„Todesflug“ – Versionsunterschied
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The '''death flights''' ({{lang-es|'''vuelos de la muerte'''|links=no}}) were a form of [[forced disappearance]] routinely practiced during the Argentine "[[Dirty War]]", begun by Admiral [[Luis María Mendía]]. Victims of death flights were first drugged into a stupor, hustled aboard fixed-wing aircraft or helicopters, stripped naked and pushed into the [[Río de la Plata]] or the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to drown. Extrajudicial killings have been conducted in a manner substantively similar to those of the Argentine death flights, during the 1957 [[Battle of Algiers (1957)|Battle of Algiers]], and other conflicts. |
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Der '''Todesflug''' (aus dem Spanischen '''vuelos de la muerte''') war eine Form der Folter, Ermordung und des Verschwindenlassens, die während des sogenannten [[Schmutziger Krieg|schmutzigen Krieges]] in [[Argentinien]] praktiziert wurde. Frankreich wendete diese Methode regelmäßig im Algerienkrieg und ausnahmsweise in der Niederschlagung des Aufstandes auf [[Madagaskar]] an. |
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== Beschreibung == |
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Admiral [[Luis María Mendía]] gilt als Erfinder der Todesflüge. Opfer der argentinischen Todesflüge wurden gelegentlich zunächst betäubt, gewaltsam an Bord von Flugzeugen oder Hubschraubern gebracht, nackt ausgezogen und dann über dem [[Río de la Plata]] oder dem [[Atlantik]] lebendig abgeworfen worden. |
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== Death flights during the Dirty War in Argentina == |
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According to the testimony of [[Adolfo Scilingo]], convicted in [[Spain]] of crimes against humanity under the doctrine of [[universal jurisdiction]] in 2005, there were 180-200 death flights in the years 1977 and 1978; Scilingo confessed to participating in two such flights, with 13 and 17 people killed respectively.<ref>{{cite news |
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|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4193341.stm |
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4193341.stm |
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|title = Spain tries Argentine ex-officer |
|title = Spain tries Argentine ex-officer |
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| work=BBC News | date=20 |
| work=BBC News | date=January 20, 2005 | accessdate=January 2, 2010}}</ref> |
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As an added twist, victims were sometimes made to dance for joy in celebration of the freedom that they were told awaited them. In an earlier interview, in 1996, Scilingo said, "They were played lively music and made to dance for joy, because they were going to be transferred to the south. [...] After that, they were told they had to be vaccinated due to the transfer, and they were injected with [[Sodium thiopental|Pentothal]]. And shortly after, they became really drowsy, and from there we loaded them onto trucks and headed off for the airfield."<ref>{{cite news |
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Um die Mörder zu amüsieren, wurde den Opfern erzählt, dass man sie in die Freiheit fliegen werde. Es wurde gelegentlich Musik gespielt und die Opfer wurden aufgefordert zu tanzen. Scilingo sagte aus, dass man ihnen ein Beruhigungsmittel für den Flug spritzen werde und es wurde ihnen Sodium thiopental gespritzt"<ref>{{cite news |
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|url = http://www4.cnn.com/WORLD/9603/argentina.war/index.html |
|url = http://www4.cnn.com/WORLD/9603/argentina.war/index.html |
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|title = Macabre new details emerge about Argentina's 'dirty war' | work=CNN}} |
|title = Macabre new details emerge about Argentina's 'dirty war' | work=CNN}} |
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</ref> |
</ref> |
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Scilingo says that the [[Argentine Navy]] is "still hiding what happened during the dirty war".<ref>{{cite news |
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Scilingo sagt, dass die argentinische Marine immer noch vertusche, was während des schmutzigen Krieges geschehen sei<ref>http://www.scotsman.com/news/world/death-flight-captain-says-argentine-navy-is-hiding-horrors-1-671961</ref> Im Mai 2010 lieferte Spanien den argentinischen Piloten Julio Alberto Poch an Argentinien aus. Dieser wurde in Argentinien aus Mangel an Beweisen freigelassen. Im November 2011 machte ein Untersuchungsausschuss Poch für den Mord an 41 Personen verantwortlich und verlanget seine Verhaftung. |
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|url = http://news.scotsman.com/topics.cfm?tid=76&id=65872005 |
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|title = 'Death flight' captain says Argentine navy is hiding horrors. | location=Edinburgh | work=The Scotsman|date=January 19, 2005}} {{Dead link|date=May 2011|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> In May 2010, Spain extradited to Argentina pilot Julio Alberto Poch. Poch, who was born in 1952, had been arrested in [[Valencia]], Spain, on September 23, 2009 and was wanted in Argentina for his alleged participation as a pilot on the death flights. In December 2010 an Argentinean judge dismissed all charges against Poch for lack of evidence and ordered his release pending further investigation. In November 2011 the investigating magistrate indicted Poch for his role in the disappearance of 41 people, and ordered him held without bail.{{Citation needed|date=June 2012}} |
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== Use in other conflicts == |
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=== Algerien === |
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Französische Fallschirmjäger führten Todesflüge während des [[Algerienkrieg|Algerienkrieges]] durch. Verantwortlicher Kommandeur war der hochdekorierte und niemals zur Rechenschaft gezogene Offizier [[Jacques Massu]]. Nachdem die verunstalteten Leichen einiger Algerier aufgetaucht warne, begann man, Gewichte an deren Füssen zu befestigen. Der französische Geheimdienst nannte die Ermordeten zynisch "Bigeards Shrimps" nach einem der mordenden Offiziere [[Marcel Bigeard]]<ref>[http://www.ldh-toulon.net/spip.php?article1778 Des guerres d’Indochine et d’Algérie aux dictatures d’Amérique latine], Interview mit [[Marie-Monique Robin]] von der [[Ligue des droits de l'homme]] (LDH, Human Rights League), 10. Januar 2007</ref> |
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Death flights were used during the [[Algerian War]] by French paratroopers of the [[10th Parachute Division]] under [[Jacques Massu]] during the [[Battle of Algiers (1957)|Battle of Algiers]]. After it was discovered that the corpses sometimes resurfaced, the executioners began to attach concrete blocks to their victims' feet. These victims came to be known as "Bigeard's shrimps" ("{{lang|fr|''crevettes Bigeard''}}"), after one of the paratrooper commanders, [[Marcel Bigeard]].<ref>[http://ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&from=fulltext&num_notice=8&total_notices=8&mc=Favre,%20Bernard Film testimony] by [[Paul Teitgen]], [[Jacques Duquesne (journalist)|Jacques Duquesne]] and [[Hélie Denoix de Saint Marc]] on the [[Institut national de l'audiovisuel|INA]] archive website.</ref> |
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=== Madagaskar === |
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<ref>[http://www.ldh-toulon.net/spip.php?article1778 Des guerres d’Indochine et d’Algérie aux dictatures d’Amérique latine], interview with [[Marie-Monique Robin]] by the [[Ligue des droits de l'homme]] (LDH, Human Rights League), January 10, 2007</ref><ref name="Huma00">[http://www.humanite.presse.fr/journal/2000-06-24/2000-06-24-227522 Prise de tête Marcel Bigeard, un soldat propre ?], ''[[L'Humanité]]'', June 24, 2000 {{fr icon}}</ref> |
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=== Malagasy Uprising === |
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== Einzelnachweise == |
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| ⚫ | During the [[Malagasy Uprising]] of 1947, in [[Mananjary, Fianarantsoa|Mananjary]] hundreds of Malagasy were killed, among them 18 women and a group of prisoners thrown from aircraft.<ref name=Fremigacci>Jean Fremigacci, "{{lang|fr|La vérité sur la grande révolte de Madagascar}}", ''[[L'Histoire]]'', n° 318, March 2007</ref> |
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<references /> |
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== See also == |
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[[Kategorie:Kriegsverbrechen]] |
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* [[Dirty War]] |
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[[Kategorie:Hinrichtungsart]] |
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* [[Forced disappearance]] |
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* [[Operation Condor]] |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{Death}} |
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[[Category:Operation Condor]] |
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[[Category:War crimes]] |
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[[Category:War crimes in Algeria]] |
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[[Category:Dirty War]] |
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[[Category:Extrajudicial killings]] |
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[[Category:Execution methods]] |
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Version vom 15. August 2013, 13:28 Uhr
The death flights (Vorlage:Lang-es) were a form of forced disappearance routinely practiced during the Argentine "Dirty War", begun by Admiral Luis María Mendía. Victims of death flights were first drugged into a stupor, hustled aboard fixed-wing aircraft or helicopters, stripped naked and pushed into the Río de la Plata or the Atlantic Ocean to drown. Extrajudicial killings have been conducted in a manner substantively similar to those of the Argentine death flights, during the 1957 Battle of Algiers, and other conflicts.
Death flights during the Dirty War in Argentina
According to the testimony of Adolfo Scilingo, convicted in Spain of crimes against humanity under the doctrine of universal jurisdiction in 2005, there were 180-200 death flights in the years 1977 and 1978; Scilingo confessed to participating in two such flights, with 13 and 17 people killed respectively.[1]
As an added twist, victims were sometimes made to dance for joy in celebration of the freedom that they were told awaited them. In an earlier interview, in 1996, Scilingo said, "They were played lively music and made to dance for joy, because they were going to be transferred to the south. [...] After that, they were told they had to be vaccinated due to the transfer, and they were injected with Pentothal. And shortly after, they became really drowsy, and from there we loaded them onto trucks and headed off for the airfield."[2]
Scilingo says that the Argentine Navy is "still hiding what happened during the dirty war".[3] In May 2010, Spain extradited to Argentina pilot Julio Alberto Poch. Poch, who was born in 1952, had been arrested in Valencia, Spain, on September 23, 2009 and was wanted in Argentina for his alleged participation as a pilot on the death flights. In December 2010 an Argentinean judge dismissed all charges against Poch for lack of evidence and ordered his release pending further investigation. In November 2011 the investigating magistrate indicted Poch for his role in the disappearance of 41 people, and ordered him held without bail.Vorlage:Citation needed
Use in other conflicts
Algeria
Death flights were used during the Algerian War by French paratroopers of the 10th Parachute Division under Jacques Massu during the Battle of Algiers. After it was discovered that the corpses sometimes resurfaced, the executioners began to attach concrete blocks to their victims' feet. These victims came to be known as "Bigeard's shrimps" ("crevettes Bigeard"), after one of the paratrooper commanders, Marcel Bigeard.[4] [5][6]
Malagasy Uprising
During the Malagasy Uprising of 1947, in Mananjary hundreds of Malagasy were killed, among them 18 women and a group of prisoners thrown from aircraft.[7]
See also
References
- ↑ Spain tries Argentine ex-officer In: BBC News, January 20, 2005. Abgerufen im January 2, 2010
- ↑ Macabre new details emerge about Argentina's 'dirty war' In: CNN
- ↑ 'Death flight' captain says Argentine navy is hiding horrors. In: The Scotsman, January 19, 2005 (Seite nicht mehr abrufbar, festgestellt im Mai 2011.)
- ↑ Film testimony by Paul Teitgen, Jacques Duquesne and Hélie Denoix de Saint Marc on the INA archive website.
- ↑ Des guerres d’Indochine et d’Algérie aux dictatures d’Amérique latine, interview with Marie-Monique Robin by the Ligue des droits de l'homme (LDH, Human Rights League), January 10, 2007
- ↑ Prise de tête Marcel Bigeard, un soldat propre ?, L'Humanité, June 24, 2000 Vorlage:Fr icon
- ↑ Jean Fremigacci, "La vérité sur la grande révolte de Madagascar", L'Histoire, n° 318, March 2007