance to believers that despite the presence of false teachers and moral decay, God's dominion remains unchallenged and His purposes will ultimately prevail.

and authority
The term "authority" (Greek: "exousia") denotes the rightful power to command and enforce obedience. It is a reminder of God's ultimate jurisdiction over all creation. In the New Testament, this authority is also shared with Jesus Christ, who exercises divine authority in His teachings, miracles, and redemptive work. For Jude's audience, this affirmation of God's authority would provide comfort and confidence in the face of spiritual opposition.

through Jesus Christ our Lord
This phrase highlights the mediatory role of Jesus Christ in the relationship between God and humanity. The preposition "through" (Greek: "dia") indicates that all glory, majesty, dominion, and authority are realized and manifested through the person and work of Jesus Christ. It affirms the centrality of Christ in the Christian faith, as the one who reveals God to us and reconciles us to Him. The title "our Lord" underscores the personal and communal allegiance of believers to Jesus as their sovereign ruler.

before all time, and now, and for all eternity
This expression captures the eternal nature of God's attributes and reign. The phrase "before all time" (Greek: "pro pantos tou aionos") points to God's existence and sovereignty before the creation of the world. "And now" emphasizes His active presence and rule in the current age. "And for all eternity" (Greek: "eis pantas tous aionas") assures believers of God's unending dominion and faithfulness. This eternal perspective encourages believers to trust in God's unchanging nature and His ultimate plan for creation.

Amen
The word "Amen" (Hebrew: "amen") is a declaration of affirmation and truth. It is a liturgical term used to express agreement and certainty, often concluding prayers and doxologies. In this context, it serves as a powerful affirmation of the truths proclaimed in the verse, inviting the reader to join in the worship and acknowledgment of God's eternal glory and authority.