View source for Hatikvah

{{short description|National anthem of Israel}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{About||the political party|Hatikva (political party)|the neighbourhood of Tel Aviv|Hatikva Quarter}}
{{Infobox anthem
| title         = {{nobold|{{lang|he|{{Script/Hebrew|הַתִּקְוָה}}}}}}
| transcription = Hatīkvāh<br/>{{nobold|{{small|"The Hope"}}}}
| image         = Cigarette silk depicting Zionist flag (3560854953).jpg
| caption       = Poem lyrics below an Israeli flag
| prefix        = National
| country       = Israel
| author        = [[Naftali Herz Imber]]
| lyrics_date   = 1877
| composer      = [[Shmuel Cohen]]
| music_date    = 1887–1888
| adopted       = 1948{{Efn|Officially adopted in 2004, legally decreed in 2018 through [[Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People]].}}
| sound         = Hatikvah instrumental.ogg
| sound_title   = Instrumental rendition by the [[United States Navy Band]]
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=September 2022}}

'''Hatikvah''' ({{langx|he|הַתִּקְוָה|hattiqvā}}, {{IPA|he|hatikˈva| }}; {{Literal translation|The Hope}}) is the national anthem of the [[Israel|State of Israel]]. Part of 19th-century [[Jewish literature|Jewish poetry]], the theme of the [[Romantic poetry|Romantic composition]] reflects the 2,000-year-old desire of the [[Jews|Jewish people]] to return to the [[Land of Israel]] in order to [[History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel|reclaim it as a free and sovereign nation-state]]. The piece's lyrics are adapted from a work by [[Naftali Herz Imber]], a Jewish poet from [[Zolochiv, Lviv Oblast#The Austro-Hungarian Imperial Period (1772–1918)|Złoczów, Austrian Galicia]].<ref name=Hatikva.JSCohenJP/> Imber wrote the first version of the poem in 1877, when he was hosted by a Jewish scholar in [[Iași]].

==History==
===Text===
{{Listen
| type         = music
| filename     = Hatikvah (first recording).ogg
| title        = 1920 band and female vocal recording (two verses)
| description  = The first recording of "Hatikvah" ({{Langx|he|«הַתִּקְוָה»}}), performed by [[Hulda Lashanska]]
}}

The text of Hatikvah was written in 1878 by [[Naftali Herz Imber]], a Jewish poet from [[Zolochiv, Lviv Oblast|Zolochiv]] ({{langx|pl|Złoczów|link=no|italic=no}}), a city nicknamed "The City of Poets",<ref>{{citation |first=Jakob |last=Weiss |title=[[The Lemberg Mosaic]] |place=New York |publisher=Alderbrook |year=2011 |page=59}}.</ref> then in [[Austrian Poland]], today in Ukraine. His words "Lashuv le'eretz avotenu" (to return to the land of our forefathers) expressed its aspiration.<ref name=Hatikva.JSCohenJP/>

In 1882, Imber [[aliyah|emigrated]] to [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]]-ruled [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] and read his poem to the pioneers of the early Jewish villages—[[Rishon LeZion]], [[Rehovot]], [[Gedera]], and [[Yesud Hama'ala]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Tobianah |first=Vicky |title=Pianist explores Hatikva's origins |url=http://www.cjnews.com/culture/arts/pianist-explores-hatikvahs-origins |website=Canadian Jewish News |date=12 May 2012 |access-date=16 May 2017}}</ref> In 1887, [[Shmuel Cohen]], a very young (17 or 18 years old) resident of Rishon LeZion with a musical background, sang the poem by using a melody he knew from Romania and making it into a song, after witnessing the emotional responses of the Jewish farmers who had heard the poem.<ref name=Seroussi>{{cite journal |last= Seroussi |first= Edwin |author-link= Edwin Seroussi |title= Hatikvah: Conceptions, Receptions and Reflections |journal= Yuval – Studies of the Jewish Music Research Centre |publisher= Jewish Music Research Centre (JMRC), The [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] |volume= IX |year= 2015 |via= JMRC website |url= https://www.jewish-music.huji.ac.il/yuval/22482 |access-date=6 January 2021}}</ref> Cohen's musical adaptation served as a catalyst and facilitated the poem's rapid spread throughout the Zionist communities of Palestine.

Imber's nine-[[stanza]] [[poetry|poem]], {{Interlanguage link|Tikvatenu|he|תקוותנו|quote=yes}} ({{Lang|he|תִּקְוָתֵנוּ}}, "Our Hope"), put into words his thoughts and feelings following the establishment of [[Petah Tikva]] (literally "Opening of Hope"). Published in Imber's first book {{Citation |place=Jerusalem |year=1886 |title=Barkai |trans-title=The Shining Morning Star}},<ref>Naphtali Herz Imber (1904) [https://books.google.com/books?id=4Xs_AAAAYAAJ ''Barkoi'' or ''The Blood Avenger''], A. H. Rosenberg, New York (Hebrew and English)</ref> was subsequently adopted as an anthem by the [[Hovevei Zion]] and later by the [[Zionism|Zionist Movement]].

===Before the founding of Israel===
The Zionist Organization conducted two competitions for an anthem, the first in 1898 and the second, at the Fourth Zionist Congress, in 1900. The quality of the entries were all judged unsatisfactory and none was selected. Imber's "Tikvatenu", however, was popular, and a sessions at the Fifth Zionist Congress in Basel in 1901 concluded with the singing of the poem. During the [[Sixth Zionist Congress]] at Basel in 1903, the poem was sung by those opposed to accepting the proposal for a [[Uganda Scheme|Jewish state in Uganda]], their position in favor of the Jewish homeland in Palestine expressed in the line "An eye still gazes toward Zion".<ref name=JMRC>{{cite web | title=Hatikvah: Conceptions, Receptions and Reflections | website=Jewish Music Research Centre | publisher=Hebrew University of Jerusalem|date=1 Dec 2009 | url=https://www.jewish-music.huji.ac.il/he/node/22482#1 | access-date=20 Dec 2020}}</ref>

Although the poem was sung at subsequent congresses, it was only at the Eighteenth Zionist Congress in [[Prague]] in 1933 that a motion passed formally adopting "Hatikvah" as the anthem of the Zionist movement.<ref name=JMRC/>

The [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate]] government briefly banned its public performance and broadcast from 1919, in response to an increase in Arab anti-Zionist political activity.<ref>{{Citation |last=Morris |first=B |year=1999 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGtVsBne7PgC&q=anthem&pg=PA90 |title=Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist–Arab Conflict, 1881–1999 |publisher=Knopf|isbn=9780307788054 }}.</ref> {{page number needed|date=January 2022}}

A former member of the ''[[Sonderkommando]]'' reported that the song was spontaneously sung by Czech Jews at the entrance to the [[Auschwitz-Birkenau]] gas chamber in 1944. While singing they were beaten by [[Waffen-SS]] guards.<ref>{{Citation |first=Shirli |last=Gilbert |title=Music in the Holocaust: Confronting Life in the Nazi Ghettos and Camps |page=154}}.</ref>

===Adoption as the Israeli national anthem===
{{JewishMusic}}

When the [[State of Israel]] was established in 1948, "Hatikvah" was unofficially proclaimed the national anthem. It did not officially become the national anthem until November 2004, when an abbreviated and edited version was sanctioned by the [[Knesset]] in an amendment to the Flag and Coat-of-Arms Law (now renamed the Flag, Coat-of-Arms, and National Anthem Law).<ref>{{cite web | last=Ben Zion | first=Ilan | title=How an unwieldy romantic poem and a Romanian folk song combined to produce 'Hatikva'| website=The Times of Israel | date=16 Apr 2013 | url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/how-an-unwieldy-romantic-poem-and-a-romanian-folk-song-combined-to-produce-hatikva/ | access-date=20 Dec 2020}}</ref>

In its modern rendering, the official text of the anthem incorporates only the first stanza and refrain of the original poem. The predominant theme in the remaining stanzas is the establishment of a [[self-determination|sovereign]] and free nation in the Land of Israel, a hope largely seen as fulfilled with the founding of the State of Israel.

===Melody and its origins===
The melody for "Hatikvah" is based from "[[La Mantovana]]", a 16th-century Italian song, composed by Giuseppe Cenci (Giuseppino del Biado) ca. 1600 with the text "Fuggi, fuggi, fuggi da questo cielo". Its earliest known appearance in print was in the del Biado's collection of [[madrigal (music)|madrigal]]s. It was later known in early 17th-century Italy as {{Citation |title=Ballo di Mantova}}. This melody gained wide currency in [[Renaissance Europe]], under various titles, such as the {{Citation |language=pl |title=Pod Krakowem}}, {{Citation |language=ro |title=Cucuruz cu frunza-n sus |trans-title=[[Maize]] with up-standing leaves}}<ref>Lyrics: https://lyricstranslate.com/en/cucuruz-cu-frunza-n-sus-traditional-version-no-2-maize-raised-leaf-traditional-version.html</ref> and the {{Citation |language=uk |title=Kateryna Kucheryava}}.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://torban.org/torban4b.html |title=IV. Musical examples: Baroque and classic eras; Torban Tuning and repertoire |publisher=Torban}}.</ref> It also served as a basis for a number of folk songs throughout Central Europe, for example the popular [[Slovenia]]n children song {{Citation |language=sl |title=Čuk se je oženil|trans-title=The [[little owl]] got married}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.delo.si/kultura/glasba/mesanje-glasbenih-zvrsti.html|title=Il Divo – poperetni fenomen|first=Zdenko Matoz|last=kultura|date=26 September 2014|website=delo.si}}</ref> The best-known use of the melody prior to it becoming the Zionist anthem was by Czech composer [[Bedřich Smetana]] in his set of six symphonic poems celebrating [[Bohemia]], ''[[Má vlast]]'' (''My Homeland''), namely in the second poem named after the river which flows through Prague, [[Vltava]] (also known as "The Moldau"). The melody was also used by the French composer [[Camille Saint-Saëns]] in ''Rhapsodie bretonne''.<ref>[https://www.francemusique.fr/emissions/maxxi-classique/la-mantovana-un-air-classique-populaire-et-politique "La Mantovana : un air classique, populaire et politique"], francemusique.fr, 17 February 2021 (in French)</ref>

<score sound="1">\relative d' {\key d \minor \autoBeamOff
     d8[ e] f g a4 a   | bes8[ a] bes[ d] a2      | g4 g8 g f4 f | e8[ d] e[ f] d4. a8 |
     d8 e f[ g] a4 a | bes8[ a] bes[ d] a2      | g4 g8 g f4 f | e8[ d] e[ f] d2     |
     d4 d' d d         | c8 d c[ bes] a2          | d,4 d' d d   | c8 d c[ bes] a2     |
     c4 c8 c f,4 f     | g8[ a] bes[ c] a4( g8) f | g4 g f f8 f  | e d e[ f] d2        |
     g4 g8 g f4 f      | g8[ a] bes[ c] a4( g8) f | g4 g f f8 f  | e d e[ f] d2  \bar "|."}
\addlyrics {
Kol 'od ba -- le -- vav pe -- ni -- mah
Ne -- fesh Ye -- hu -- di ho -- mi -- yah,
U -- l'fa -- a -- te miz -- rach ka -- di -- mah,
'A -- yin le -- Tzi -- yon tzo -- fi -- yah;

Od lo av -- dah ti -- kva -- te -- nu,
Ha -- tik -- vah bat shnot 'al -- pa -- yim,
Lih -- yot 'am chof -- shi be -- 'ar -- tze -- nu,
'E -- retz -- Tzi -- yon vi -- ru -- sha -- la -- yim.
Lih -- yot 'am chof -- shi be -- 'ar -- tze -- nu,
'E -- retz -- Tzi -- yon vi -- ru -- sha -- la -- yim.
} </score>

====Zionist adaptation====
The adaptation of the music for "Hatikvah" was set by [[Shmuel Cohen|Samuel Cohen]] in 1888. Cohen himself recalled many years later that he had hummed "Hatikvah" based on the melody from the song he had heard in Romania, "Carul cu boi" (the ox-driven cart).<ref>Lyrics: https://lyricstranslate.com/en/carul-cu-boi-ox-driven-cart.html</ref>

The melody of "Hatikvah" follows a [[Major and minor#Major and minor scales|minor scale]], which is often perceived as mournful in tone and is uncommon in national anthems. As the title "The Hope" and the words suggest, the import of the song is optimistic and the overall spirit uplifting.

===2017 boycott in UAE===
In October 2017, after Israeli [[judoka]] [[Tal Flicker]] won gold in the 2017 Abu Dhabi Grand Slam in the [[United Arab Emirates]], officials played the [[International Judo Federation]] (IJF) anthem, instead of "Hatikvah", which Flicker sang privately.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-wins-gold-at-abu-dhabi-judo-tourney-which-refuses-to-play-the-anthem/|title=Israeli wins judo gold in UAE, which refuses to play anthem, raise flag|website=www.timesofisrael.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ijf.org/competition/1468/results|title=Abu Dhabi Grand Slam 2017 / IJF.org|website=ijf.org}}</ref>

===Usage in film===
American composer [[John Williams]] adapted "Hatikvah" in the 2005 [[historical drama]] film ''[[Munich (2005 film)|Munich]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.halleonard.com/product/8725088/hatikva-the-hope-from-imunichi|title=Hatikva (The Hope) (from ''Munich'')|via=halleonard.com/}}</ref>

"Hatikvah" is also used both in the adaptation of [[Leon Uris]]'s novel, ''[[Exodus (Uris novel)|Exodus]]'', and in the 1993 film ''[[Schindler's List]]''.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

In 2022 [[Roman Shumunov]] filmed a TV series titled ''{{ill|As Long as in the Heart|he|כל עוד בלבב (סדרת טלוויזיה)}}'' about the Israeli youth encounter with [[The Holocaust]].

===Renditions, interpretations, and usage in popular music===
[[Barbra Streisand]] performed "Hatikvah" in 1978 at a televised music special called ''The Stars Salute Israel at 30'', a performance which included a conversation by telephone and video link with former Prime Minister [[Golda Meir]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Edwards |first=Anne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8OHVCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA420 |title=Streisand: A Biography |date=2016-02-15 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-63076-129-5 |language=en}}</ref>

American musician [[Anderson .Paak]]'s 2016 release "Come Down" contains a [[Sampling (music)|sample]] of "Hatikvah" in English translation, attributed to producer [[Hi-Tek]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Balfour |first1=Jay |title=Best new track: Anderson .Paak, "Come Down" |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/tracks/17909-andersonpaak-come-down/ |website=Pitchfork |publisher=Condé Nast |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref>

A 2018 rendition of the anthem by Israeli Jewish singer Daniel Sa'adon that took inspiration from the [[Levant]]ine music and dance style [[dabke]] caused controversy and accusations of [[cultural appropriation|appropriation]] of Palestinian culture, as well as consternation from some Israelis due to the tune's popularity with [[Hamas]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mashali |first1=Linoy |title=The religious singer who turned the anthem "Hatikva" into an Arab hit |date=25 April 2018 |url=https://www.srugim.co.il/251179-%D7%94%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%A8-%D7%94%D7%93%D7%AA%D7%99-%D7%A9%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9A-%D7%90%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94-%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%99%D7%98 |website=Srugim |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref> Sa'adon, however, said that his desire was to "show that the unity of cultures is possible through music",<ref>{{cite news |last1=Campos |first1=Daniel |title=The Fuss About a Dabke Israeli Anthem |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qtMhYQoEgCs |access-date=17 January 2022 |agency=i24NEWS English}}</ref> and that he has a longtime appreciation for Southwest Asian and North African musical styles, having grown up with Tunisian music in the home.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Maksimov |first1=Ehud |title="ולפאתי מזרח: הישראלי שגורם לערבים לשיר את "התקווה |url=https://www.makorrishon.co.il/culture/motsash/46419/ |website=Makor Rishon |publisher=מקור ראשון |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref> Sa'adon said that despite receiving "abusive comments" from both the right and the left of the political spectrum, he also received praise from friends and colleagues in the music world, including [[Arab citizens of Israel]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=רוזנבלט |first1=אלה |title=מוזיקאי דתי ובוגר ישיבת מרכז הרב הפך את המנון ''התקווה'' ללהיט ערבי (וידאו) |url=https://ashdodnet.com/%d7%99%d7%94%d7%93%d7%95%d7%aa/314495 |access-date=17 January 2022 |agency=AshdodNet |publisher=isNet |date=May 4, 2018}}</ref>

On 25 May 2021, four days after the ceasefire that ended the [[2021 Israel–Palestine crisis]], Israeli singers [[Omer Adam]] and [[Noa Kirel]] released a [[Pop music|pop]] remix of "Hatikvah" under the title "Hope". Produced by [[Scott Storch]], it contains additional lyrics in English. It received mixed reviews, with some Israelis deeming it direspectful. Adam and Kirel donated their proceeds from the song to YAHAD United for Israel's Soldiers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brown|first=Hannah|date=27 May 2021|title=Omer Adam, Noa Kirel's 'Hatikvah' remix sparks social media snark storm|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/culture/omer-adam-noa-kirels-hatikvah-remix-sparks-social-media-snark-storm-669430|website=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|access-date=22 June 2024}}</ref>

==Text==
[[File:Hatikvah.jpg|thumb|250px|Imber's handwritten text of the poem]]

The official text of the Israeli national anthem corresponds to the first stanza and amended refrain of the original nine-stanza poem by [[Naftali Herz Imber]]. Along with the original [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], the corresponding transliteration<ref group = "lower-alpha">In the transliterations that appear on this page, a right quote (’) is used to represent the Hebrew letter ''aleph'' ({{Script/Hebrew|א}}) when used as a consonant, while a left quote (‘) is used to represent the Hebrew letter ''‘ayin'' ({{Script/Hebrew|ע}}). The letter ''e'' in parentheses, ''(e)'', indicates a [[schwa]] that should theoretically be voiceless, but is usually pronounced as a very short ''e'' in modern Israeli Hebrew. In contrast, the letter ''a'' in parentheses, ''(a)'', indicates a very short ''a'' that should theoretically be pronounced, but is usually not voiced in modern Israeli Hebrew.</ref> and [[English language|English]] translation are listed below.
<!-- 
    Note: In the transliterations below, ’ is used to indicate א, and
    ‘ to indicate ע; furthermore, voiced schwa is indicated with '(e)'
-->

===Official Hebrew lyrics===
{| class="wikitable"
![[Modern Hebrew]] original
![[Romanisation of Hebrew|Transliteration]]
![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] [[phonemic transcription]]{{efn|See [[Help:IPA/Hebrew]] and [[Modern Hebrew phonology]].}}
|- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;"
|<poem dir="rtl" style="line-height:1.52em;">{{lang|he|{{Script/Hebrew|כֹּל עוֹד בַּלֵּבָב פְּנִימָה
נֶפֶשׁ יְהוּדִי הוֹמִיָּה,
וּלְפַאֲתֵי מִזְרָח קָדִימָה,
עַיִן לְצִיּוֹן צוֹפִיָּה;

עוֹד לֹא אָבְדָה תִקְוָתֵנוּ,
הַתִּקְוָה בַּת שְׁנוֹת אַלְפַּיִם,
𝄇 לִהְיוֹת עַם חָפְשִׁי בְּאַרְצֵנוּ,
אֶרֶץ צִיּוֹן וִירוּשָׁלַיִם.𝄆 }}}}</poem>
|<poem>{{transl|he|italic=no|Kol ‘od balevav penimah
Nefesh Yehudi homiyah,
Ulfa’atey mizrach kadimah,
‘Ayin leTziyon tzofiyah;

‘Od lo avdah tikvatenu,
Hatikvah bat shnot ’alpayim,
𝄆 Lihyot ‘am chofshi be’artzenu,
’Eretz Tziyon v'Yerushalayim. 𝄇}}</poem>
|<poem>{{IPA|wrap=none|/kol od ba.le.vav pe.ni.ma/
/ne.feʃ je.hu.di ho.mi.ja {{!}}/
/ul.fa.ʔa.tey miz.ʁaχ ka.di.ma {{!}}/
/a.jin le.t͡si.jon t͡so.fi.ja {{!}}/

/od lo av.da tik.va.te.nu {{!}}/
/ha.tik.va bat ʃnot al.pa.jim {{!}}/
𝄆 /lih.jot am χof.ʃi be.ʔaʁ.t͡se.nu {{!}}/
/e.ʁet͡s t͡si.jon ve.ye.ʁu.ʃa.la.jim ‖/ 𝄇}}</poem>
|}

===English translation===
{| class="wikitable"
!Literal
!Poetic<ref>{{cite book |title=Jewish National and Zion Songs: In Hebrew, Jewish and English. With Music |date=1915 |publisher=Hebrew Publishing Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NFNJAQAAMAAJ&q=%22And+Jewish+glances+turning+East%22 |language=he}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;"
|<poem>As long as in the heart, within,
The [[Jews|Jewish]] soul yearns,
And towards the ends of the east,
[The Jewish] eye gazes toward [[Zion]],

Our hope is not yet lost,
The hope of two thousand years,
𝄆 To be a free nation in our own land,
The land of Zion and [[Jerusalem]]. 𝄇</poem>
|<poem>O while within a Jewish breast,
Beats true a Jewish heart,
And Jewish glances turning East,
To Zion fondly dart;

O then our Hope—it is not dead,
Our ancient Hope and true,
𝄆 To be a nation free forevermore
Zion and Jerusalem at our core. 𝄇</poem>
|}

=== Original lyrics ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Modern Hebrew original<ref>{{cite web|last=Marx|first=Dalia|title=Tikvatenu: The Poem that Inspired Israel's National Anthem, Hatikva|url=https://www.thetorah.com/article/tikvatenu-the-poem-that-inspired-israels-national-anthem-hatikva|website=TheTorah.com|access-date=2023-11-07}}</ref>
!English translation
|- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;"
|<poem dir="rtl" style="line-height:1.52em;">{{lang|he|{{Script/Hebrew|עוֹד לֹא אָבְדָה תִקְוָתֵנוּ
הַתִּקְוָה הַנּוֹשָׁנָה
לָשּׁוּב לָאָרֶץ אֲבוֹתֵינוּ
לְעִיר בָּהּ דָּוִד חָנָה.

כָּל עוֹד בִּלְבָבוֹ שָׁם פְּנִימָה
נֶפֶשׁ יְהוּדִי הוֹמִיָּה
𝄇 וּלְפַאֲתֵי מִזְרָח קָדִימָה
עֵינוֹ לְצִיּוֹן צוֹפִיָּה. 𝄆 

כָּל עוֹד דְּמָעוֹת מֵעֵינֵינוּ
תֵּרֵדְנָה כְּגֶשֶׁם נְדָבוֹת
וּרְבָבוֹת מִבְּנֵי עַמֵּנוּ
עוֹד הוֹלְכִים לְקִבְרֵי־אָבוֹת.

כָּל עוֹד חוֹמַת־מַחֲמַדֵּינוּ
עוֹד לְעֵינֵינוּ מֵיפַעַת
𝄇 וַעֲלֵי חֻרְבַּן מִקְדָּשֵׁנוּ
עַיִן אַחַת עוֹד דּוֹמַעַת.𝄆 

כָּל עוֹד הַיַּרְדֵּן בְּגָאוֹן
מְלֹא גְּדוֹתָיו יִזֹּלוּ
וּלְיָם כִּנֶּרֶת בְּשָׁאוֹן
בְּקוֹל הֲמֻלָּה יִפֹּלוּן.

כָּל עוֹד שָׁם עֲלֵי דְּרָכַיִם
שָׁם שַׁעַר יֻכַּת שְׁאִיָּה
𝄇 וּבֵין חָרְבוֹת יְרוּשָׁלַיִם
עוֹד בַּת־צִיּוֹן בּוֹכִיָּה.𝄆 

כָּל עוֹד שָׁמָּה דְּמָעוֹת טְהוֹרוֹת
מֵעֵין־עַמִּי נוֹזֵלוֹת
לִבְכּוֹת לְצִיּוֹן בְּרֹאש אַשְׁמֻרֹות
יָקוּם בַּחֲצִי הַלֵּילוֹת.

כָּל עוֹד רֶגֶשׁ אַהֲבַת־הַלְּאֹם
בְּלֵב הַיְּהוּדִי פּוֹעֵם
𝄇 עוֹד נוּכַל קַוֵּה גַּם הַיּוֹם
כִּי יְרַחֲמֵנוּ אֵל זוֹעֵם.𝄆 

שִׁמְעוּ אַחַי בְּאַרְצוֹת נוּדִי
אֶת קוֹל אַחַד חוֹזֵינוּ
𝄇 "כִּי רַק עִם אַחֲרוֹן הַיְּהוּדִי
גַּם אַחֲרִית תִּקְוָתֵנוּ".𝄆}}}}</poem>
|<poem>
Our hope is not yet lost,
The ancient hope,
To return to the land of our fathers;
The city where David encamped.

As long as in his heart within,
A soul of a Jew still yearns,
𝄆 And onwards towards the ends of the east,
His eye still looks towards Zion. 𝄇

As long as tears from our eyes
Flow like benevolent rain,
And throngs of our countrymen
Still pay homage at the graves of our fathers.

As long as our precious Wall
Appears before our eyes,
𝄆 And over the destruction of our Temple
An eye still wells up with tears. 𝄇

As long as the waters of the Jordan
In fullness swell its banks,
And down to the Sea of Galilee
With tumultuous noise fall.

As long as on the barren highways
The humbled city-gates mark,
𝄆 And among the ruins of Jerusalem
A daughter of Zion still cries. 𝄇

As long as pure tears
Flow from the eye of a daughter of my nation
And to mourn for Zion at the watch of night
She still rises in the middle of the nights.

As long as the feeling of love of nation
Throbs in the heart of a Jew,
𝄆 We can still hope even today
That a wrathful God may have mercy on us. 𝄇

Hear, oh my brothers in the lands of exile,
The voice of one of our visionaries,
𝄆 [Who declares] that only with the very last Jew,
Only there is the end of our hope! 𝄇</poem>
|}

=== Interpretation ===
{{listen
| type         = music
| filename     = BergenBelsenHatikva.ogg
| title        = 1945 a cappella vocal recording
| description  = [[BBC]] recording from 20 April 1945 of Jewish survivors of the [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp]] singing "Hatikvah", only five days after their liberation by Allied forces. The words sung are from the original poem by Imber.
}}

Some people compare the first line of the refrain, "Our hope is not yet lost" ("{{Script/Hebrew|עוד לא אבדה תקותנו}}"), to the opening of the [[Mazurek Dabrowskiego|Polish national anthem]], "Poland Is Not Yet Lost" ("{{lang|pl|Jeszcze Polska nie zginęła|italic=no}}") or the [[State Anthem of Ukraine|Ukrainian national anthem]], "Ukraine Has Not Yet Perished" ("{{lang|uk|Ще не вмерла Україна; Šče ne vmerla Ukrajina|italic=no}}"). This line may also be a [[Bible|Biblical]] allusion to [[Ezekiel]]'s "Vision of the Dried Bones" ([[Book of Ezekiel|Ezekiel]] 37: "…Behold, they say, Our bones are dried, and our hope is lost (Hebrew:אבדה תקותנו)"), describing the despair of the Jewish people in exile, and God's promise to redeem them and lead them back to the [[Land of Israel]].

The official text of "Hatikvah" is relatively short; indeed it is a single [[complex sentence]], consisting of two clauses: the [[dependent clause|subordinate clause]] posits the condition ("As long as… A soul still yearns… And… An eye still watches…"), while the [[independent clause]] specifies the outcome ("Our hope is not yet lost… To be a free nation in our land").

==Objections and alternate proposals==
===By religious Jews===
Some [[Orthodox Judaism|religious Jews]] have criticised "Hatikvah" for the song's lack of religious emphasis: there is no mention of God or the Torah in its lyrics.<ref>Yosef Y. Jacobson, [https://www.chabad.org/kabbalah/article_cdo/aid/3010604/jewish/Bentching-vs-Hatikva-Torah-vs-the-UN.htm Bentching vs. Hatikva; Torah vs. the UN], Chabad.org, originally published in summer 2013, accessed 30 January 2019</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2022}}

Rabbi [[Abraham Isaac Kook]] wrote an alternative anthem titled "[[HaEmunah]]" ("The Faith") which he proposed as a replacement for "Hatikvah", while still endorsing the original anthem.<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.lookstein.org/resources/hatikvah1.htm | first = Rav | last = Kook | title = Response to Hatikvah | quote = In more recent years, some Israeli Mizrahi (Eastern) Jews have criticised the song's western perspective. For Iraqi and Persian Jews, for example, the Land of Israel was in the west, and it was to this direction that they focused their prayers.}}</ref>

[[J. Simcha Cohen]] wrote<ref name=Hatikva.JSCohenJP>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Jewish Press]]|title=The Hatikva Text |date=May 1, 1998 |page=17}}</ref> that [[Dovid Lifshitz]] used "''Lihyot am '''dati'''''": "to be a '''religious''' nation [in our land]." <!--- Article's wording is "a number of rabbis recall that .. had a unique variant ... -->

===By non-Jewish Israelis===
''Liberalism and the Right to Culture'', written by [[Avishai Margalit]] and [[Moshe Halbertal]], provides a social scientific perspective on the cultural dynamics in Israel, a country that is a vital home to many diverse religious groups. More specifically, Margalit and Halbertal cover the various responses towards "Hatikvah", which they establish as the original anthem of a Zionist movement, one that holds a 2,000-year-long hope of returning to the homeland ("Zion and Jerusalem") after a long period of exile.

To introduce the controversy of Israel's national anthem, the authors provide two instances where "Hatikvah" is rejected for the estrangement that it creates between the minority cultural groups of Israel and its national Jewish politics. Those that object find trouble in the mere fact that the national anthem is exclusively Jewish while a significant proportion of the state's citizenry is not Jewish and lacks any connection to the anthem's content and implications, despite the fact that many other religious countries also have anthems emphasising their religion.

As Margalit and Halbertal continue to discuss, "Hatikvah" symbolises for many Arab-Israelis the struggle of loyalty that comes with having to dedicate oneself to either their historical or religious identity.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Margalit|first1=Avishai|last2=Halbertal|first2=Moshe|year=2004|title=Liberalism and the Right to Culture|journal=Social Research: An International Quarterly|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|volume=71|issue=3 |pages=494–497|doi=10.1353/sor.2004.0025 |s2cid=141158881 }}</ref>

Specifically, Israeli-Arabs object to "Hatikvah" due to its explicit allusions to Jewishness. In particular, the text's reference to the yearnings of "a Jewish soul" is often cited as preventing non-Jews from personally identifying with the anthem. Notable persons whose refusal to sing Hatikvah was brought to public attention include [[Druze]] politician [[Saleh Tarif]], the first non-Jew appointed to the [[Cabinet of Israel|Israeli cabinet]] between 2001 and 2022,<ref>{{cite web|title=Not All Israeli Arabs Cheer Appointment of Druse Minister|url=http://archive.jta.org/article/2001/03/06/2902077/behind-the-headlines-not-all-israeli-arabs-cheer-appointment-of-druse-minister|publisher=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]|date=2001-03-06|access-date=2012-04-26|quote=It is the Jewish anthem, it is not the anthem of the non-Jewish citizens of Israel.|archive-date=18 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318165528/http://www.jta.org/2001/03/06/archive/behind-the-headlines-not-all-israeli-arabs-cheer-appointment-of-druse-minister|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Raleb Majadele|Raleb Majadale]], the first Muslim to be appointed as a minister in the [[Cabinet of Israel|Israeli cabinet]] between 2007 and 2009,<ref>{{cite news|title=Majadele refuses to sing national anthem|newspaper= Ynetnews |url= http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3377681,00.html |publisher=[[Ynet|Ynet News]]|date=2007-03-17|access-date=2007-05-09|quote=I fail to understand how an enlightened, sane Jew allows himself to ask a Muslim person with a different language and culture, to sing an anthem that was written for Jews only.|last1= Meranda |first1= Amnon }}</ref> and [[Salim Joubran]], an Israeli Arab who served as a Supreme Court justice between 2003 and 2017.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bronner|first=Ethan|author-link=Ethan Bronner|title=Anger and Compassion for Arab Justice Who Stays Silent During Zionist Hymn|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/05/world/middleeast/anger-and-compassion-for-justice-who-stays-silent-during-zionist-hymn.html|access-date=29 April 2012|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=3 March 2012}}</ref> For this reason from time to time proposals have been made to change the national anthem or to modify the text to make it inclusive of non-Jewish Israelis.<ref>{{cite web| last= Philologos|title= Rewriting 'Hatikvah' as Anthem for All|url=http://forward.com/articles/153452/rewriting-hatikvah-as-anthem-for-all/|work=The Jewish Daily Forward|date= 27 March 2012|access-date=29 April 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Israel|Judaism}}
*[[List of national symbols of Israel|National symbols of Israel]]
*[[Culture of Israel]]
**[[Music of Israel]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{Notelist}}
===Citations===
{{reflist}}

{{Nationalanthemsofasia}}
{{Israel topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Songs in Hebrew]]
[[Category:Israeli patriotic songs]]
[[Category:Asian anthems]]
[[Category:National symbols of Israel]]
[[Category:Jewish folk songs]]
[[Category:Jewish poetry]]
[[Category:National anthems]]
[[Category:1878 poems]]
[[Category:Zionism in Israel]]
[[Category:Compositions in D minor]]
[[Category:Words and phrases in Modern Hebrew]]