Now the LORD spoke to Moses
This phrase indicates direct divine communication, a common occurrence in the Pentateuch where God provides guidance and commandments to Moses. It underscores Moses' role as a mediator between God and the Israelites. This communication often involves instructions for worship, law, and community living, emphasizing the covenant relationship between God and His chosen people.

after the death of two of Aaron’s sons
This refers to the tragic event recorded in Leviticus 10:1-2, where Nadab and Abihu, Aaron's sons, offered unauthorized fire before the LORD and were consumed by fire as a result. This incident highlights the holiness of God and the seriousness of approaching Him in a manner not prescribed by His commandments. It serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of disobedience and the need for reverence in worship.

when they approached the presence of the LORD
The "presence of the LORD" refers to the Holy of Holies in the Tabernacle, where God's presence dwelt above the mercy seat on the Ark of the Covenant. This was the most sacred space, and only the high priest could enter, and only once a year on the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur). The incident with Aaron's sons underscores the sanctity of this space and the necessity of following God's specific instructions for worship and sacrifice. This foreshadows the ultimate access to God's presence through Jesus Christ, who, as the perfect high priest, entered the heavenly Holy of Holies once for all (Hebrews 9:11-12).

And the LORD said to Moses:
This phrase establishes divine authority, indicating that the instructions are directly from God. Moses, as the mediator between God and the Israelites, receives these commands to convey to Aaron. This highlights the importance of obedience to God's word, a recurring theme throughout the Pentateuch.

Tell your brother Aaron:
Aaron, the first high priest, is given specific instructions, emphasizing the unique role of the high priest in Israelite worship. This underscores the concept of priesthood and intercession, which is later fulfilled in the New Testament by Jesus Christ as the ultimate High Priest (Hebrews 4:14-16).

not to enter freely into the Most Holy Place:
The Most Holy Place, or Holy of Holies, was the innermost and most sacred area of the Tabernacle, where God's presence dwelt. Access was restricted to the high priest once a year on the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur), symbolizing the separation between a holy God and sinful humanity. This foreshadows the tearing of the temple veil at Christ's crucifixion, granting believers direct access to God (Matthew 27:51).

behind the veil in front of the mercy seat on the ark:
The veil separated the Holy Place from the Most Holy Place, signifying the barrier between God and man due to sin. The mercy seat, atop the Ark of the Covenant, was where atonement was made. This prefigures Christ's role as the propitiation for sin (Romans 3:25), where His sacrifice allows for reconciliation with God.

or else he will die:
The severe consequence for unauthorized entry underscores the holiness of God and the seriousness of approaching Him improperly. This serves as a warning of the consequences of sin and the need for reverence in worship. It also points to the necessity of Christ's atoning work, which allows believers to approach God with confidence (Hebrews 10:19-22).

because I appear in the cloud above the mercy seat:
The cloud represents God's presence and glory, often associated with divine revelation and guidance (Exodus 13:21-22). This manifestation of God's presence in the Tabernacle foreshadows the incarnation of Christ, who is the visible image of the invisible God (Colossians 1:15), dwelling among humanity.

This is how Aaron is to enter the Holy Place:
The Holy Place refers to the inner sanctuary of the Tabernacle, a sacred space where God's presence dwelled. Aaron, as the high priest, had the unique role of entering this space, especially on the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur). This entry was not casual; it required specific rituals and offerings, emphasizing the holiness of God and the need for purification before approaching Him. The detailed instructions underscore the seriousness of approaching God and the necessity of following His commands precisely.

with a young bull for a sin offering:
The young bull as a sin offering was specifically for Aaron and his household, signifying the need for the high priest to be cleansed from sin before interceding for the people. The sin offering was a crucial part of the atonement process, symbolizing the removal of sin and the restoration of the relationship between God and the priest. This offering prefigures Christ, who, as the ultimate High Priest, offered Himself as a sacrifice for the sins of humanity (Hebrews 9:11-14).

and a ram for a burnt offering:
The ram for a burnt offering was a symbol of complete dedication and consecration to God. Unlike the sin offering, which was partially consumed, the burnt offering was entirely burnt on the altar, representing total surrender and devotion. This act of offering a ram points to the necessity of wholehearted commitment to God. In the New Testament, Jesus' sacrifice is seen as the fulfillment of all offerings, including the burnt offering, as He gave Himself entirely for the redemption of mankind (Ephesians 5:2).

He is to wear the sacred linen tunic
The sacred linen tunic was a simple, white garment symbolizing purity and righteousness. In the context of Leviticus 16, this attire was specifically for the high priest on the Day of Atonement, emphasizing the need for holiness when approaching God. The tunic's simplicity contrasts with the usual ornate garments of the high priest, highlighting humility and the solemnity of the occasion. This attire can be seen as a type of Christ, who, in His purity and righteousness, serves as our High Priest (Hebrews 4:14-15).

with linen undergarments
The linen undergarments were worn to cover the priest's nakedness, ensuring modesty and respect in the presence of God. This requirement reflects the broader biblical theme of covering sin and shame, reminiscent of God providing garments for Adam and Eve (Genesis 3:21). The use of linen, a material associated with purity, further underscores the need for holiness.

He must tie a linen sash around him
The linen sash was part of the priestly attire, used to secure the tunic and undergarments. It signifies readiness and service, as girding oneself was often associated with preparation for work or action (Luke 12:35-37). The sash, like the other linen garments, symbolizes purity and dedication to God's service.

and put on the linen turban
The linen turban was worn on the head, signifying the priest's consecration and authority. It served as a reminder of the priest's role as an intermediary between God and the people. The turban's holiness is echoed in the inscription "Holy to the LORD" found on the high priest's regular headpiece (Exodus 28:36-38), pointing to the need for a pure mind and heart in service to God.

These are holy garments
The designation of these garments as holy underscores their set-apart nature for divine service. Holiness in the Bible often involves separation from the common for a sacred purpose. The garments' holiness reflects the sanctity required of those who approach God, a theme that runs throughout Scripture (1 Peter 1:15-16).

and he must bathe himself with water before he wears them
The requirement for the high priest to bathe before donning the holy garments emphasizes the need for cleansing and purification before approaching God. This ritual washing symbolizes spiritual purification and is a precursor to the New Testament concept of baptism, which signifies the washing away of sin (Acts 22:16). The act of washing also points to the ultimate cleansing provided by Christ's sacrifice (Hebrews 10:22).

And he shall take from the congregation of Israel
This phrase indicates the communal aspect of the atonement process. The congregation of Israel refers to the entire community, emphasizing that the Day of Atonement was a national event. The high priest acted on behalf of all the people, highlighting the collective responsibility for sin. This communal approach is seen throughout the Old Testament, where the actions of individuals often had implications for the entire community (e.g., Joshua 7:1-26).

two male goats for a sin offering
The two male goats are central to the ritual of Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. One goat was sacrificed as a sin offering, symbolizing the payment for the people's sins. The other, known as the scapegoat, was sent into the wilderness, symbolically carrying away the sins of Israel (Leviticus 16:10). This dual aspect of atonement—sacrifice and removal of sin—foreshadows the work of Jesus Christ, who both paid the penalty for sin and removed it from believers (Hebrews 9:28).

and one ram for a burnt offering
The ram for a burnt offering signifies complete dedication and consecration to God. Unlike the sin offering, which dealt with atonement, the burnt offering was entirely consumed by fire, representing total surrender and devotion. This offering underscores the need for holiness and commitment to God following the cleansing from sin. The burnt offering is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, seen in the sacrifices of Noah (Genesis 8:20) and Abraham (Genesis 22:13), and it points to the ultimate sacrifice of Christ, who offered Himself wholly to God (Ephesians 5:2).

Aaron is to present the bull for his sin offering
This phrase highlights the role of Aaron, the high priest, in the Day of Atonement rituals. The bull as a sin offering signifies the need for purification and atonement for sin. In the ancient Near Eastern context, bulls were often used in sacrificial systems due to their value and significance. The sin offering underscores the gravity of sin and the necessity of a blood sacrifice for atonement, as seen in Hebrews 9:22, which states that without the shedding of blood, there is no forgiveness. This act prefigures Christ's ultimate sacrifice, as He is both the High Priest and the sacrificial offering (Hebrews 9:11-14).

and make atonement for himself
Before Aaron could intercede for the people, he had to be cleansed of his own sins. This requirement emphasizes the holiness required to approach God and the imperfection of the Levitical priesthood, which contrasts with the sinless nature of Christ, our eternal High Priest (Hebrews 7:26-27). The need for Aaron to atone for himself highlights the temporary and repetitive nature of the Old Covenant sacrifices, pointing to the necessity of a perfect and final atonement through Jesus.

and his household
The inclusion of Aaron's household in the atonement process reflects the communal aspect of sin and the need for collective purification. It also underscores the responsibility of the priestly family to maintain holiness, as they were set apart for service to God. This mirrors the New Testament teaching that believers, as a royal priesthood (1 Peter 2:9), are called to live lives of holiness and intercession for others. The concept of household atonement can also be seen as a type of the broader atonement Christ provides for His spiritual household, the Church (Ephesians 5:25-27).

Then he shall take the two goats
In the context of the Day of Atonement, the high priest is instructed to take two goats. These goats are central to the atonement ritual, symbolizing the removal of sin from the community. The use of two goats highlights the dual aspects of atonement: one for sacrifice and one as the scapegoat. This practice underscores the seriousness of sin and the need for divine intervention for forgiveness. The two goats can be seen as a type of Christ, who fulfills both roles: the sacrificial offering and the bearer of sins.

and present them before the LORD
The act of presenting the goats before the LORD signifies offering them to God, acknowledging His sovereignty and holiness. This presentation is a formal act of dedication, emphasizing that the ritual is conducted under divine authority. It reflects the biblical principle that all offerings and sacrifices are ultimately made to God, who alone can forgive sins. This foreshadows Christ's presentation before God as the ultimate sacrifice for humanity's sins.

at the entrance to the Tent of Meeting.
The Tent of Meeting, also known as the Tabernacle, was the central place of worship for the Israelites during their wilderness journey. It served as the dwelling place of God's presence among His people. The entrance to the Tent of Meeting was a sacred space where significant rituals and divine encounters occurred. Presenting the goats at this location underscores the importance of the ritual and the need for the community to approach God with reverence and obedience. This setting prefigures the access believers have to God through Christ, who is the true Tabernacle.

After Aaron casts lots for the two goats
In the ancient Israelite context, casting lots was a common practice used to discern God's will. This method ensured that the decision was not influenced by human bias but was seen as divinely guided. The use of lots is seen elsewhere in Scripture, such as in the selection of Matthias as an apostle in Acts 1:26. The two goats were central to the Day of Atonement, a significant annual event for Israel, emphasizing the seriousness of sin and the need for atonement.

one for the LORD
The goat designated for the LORD was to be sacrificed as a sin offering. This act symbolized the need for blood to atone for sin, a theme that runs throughout the Old Testament sacrificial system. The shedding of blood was necessary for the forgiveness of sins, as stated in Hebrews 9:22. This goat represents the substitutionary atonement, pointing forward to Jesus Christ, who is the ultimate sacrifice for sin (Hebrews 10:10).

and the other for the scapegoat
The term "scapegoat" comes from the Hebrew word "Azazel," which has been interpreted in various ways, including as a reference to a wilderness demon or as a symbolic representation of the removal of sin. The scapegoat was sent into the wilderness, symbolically carrying the sins of the people away from the camp. This act illustrates the concept of expiation, where sin is not only forgiven but also removed. This foreshadows the work of Christ, who not only forgives sin but also removes it from us, as seen in Psalm 103:12, where God removes our transgressions as far as the east is from the west.

he shall present the goat
In the context of the Day of Atonement, the high priest is instructed to present two goats before the LORD. This presentation is a formal act of dedication and consecration, signifying the offering of the animal to God. The act of presenting the goat is a solemn ritual, emphasizing the seriousness of atonement and the need for a mediator between God and the people. The high priest, acting as the mediator, foreshadows the ultimate mediator, Jesus Christ, who presents Himself as the perfect sacrifice.

chosen by lot for the LORD
The use of lots to determine which goat is for the LORD underscores the belief in divine sovereignty and guidance. Casting lots was a common practice in ancient Israel to discern God's will, as seen in other biblical instances such as the selection of Saul as king (1 Samuel 10:20-24) and the division of the Promised Land (Joshua 18:10). This method removes human bias, ensuring that the choice is divinely ordained. The chosen goat represents the substitutionary atonement, a type of Christ who was chosen by God to bear the sins of humanity.

and sacrifice it as a sin offering
The sin offering is a critical component of the sacrificial system, designed to atone for unintentional sins and purify the people and the sanctuary. The sacrifice of the goat signifies the transfer of sin from the people to the animal, which then bears the penalty of death. This act prefigures the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ, who, as the Lamb of God, takes away the sin of the world (John 1:29). The shedding of blood is necessary for atonement, as reiterated in Hebrews 9:22, highlighting the seriousness of sin and the cost of reconciliation with God.

But the goat chosen by lot as the scapegoat
In the ancient Israelite practice, two goats were selected for the Day of Atonement. The casting of lots was a method used to discern God's will, ensuring that the choice was divinely guided. The term "scapegoat" comes from the Hebrew word "Azazel," which has been interpreted in various ways, including as a reference to a demon or a rugged place. This goat symbolically carried the sins of the people away, illustrating the removal of sin from the community. The concept of a scapegoat is echoed in the New Testament, where Jesus is seen as the ultimate bearer of sin (Hebrews 9:28).

shall be presented alive before the LORD
The living presentation of the goat signifies its role as a living sacrifice, distinct from the goat that was sacrificed. This act of presenting the goat alive underscores the idea of life and death in the atonement process. The living goat stands before the LORD, symbolizing the acknowledgment of sin and the need for divine intervention. This presentation is a precursor to the ultimate sacrifice of Christ, who was presented alive before God and humanity as the Lamb of God (John 1:29).

to make atonement
Atonement in the Old Testament involved covering or cleansing from sin, allowing for reconciliation between God and His people. The Day of Atonement was the most solemn day in the Jewish calendar, emphasizing the seriousness of sin and the need for purification. The scapegoat's role in atonement prefigures Christ's atoning work on the cross, where He made a once-for-all sacrifice for sin (Romans 3:25).

by sending it into the wilderness
The wilderness represents a place of desolation and separation, symbolizing the complete removal of sin from the community. This act of sending the goat away illustrates the concept of sin being taken far from the people, never to return. The wilderness is often seen in Scripture as a place of testing and purification, as seen in Israel's wanderings and Jesus' temptation (Matthew 4:1).

as the scapegoat
The scapegoat serves as a powerful symbol of substitution and expiation. By bearing the sins of the people, the scapegoat points to the need for a substitute to take on the penalty of sin. This typology is fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who bore the sins of humanity and provided a way for reconciliation with God (Isaiah 53:6). The scapegoat's role highlights the gravity of sin and the profound grace of God in providing a means of atonement.

When Aaron presents the bull for his sin offering
This phrase highlights the role of Aaron, the high priest, in the Day of Atonement rituals. The bull is specifically chosen for the sin offering, symbolizing the need for purification and atonement. The high priest's actions are crucial as he represents the people before God. The bull, a valuable animal, signifies the seriousness of sin and the cost of atonement. This act prefigures Christ, who offered Himself as the ultimate sin offering (Hebrews 9:12-14).

and makes atonement for himself and his household
Before Aaron can intercede for the people, he must first be cleansed, emphasizing the holiness required to approach God. This reflects the biblical principle that leaders must be spiritually pure to lead others (1 Timothy 3:2-5). The inclusion of his household underscores the communal aspect of sin and atonement, recognizing that the priest's family also needs purification. This anticipates the New Testament teaching that Christ, our High Priest, was without sin and needed no atonement for Himself (Hebrews 7:26-27).

he is to slaughter the bull for his own sin offering
The act of slaughtering the bull is a vivid reminder of the cost of sin, requiring the shedding of blood for forgiveness (Hebrews 9:22). This ritual underscores the gravity of sin and the necessity of a substitute to bear the penalty. The personal nature of this offering for Aaron himself highlights the imperfection of the Levitical priesthood, contrasting with Jesus, who offered Himself once for all (Hebrews 10:10). The slaughtering of the bull also points to the sacrificial system's temporary nature, fulfilled and completed in Christ's sacrifice on the cross.

Then he must take a censer full of burning coals from the altar before the LORD
This phrase refers to the high priest's actions on the Day of Atonement, a significant event in the Israelite religious calendar. The censer, a vessel for burning incense, symbolizes the prayers of the people ascending to God (Revelation 8:3-4). The altar before the LORD is the bronze altar of burnt offerings located in the Tabernacle's courtyard, signifying the place where sacrifices were made to atone for sin. The burning coals represent the purifying and consuming nature of God's holiness. This act foreshadows Christ's intercessory role, as He offers Himself as the ultimate sacrifice and mediator between God and humanity (Hebrews 7:25).

and two handfuls of finely ground fragrant incense
The incense, made from a specific blend of spices (Exodus 30:34-38), was considered holy and set apart for worship. Its fragrance represents the pleasing aroma of a life dedicated to God, and its smoke symbolizes the divine presence. The high priest taking two handfuls indicates the abundance and sufficiency of Christ's intercession for believers. The finely ground nature of the incense suggests thorough preparation and purity, pointing to the sinless life of Jesus (Hebrews 4:15).

and take them inside the veil
The veil separated the Holy Place from the Most Holy Place in the Tabernacle, where the Ark of the Covenant resided. Only the high priest could enter this sacred space, and only once a year, signifying the separation between God and humanity due to sin. The act of taking the incense inside the veil symbolizes entering God's presence with reverence and awe. This foreshadows the tearing of the veil at Christ's crucifixion (Matthew 27:51), which signifies the removal of the barrier between God and humanity, granting believers direct access to God through Jesus (Hebrews 10:19-20).

He is to put the incense on the fire before the LORD
This phrase refers to the high priest's duty on the Day of Atonement, a significant event in the Israelite religious calendar. The incense represents the prayers and intercessions of the people, symbolizing a pleasing aroma to God. The act of placing incense on the fire signifies the priest's role as a mediator between God and the people. The fire, often associated with God's presence, purifies and sanctifies the offering. This ritual underscores the holiness required to approach God, emphasizing the need for reverence and obedience.

and the cloud of incense will cover the mercy seat above the Testimony
The cloud of incense serves as a protective barrier, shielding the high priest from the direct presence of God, which dwells above the mercy seat. The mercy seat, located on the Ark of the Covenant, is where God would meet with the high priest. The Testimony refers to the tablets of the Law inside the Ark. This imagery highlights the separation between a holy God and sinful humanity, necessitating a mediator. The cloud also symbolizes God's glory and presence, reminiscent of the cloud that led the Israelites in the wilderness.

so that he will not die
This phrase underscores the seriousness of approaching God without proper preparation and reverence. The high priest's life depended on following God's instructions precisely, reflecting the holiness and justice of God. This requirement points to the need for a perfect mediator, ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who provides believers with access to God without fear of death. The emphasis on life and death in this context illustrates the gravity of sin and the necessity of atonement.

And he is to take some of the bull’s blood
The bull's blood represents the atonement for the high priest's own sins and those of his household. In the ancient Near Eastern context, blood was seen as the life force, and its use in rituals symbolized purification and consecration. This act underscores the necessity of a mediator who is himself cleansed before interceding for others, prefiguring Christ's role as the sinless high priest.

and sprinkle it with his finger
The act of sprinkling with the finger signifies a deliberate and personal application of the blood, emphasizing the priest's active role in the atonement process. This methodical action highlights the seriousness and sacredness of the ritual, ensuring that the blood is applied precisely as commanded.

on the east side of the mercy seat
The mercy seat, or the atonement cover, was the lid of the Ark of the Covenant, located in the Holy of Holies. The east side may symbolize the direction of the rising sun, often associated with new beginnings and divine presence. This specific location for the sprinkling indicates the precise obedience required in worship and the approach to God's holiness.

then he shall sprinkle some of it with his finger seven times
The number seven in biblical terms often represents completeness or perfection. Sprinkling the blood seven times signifies the thoroughness of the atonement process, ensuring that the sins are fully covered. This completeness points to the perfect and final atonement made by Jesus Christ, whose sacrifice was once for all.

before the mercy seat
The mercy seat was the place where God's presence dwelt above the Ark, and it was here that the high priest made atonement for the people's sins. This act of sprinkling before the mercy seat symbolizes the intercession made on behalf of the people, foreshadowing Christ's role as the mediator between God and humanity. The mercy seat itself is a type of Christ, who is the ultimate propitiation for sin.

Aaron shall then slaughter the goat for the sin offering for the people
This phrase refers to the Day of Atonement, a significant event in the Israelite calendar, where the high priest, Aaron, performs rituals to atone for the sins of the people. The goat represents the sin offering, a substitutionary sacrifice, highlighting the seriousness of sin and the need for atonement. This act prefigures Christ's ultimate sacrifice, as He is referred to as the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world (John 1:29).

and bring its blood behind the veil
The veil separated the Holy Place from the Most Holy Place in the Tabernacle, symbolizing the barrier between God and humanity due to sin. Only the high priest could enter, and only once a year, signifying the holiness of God and the separation caused by sin. The tearing of the temple veil at Christ's crucifixion (Matthew 27:51) signifies the removal of this barrier, granting believers direct access to God.

and with its blood he must do as he did with the bull’s blood
The blood of the goat, like that of the bull, is used for purification, symbolizing the cleansing power of sacrificial blood. This act underscores the necessity of blood for atonement, as stated in Hebrews 9:22, "without the shedding of blood there is no forgiveness." The repetition of the ritual with both animals emphasizes the thoroughness required for atonement.

He is to sprinkle it against the mercy seat and in front of it
The mercy seat, the cover of the Ark of the Covenant, represents God's throne and His presence among His people. Sprinkling the blood on and before the mercy seat signifies the appeasement of God's wrath and the reconciliation between God and Israel. This act foreshadows Christ's role as our propitiation, as described in Romans 3:25, where His blood satisfies divine justice and secures mercy for believers.

So he shall make atonement for the Most Holy Place
The Most Holy Place, or Holy of Holies, was the innermost and most sacred area of the Tabernacle, later the Temple, where the Ark of the Covenant was kept. Only the high priest could enter this space, and only once a year on the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur). This act of atonement was necessary to cleanse the sanctuary from the defilement caused by the sins of the people. The high priest's actions prefigure the ultimate atonement made by Jesus Christ, who entered the heavenly sanctuary once for all, as described in Hebrews 9:11-12.

because of the impurities and rebellious acts of the Israelites
The impurities refer to both ceremonial uncleanness and moral transgressions. Rebellious acts highlight the willful disobedience of the Israelites against God's commandments. This phrase underscores the need for atonement due to the pervasive nature of sin, which affects not only individuals but also the community and the sacred space itself. The sacrificial system was a temporary measure pointing to the need for a perfect and final atonement.

in regard to all their sins
This comprehensive phrase indicates that the atonement covered all types of sins, whether intentional or unintentional. It reflects the holistic nature of the sacrificial system, which aimed to restore the relationship between God and His people. The concept of sin in the Old Testament includes both actions and the inherent sinful nature of humanity, which is ultimately addressed through the sacrifice of Christ, as seen in Romans 3:23-25.

He is to do the same for the Tent of Meeting
The Tent of Meeting, or Tabernacle, was the portable earthly dwelling place of God among the Israelites. It was the center of worship and the place where God communicated with Moses and the priests. The need for atonement for the Tent of Meeting signifies that even the place of divine encounter required purification due to the presence of sin. This foreshadows the cleansing work of Christ, who purifies not only individuals but also the community of believers, as described in Ephesians 5:25-27.

which abides among them in the midst of their impurities
God's presence among the Israelites, despite their impurities, highlights His grace and desire for relationship with His people. The Tabernacle was a constant reminder of God's holiness and the need for His people to be holy. This abiding presence is fulfilled in the New Testament through the indwelling of the Holy Spirit in believers, as seen in 1 Corinthians 3:16, emphasizing that God dwells with His people even amidst their imperfections.

No one may be in the Tent of Meeting
This phrase underscores the exclusivity and sanctity of the atonement process. The Tent of Meeting, also known as the Tabernacle, was the central place of worship and sacrifice for the Israelites during their wilderness journey. It was a sacred space where God's presence dwelled, and only designated individuals, such as the high priest, could enter at specific times. This restriction highlights the holiness required to approach God and the separation between the divine and the common.

from the time Aaron goes in to make atonement
Aaron, the first high priest, was the only one permitted to enter the Most Holy Place on the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur). This annual event was crucial for the spiritual cleansing of the people. The act of making atonement involved rituals and sacrifices that symbolized the removal of sin and reconciliation with God. Aaron's role as mediator foreshadows the ultimate high priest, Jesus Christ, who makes atonement for humanity.

in the Most Holy Place
The Most Holy Place, or Holy of Holies, was the innermost and most sacred area of the Tabernacle, where the Ark of the Covenant was kept. It represented God's throne on earth and was separated by a veil. Only the high priest could enter this space, and only once a year, signifying the barrier between God and humanity due to sin. The tearing of the temple veil at Christ's crucifixion (Matthew 27:51) symbolizes the removal of this barrier.

until he leaves
The high priest's time in the Most Holy Place was limited, emphasizing the temporary nature of the Old Covenant sacrifices. This contrasts with the eternal atonement made by Christ, who, after offering Himself, sat down at the right hand of God (Hebrews 10:12), signifying the completion and sufficiency of His sacrifice.

after he has made atonement for himself, his household,
Before making atonement for the people, Aaron had to offer sacrifices for his own sins and those of his household. This requirement highlights the imperfection of the earthly priesthood and the need for a sinless mediator. Jesus, as the sinless high priest, did not need to offer sacrifices for Himself, making His atonement perfect and complete (Hebrews 7:27).

and the whole assembly of Israel.
The Day of Atonement was a communal event, emphasizing the collective need for forgiveness and purification. It foreshadows the universal scope of Christ's atonement, which is available to all who believe, transcending the boundaries of Israel to include all nations (John 3:16, Revelation 5:9). This communal aspect also reflects the unity and interdependence of God's people, who are called to live in holiness and reconciliation.

Then he shall go out to the altar that is before the LORD
This phrase refers to the high priest's actions on the Day of Atonement, a significant event in the Israelite religious calendar. The altar mentioned is the altar of burnt offering, located in the courtyard of the Tabernacle. This altar is "before the LORD" because it is situated in the sacred space where God's presence dwells among His people. The high priest's movement from the Holy of Holies to the altar signifies the extension of atonement from the innermost sanctuary to the entire community. This act underscores the holiness required in approaching God and the need for purification of the place where sacrifices are offered.

and make atonement for it
Atonement involves the covering or removal of sin, allowing reconciliation between God and His people. The altar, though a sacred object, required purification due to the sinfulness of the people who used it. This reflects the pervasive nature of sin and the need for cleansing even in the instruments of worship. The concept of atonement is central to the sacrificial system and foreshadows the ultimate atonement made by Jesus Christ, who cleanses not only the physical but also the spiritual defilement of humanity.

He is to take some of the bull’s blood and some of the goat’s blood
The use of both bull's and goat's blood highlights the comprehensive nature of the atonement process. The bull's blood was for the high priest and his household, while the goat's blood was for the people of Israel. This dual application signifies the need for both personal and communal purification. Blood, representing life, is the means by which atonement is made, as life is given in exchange for life. This prefigures the sacrificial death of Christ, whose blood was shed for the sins of all humanity, fulfilling the requirements of the law.

and put it on all the horns of the altar
The horns of the altar, located at its four corners, symbolize strength and power. Applying blood to the horns signifies the sanctification and consecration of the altar, ensuring that it is a fit place for offerings to God. This act of purification is necessary for the altar to function as a means of divine-human interaction. In a broader theological context, the horns can be seen as pointing to the power of Christ's sacrifice, which sanctifies and empowers believers to approach God with confidence.

He is to sprinkle some of the blood on it with his finger seven times
The act of sprinkling blood is a significant ritual in the Old Testament, symbolizing purification and atonement. The use of the priest's finger indicates a personal and deliberate action, emphasizing the importance of the ritual. The number seven is often associated with completeness and perfection in the Bible, reflecting the thoroughness of the cleansing process. This ritual is part of the Day of Atonement, a critical moment in the Jewish calendar, where the high priest makes atonement for the sins of the people. The sprinkling of blood foreshadows the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ, whose blood was shed for the complete atonement of humanity's sins.

to cleanse it and consecrate it
Cleansing and consecration are two distinct but related actions. Cleansing refers to the removal of impurity or sin, while consecration involves setting something apart as holy. In the context of the tabernacle, these actions ensure that the space is suitable for God's presence. This dual process highlights the need for both purification from sin and dedication to God. The cleansing and consecration of the altar symbolize the need for holiness in worship and service to God, pointing to the New Testament teaching that believers are to be living sacrifices, holy and pleasing to God (Romans 12:1).

from the uncleanness of the Israelites
The uncleanness mentioned here refers to the spiritual and moral impurities that separate the Israelites from God. In the ancient Near Eastern context, uncleanness could result from various sources, including sin, disease, or contact with certain objects or individuals. The Day of Atonement addresses these impurities, restoring the relationship between God and His people. This concept of uncleanness and the need for atonement is echoed in the New Testament, where sin is seen as a barrier to fellowship with God, and Jesus' sacrifice is the means of cleansing and reconciliation (1 John 1:7-9).

When Aaron has finished purifying the Most Holy Place
This phrase refers to the completion of the atonement rituals performed by the high priest, Aaron, on the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur). The Most Holy Place, or Holy of Holies, was the innermost part of the Tabernacle, where the Ark of the Covenant was kept. Only the high priest could enter this sacred space, and only once a year, to make atonement for the sins of Israel. This purification process involved the sprinkling of blood from a sacrificial bull and goat, symbolizing the cleansing of sin and the appeasement of God's wrath. This act foreshadows the ultimate atonement made by Jesus Christ, who entered the heavenly sanctuary once for all by His own blood (Hebrews 9:12).

the Tent of Meeting
The Tent of Meeting, also known as the Tabernacle, was the portable earthly dwelling place of God among the Israelites during their journey through the wilderness. It served as the central place of worship and sacrifice. The purification of the Tent of Meeting signifies the removal of the defilement caused by the sins of the people, ensuring that God's presence could continue to dwell among them. This reflects the necessity of holiness and purity in approaching God, a theme reiterated throughout Scripture (1 Peter 1:16).

and the altar
The altar mentioned here is the altar of burnt offering, located in the courtyard of the Tabernacle. It was used for sacrifices and offerings, which were central to the worship and atonement practices of Israel. Purifying the altar was essential to maintain its sanctity, as it was the place where the blood of sacrifices was offered to God. This act underscores the importance of a pure and undefiled means of approaching God, pointing to Christ as the ultimate sacrifice who sanctifies believers (Hebrews 13:10-12).

he is to bring forward the live goat
This refers to the second goat in the Day of Atonement ritual, known as the scapegoat or Azazel. After the purification of the sanctuary, Aaron would lay his hands on the head of the live goat, confessing over it all the iniquities of the Israelites, symbolically transferring their sins onto the goat. The goat was then sent into the wilderness, signifying the removal of sin from the community. This act illustrates the concept of substitutionary atonement and the complete removal of sin, prefiguring Christ's role as the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world (John 1:29).

Then he is to lay both hands on the head of the live goat
This act of laying hands symbolizes the transfer of sin from the people to the goat. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, the laying on of hands was a common practice to confer blessing, authority, or in this case, the symbolic transfer of guilt. This ritual is part of the Day of Atonement, a significant event in the Jewish calendar, emphasizing the need for purification and reconciliation with God.

and confess over it all the iniquities and rebellious acts of the Israelites in regard to all their sins.
Confession here involves acknowledging specific sins, which underscores the comprehensive nature of atonement. The terms "iniquities," "rebellious acts," and "sins" cover a wide range of moral failings, indicating that no sin is too great to be confessed and atoned for. This practice highlights the importance of repentance and the acknowledgment of wrongdoing as prerequisites for forgiveness.

He is to put them on the goat’s head
The act of placing sins on the goat's head signifies the complete removal of sin from the community. This is a vivid illustration of substitutionary atonement, where the goat bears the sins of the people. This concept foreshadows the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ, who bore the sins of humanity on the cross, as seen in passages like Isaiah 53:6 and 2 Corinthians 5:21.

and send it away into the wilderness
The wilderness represents a place of desolation and separation, symbolizing the removal of sin from the community. This act ensures that the sins are not only forgiven but also forgotten, as they are carried far away from the people. The wilderness is often depicted in Scripture as a place of testing and purification, further emphasizing the cleansing aspect of this ritual.

by the hand of a man appointed for the task.
The selection of a specific individual to lead the goat into the wilderness ensures that the task is carried out with precision and care. This appointed man acts as a mediator, ensuring the complete removal of sin. This role can be seen as a type of Christ, who is the ultimate mediator between God and humanity, as described in 1 Timothy 2:5.

The goat will carry on itself all their iniquities
This phrase refers to the scapegoat, one of two goats used in the Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) ritual. The high priest would lay hands on the goat, symbolically transferring the sins of the Israelites onto it. This act signifies the removal of sin from the community, a concept echoed in Psalm 103:12, where God removes transgressions as far as the east is from the west. The scapegoat is a type of Christ, who bore the sins of humanity (Isaiah 53:6, 1 Peter 2:24).

into a solitary place
The solitary place, or wilderness, represents a realm outside the camp, symbolizing separation from the community and from God’s presence. This desolate area underscores the complete removal of sin, as the goat is sent to a place where it cannot return. The wilderness is often depicted in Scripture as a place of testing and purification (e.g., Israel's 40 years of wandering, Jesus' temptation in the desert).

and the man will release it
The man responsible for releasing the goat was chosen for this specific task, ensuring the ritual was carried out properly. This act of release signifies the finality of the sin removal process. The man’s role is crucial, as it ensures the goat does not return, symbolizing the permanent removal of sin. This mirrors the New Testament teaching of Christ’s once-for-all sacrifice (Hebrews 10:10).

into the wilderness
The wilderness serves as a symbolic location for the banishment of sin, emphasizing the separation from the holy community. In biblical times, the wilderness was seen as a place of chaos and danger, reinforcing the idea that sin leads to separation from God. This imagery is fulfilled in Christ, who was crucified outside the city (Hebrews 13:12), taking on the role of the scapegoat to remove sin permanently.

Then Aaron is to enter the Tent of Meeting
This phrase indicates the specific role of Aaron, the high priest, in the Day of Atonement rituals. The Tent of Meeting, also known as the Tabernacle, was the central place of worship for the Israelites during their wilderness journey. It was where God’s presence dwelled among His people (Exodus 25:8). The high priest entering the Tent of Meeting symbolizes mediation between God and Israel, foreshadowing Christ as the ultimate mediator (1 Timothy 2:5).

take off the linen garments
The linen garments were simple and humble, contrasting with the high priest's usual ornate attire. This act of removing the garments signifies the completion of the atonement process and the transition from sacred duties back to ordinary life. Linen, a symbol of purity and righteousness, points to the sinless nature of Christ (Revelation 19:8).

he put on before entering the Most Holy Place
The Most Holy Place, or Holy of Holies, was the innermost part of the Tabernacle, where the Ark of the Covenant was kept. Only the high priest could enter, and only once a year on the Day of Atonement (Hebrews 9:7). This exclusivity underscores the holiness of God and the separation caused by sin, which Christ ultimately bridged through His sacrifice (Hebrews 10:19-20).

and leave them there
Leaving the garments in the Tent of Meeting signifies the temporary nature of the Old Covenant rituals. It points to the need for a more permanent solution to sin, fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who offered Himself once for all (Hebrews 9:12). This act also emphasizes the transition from the old priesthood to the new, eternal priesthood of Christ (Hebrews 7:23-24).

He is to bathe himself with water in a holy place
This phrase refers to the ritual purification required of the high priest, emphasizing the importance of cleanliness before approaching God. Bathing in a holy place signifies the separation from impurity and the preparation for sacred duties. This act of washing is symbolic of spiritual cleansing, a theme echoed in the New Testament, where baptism represents purification and new life (Acts 22:16). The holy place, likely the tabernacle or a designated area within it, underscores the sanctity required for approaching God.

and put on his own clothes
After bathing, the high priest changes from the special linen garments worn during the Day of Atonement rituals back into his regular priestly attire. This change of clothing signifies a transition from the unique duties of the Day of Atonement back to his regular priestly functions. The garments symbolize the priest's role and identity, and the act of changing clothes reflects the completion of a specific sacred task. This can be seen as a type of Christ, who, after completing His sacrificial work, returned to His glory (John 17:5).

Then he must go out and sacrifice his burnt offering and the people’s burnt offering
The burnt offering, a sacrifice entirely consumed by fire, represents total dedication to God. The high priest offers a burnt offering for himself and another for the people, signifying the need for atonement and reconciliation with God. This dual offering highlights the priest's role as a mediator between God and the people, a role ultimately fulfilled by Jesus Christ, who offered Himself as the perfect sacrifice (Hebrews 9:14). The act of going out to perform the sacrifice indicates the public nature of this ritual, reinforcing the communal aspect of atonement.

to make atonement for himself and for the people
Atonement involves the covering or removal of sin, restoring the relationship between God and humanity. The high priest's need to make atonement for himself underscores the imperfection of the Levitical priesthood, pointing to the necessity of a perfect high priest, Jesus Christ, who is sinless and able to make a once-for-all atonement (Hebrews 7:27). This phrase encapsulates the central theme of Leviticus 16, the Day of Atonement, which foreshadows the ultimate atonement achieved through Christ's sacrifice on the cross.

He is also to burn the fat
In the Levitical sacrificial system, the fat of the animal was considered the best part and was reserved for God. Burning the fat symbolized offering the best to God, acknowledging His holiness and sovereignty. This act was a reminder of the need for purity and dedication in worship. The fat was not to be consumed by the priests or the people, emphasizing the sacredness of the offering.

of the sin offering
The sin offering, or "ḥaṭṭā't" in Hebrew, was a sacrifice made to atone for unintentional sins and to purify the sanctuary from the defilement caused by sin. This offering was crucial in maintaining the covenant relationship between God and Israel. It foreshadowed the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ, who became the sin offering for humanity, as seen in Hebrews 10:12, where Christ's sacrifice is described as once for all.

on the altar
The altar was the central place of sacrifice in the Tabernacle, and later the Temple, symbolizing the meeting point between God and man. It was a place of atonement and reconciliation. The act of burning the fat on the altar signified the complete surrender and dedication of the offering to God. This practice pointed forward to the New Testament understanding of Christ's sacrifice on the cross, where He offered Himself as the ultimate atonement for sin, fulfilling the requirements of the law.

The man who released the goat as the scapegoat
This refers to the individual responsible for leading the goat, known as the "scapegoat," into the wilderness. The term "scapegoat" comes from the Hebrew word "Azazel," which has been interpreted in various ways, including as a name for a demon or a desolate place. The scapegoat ritual is part of the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur) ceremonies, where one goat is sacrificed, and the other is sent away, symbolically carrying the sins of the people. This act prefigures the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ, who bore the sins of humanity.

must wash his clothes and bathe himself with water
The requirement for the man to wash his clothes and bathe signifies purification. In the ancient Near Eastern context, washing was a common ritual for cleansing from defilement. This act underscores the holiness required to approach God and the need for purification after handling something associated with sin. It reflects the broader biblical theme of cleansing, as seen in passages like Psalm 51:7, where David asks to be washed and made whiter than snow.

afterward he may reenter the camp
Reentering the camp signifies restoration to the community after performing a task associated with sin and impurity. The camp represents the dwelling place of God's people, and reentry symbolizes acceptance and reintegration. This mirrors the New Testament concept of reconciliation with God and the community through Christ's atoning work, as seen in 2 Corinthians 5:18-19, where believers are reconciled to God through Christ.

The bull for the sin offering and the goat for the sin offering
In the context of Leviticus 16, these animals are central to the Day of Atonement, a significant annual event for the Israelites. The bull and the goat represent the sin offerings for the high priest and the people, respectively. This ritual underscores the gravity of sin and the necessity of a sacrificial system to maintain a relationship with God. The use of animals for sin offerings is a recurring theme in the Old Testament, symbolizing the need for a substitute to bear the consequences of sin.

Whose blood was brought into the Most Holy Place to make atonement
The Most Holy Place, or Holy of Holies, was the innermost part of the Tabernacle, where God's presence dwelt. Only the high priest could enter this sacred space, and only once a year on the Day of Atonement. The blood of the bull and goat was sprinkled on the mercy seat to atone for the sins of the priest and the people. This act prefigures the ultimate atonement made by Jesus Christ, whose blood was shed for the forgiveness of sins, as referenced in Hebrews 9:12.

Must be taken outside the camp
Taking the remains of the sin offerings outside the camp signifies the removal of sin and impurity from the community. This practice highlights the separation between the holy and the profane, a recurring theme in Leviticus. It also foreshadows the crucifixion of Jesus, who suffered outside the city gates, as noted in Hebrews 13:12, symbolizing the bearing of sin and shame on behalf of humanity.

And their hides, flesh, and dung must be burned up
The complete burning of the remains signifies the total destruction of sin and its consequences. This act of burning outside the camp ensures that no impurity remains within the community, maintaining the holiness required by God. The burning of the sin offering's remains is a vivid illustration of the seriousness with which God views sin and the thoroughness required in its removal. This complete consumption by fire can be seen as a type of the final judgment, where sin is utterly destroyed.

The one who burns them
In the context of Leviticus 16, this refers to the person responsible for burning the remains of the sin offering outside the camp. This act signifies the complete removal of sin from the community, as the remains of the sacrificial animals are taken outside the camp, symbolizing the separation of sin from the people. This foreshadows the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus Christ, who was crucified outside the city of Jerusalem, bearing the sins of humanity (Hebrews 13:11-12).

must wash his clothes and bathe himself with water
The requirement for washing and bathing emphasizes the need for purification after handling the sin offering. This ritual cleansing signifies the removal of impurity and the restoration of holiness. In the broader biblical context, water is often a symbol of purification and renewal, as seen in the practice of baptism in the New Testament (Acts 22:16). The act of washing also reflects the importance of maintaining purity before reentering the community, highlighting the holiness required to approach God.

and afterward he may reenter the camp
Reentering the camp signifies the restoration of fellowship with the community and with God. The camp represents the dwelling place of God's people, and reentry indicates that the person is once again ceremonially clean and able to participate fully in the life of the community. This mirrors the spiritual restoration believers experience through Christ, who cleanses from sin and restores fellowship with God (1 John 1:9). The process underscores the seriousness of sin and the necessity of atonement and purification before one can be in the presence of a holy God.

This is to be a permanent statute for you:
This phrase establishes the enduring nature of the command, indicating its importance and unchanging requirement for the Israelites. It reflects the covenantal relationship between God and His people, emphasizing obedience and continuity in worship practices. The term "permanent statute" suggests a divine ordinance meant to be observed throughout generations, highlighting the timelessness of God's laws.

On the tenth day of the seventh month:
This specifies the timing of the Day of Atonement, known as Yom Kippur, which falls on the tenth day of Tishrei in the Hebrew calendar. This period is significant as it follows the harvest season, a time of reflection and repentance. The seventh month, Tishrei, is also the month of other important feasts, such as the Feast of Trumpets and the Feast of Tabernacles, marking it as a spiritually significant time for the Israelites.

you shall humble yourselves:
This phrase refers to the practice of afflicting one's soul, traditionally understood as fasting and engaging in self-denial. It is a time for introspection, repentance, and seeking forgiveness from God. The act of humbling oneself is a physical manifestation of spiritual contrition and submission to God's will, aligning with the broader biblical theme of humility before God (e.g., Psalm 35:13, Isaiah 58:3-5).

and not do any work—
The prohibition of work underscores the solemnity and sacredness of the day. It is a Sabbath of complete rest, emphasizing the need to focus entirely on spiritual matters and reconciliation with God. This cessation of labor is a reminder of God's provision and the importance of dedicating time solely to worship and reflection.

whether the native or the foreigner who resides among you—
This inclusion of both Israelites and foreigners highlights the universal nature of God's call to repentance and atonement. It reflects the broader biblical theme of God's concern for all nations and peoples, as seen in the Abrahamic covenant (Genesis 12:3) and the prophetic vision of a house of prayer for all nations (Isaiah 56:7). This inclusivity points to the future fulfillment in Christ, who offers atonement for all humanity, transcending ethnic and cultural boundaries.

because on this day
The Day of Atonement, known as Yom Kippur, is the most solemn and sacred day in the Jewish calendar. It occurs on the tenth day of the seventh month, Tishri, and is a day of fasting, prayer, and repentance. This day is set apart by God for the purpose of atonement and reconciliation between Him and His people.

atonement will be made for you
Atonement involves the covering or removal of sin, allowing for reconciliation with God. In the Old Testament, this was achieved through the sacrificial system, particularly the offering of a goat as a sin offering. The high priest would enter the Holy of Holies to sprinkle the blood on the mercy seat, symbolizing the people's sins being covered. This foreshadows the ultimate atonement made by Jesus Christ, whose sacrifice on the cross provides permanent atonement for sin.

to cleanse you
The cleansing here is both ceremonial and spiritual. It signifies the removal of impurity and sin, allowing the Israelites to stand pure before God. This cleansing is a precursor to the New Testament concept of being washed clean by the blood of Christ, as seen in 1 John 1:7, where believers are cleansed from all sin.

and you will be clean from all your sins
This phrase emphasizes the completeness of the atonement provided on this day. It is a comprehensive cleansing, covering all sins, not just specific transgressions. This anticipates the New Covenant promise where believers are made clean through faith in Christ, as stated in Hebrews 10:22, which speaks of having hearts sprinkled clean from an evil conscience.

before the LORD
The phrase underscores the importance of being in right standing with God. The Day of Atonement rituals were performed in the presence of the LORD, highlighting His holiness and the necessity of approaching Him with reverence and purity. This concept is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are encouraged to draw near to God with a sincere heart and full assurance of faith, as seen in Hebrews 10:19-22.

It is a Sabbath of complete rest for you
The concept of the Sabbath originates in Genesis 2:2-3, where God rested on the seventh day after creation. In Leviticus 16:31, the Sabbath of complete rest refers specifically to the Day of Atonement, or Yom Kippur, a day set apart for the Israelites to cease from all work. This day was unique among the Sabbaths because it was a time for national repentance and atonement for sins. The idea of rest here is not merely physical but also spiritual, symbolizing trust in God's provision and sovereignty. The Sabbath rest foreshadows the ultimate rest found in Jesus Christ, as mentioned in Hebrews 4:9-10, where believers enter into God's rest through faith.

that you may humble yourselves
Humbling oneself on the Day of Atonement involved fasting and self-denial, as seen in Leviticus 23:27-32. This act of humility was a physical expression of repentance and acknowledgment of one's sins before God. The Hebrew term for "humble" can also mean "afflict," indicating a deep sense of contrition and penitence. This practice is echoed in the New Testament, where believers are called to humble themselves before God (James 4:10) and recognize their need for His grace and forgiveness.

it is a permanent statute
The phrase "permanent statute" underscores the enduring nature of this commandment for the Israelites. It was to be observed annually, signifying its importance in maintaining the covenant relationship between God and His people. This statute was not only a reminder of their need for atonement but also pointed to the ultimate atonement through Jesus Christ, whose sacrifice on the cross fulfilled the requirements of the law (Hebrews 9:12). The permanence of this statute highlights the unchanging nature of God's holiness and the continual need for atonement, which is ultimately fulfilled in Christ.

The priest who is anointed and ordained
This phrase refers to the high priest, a central figure in the religious life of Israel. The anointing signifies being set apart for God's service, a practice rooted in Exodus 29:7. The ordination process involved rituals that symbolized purification and dedication. Anointing with oil is a type of the Holy Spirit's empowerment, as seen in 1 Samuel 16:13 when David was anointed king. The high priest's role foreshadows Christ, our ultimate High Priest, who was anointed by God (Hebrews 4:14-15).

to succeed his father as high priest
The hereditary nature of the high priesthood ensured continuity in the religious leadership of Israel. This succession underscores the importance of lineage and covenant promises, as seen in the Levitical priesthood established in Exodus 28:1. The high priest's role was to mediate between God and the people, a role perfectly fulfilled by Jesus, who is described as a priest forever in the order of Melchizedek (Hebrews 7:17).

shall make atonement
Atonement is central to the Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur), described in Leviticus 16. The high priest made atonement for himself, his household, and the entire community of Israel. This involved sacrifices and the sprinkling of blood, symbolizing the covering of sin. The concept of atonement is fulfilled in Christ's sacrifice, as He made atonement for humanity's sins once and for all (Hebrews 9:12).

He will put on the sacred linen garments
The sacred linen garments were worn by the high priest during the Day of Atonement, as detailed in Leviticus 16:4. These garments symbolized purity and humility, contrasting with the high priest's usual ornate attire. The simplicity of the linen garments points to the humility of Christ, who took on human form (Philippians 2:7) and served as our High Priest. The garments also emphasize the need for holiness when approaching God, a theme echoed throughout Scripture (1 Peter 1:16).

and make atonement for the Most Holy Place
The Most Holy Place, also known as the Holy of Holies, was the innermost and most sacred area of the Tabernacle, later the Temple. It housed the Ark of the Covenant, symbolizing God's presence among His people. Atonement here signifies the cleansing of this sacred space from the impurities of the Israelites' sins. This act foreshadows Christ's ultimate atonement, as He entered the heavenly sanctuary once for all, as described in Hebrews 9:12.

the Tent of Meeting
The Tent of Meeting, or Tabernacle, was the portable earthly dwelling place of God among the Israelites during their journey through the wilderness. It served as the central place of worship and sacrifice. Atonement for the Tent of Meeting underscores the need for purification of the entire worship system, pointing to the comprehensive nature of Christ's redemptive work, which purifies not only individuals but also the community and its worship.

and the altar
The altar was the place where sacrifices were offered to God, symbolizing the people's devotion and repentance. Atonement for the altar highlights the necessity of cleansing the means by which the people approached God. This prefigures the cleansing power of Christ's sacrifice, which sanctifies the believer's approach to God, as seen in Hebrews 10:19-22.

and for the priests
The priests served as mediators between God and the people, performing sacrifices and rituals. Atonement for the priests emphasizes their need for purification before they could effectively serve. This anticipates the role of Jesus as the perfect High Priest, who is sinless and offers Himself as the ultimate sacrifice, as explained in Hebrews 7:26-27.

and all the people of the assembly
The assembly refers to the entire congregation of Israel. Atonement for the people signifies the communal aspect of sin and the need for collective purification. This reflects the New Testament teaching that Christ's atonement is available to all who believe, uniting them as one body in Him, as described in Ephesians 2:13-16.

This is to be a permanent statute for you
The phrase indicates the enduring nature of the commandment, emphasizing its importance and continuity. In the context of the Israelites, a "permanent statute" signifies a divine ordinance that transcends generations, reflecting God's unchanging nature. This commandment is part of the Mosaic Law, which was given to guide the Israelites in their covenant relationship with God. The concept of a permanent statute underscores the seriousness of the Day of Atonement and its role in maintaining the holiness of the community.

to make atonement once a year
The Day of Atonement, or Yom Kippur, is the most solemn day in the Jewish calendar, dedicated to repentance and reconciliation with God. The annual observance highlights the necessity of regular purification and the acknowledgment of sin. The ritual involved the high priest entering the Holy of Holies to offer sacrifices for the sins of the people, symbolizing the need for mediation between God and humanity. This annual atonement prefigures the ultimate atonement made by Jesus Christ, who, according to the New Testament, offered Himself once for all (Hebrews 9:12).

for the Israelites because of all their sins.
The focus on "all their sins" indicates the comprehensive nature of the atonement, covering both known and unknown transgressions. This reflects the understanding that sin affects the entire community and requires collective repentance. The Israelites' need for atonement underscores the holiness of God and the separation caused by sin. In a broader biblical context, this points to the universal need for redemption, which is fulfilled in the New Testament through the sacrifice of Christ, who takes away the sin of the world (John 1:29).

And all this was done as the LORD had commanded Moses.
This phrase emphasizes obedience to divine instruction, highlighting Moses' role as a faithful servant and mediator of God's law. The adherence to God's commands is a recurring theme in the Pentateuch, illustrating the importance of following divine guidance for the well-being of the community. The meticulous observance of the Day of Atonement rituals as commanded by God underscores the seriousness with which the Israelites were to approach their relationship with Him. This obedience is mirrored in the New Testament, where Jesus fulfills the law and the prophets, acting in complete accordance with the Father's will (Matthew 5:17).