View source for Qantassaurus

{{Short description|Extinct genus of dinosaurs}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{speciesbox
| fossil_range = [[Early Cretaceous]], <br />{{fossilrange|125|112}}
| image = Qantassaurus skel aus.jpg
| image_upright = 1.1
| image_caption = Skeletal reconstruction of ''Qantassaurus intrepidus'' at the [[Australian Museum]], [[Sydney]]
| parent_authority = [[Tom Rich|Rich]] & [[Patricia Vickers-Rich|Vickers-Rich]], [[1999 in paleontology|1999]]
| genus = Qantassaurus
| authority = [[Tom Rich|Rich]] & [[Patricia Vickers-Rich|Vickers-Rich]], [[1999 in paleontology|1999]]
| species = intrepidus
}}

'''''Qantassaurus''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|k|w|ɑː|n|t|ə|ˈ|s|ɔː|r|ə|s}} {{respell|KWAHN|tə|SOR|əs}}) is a [[genus]] of [[basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] two-legged, plant-eating [[elasmaria]]n [[ornithischian]] dinosaur that lived in [[Australia]] about 125-112 million years ago, when the continent was still partly south of the [[Antarctic Circle]].  It was described by [[Patricia Vickers-Rich]] and her husband [[Tom Rich]] in 1999 after a find near [[Inverloch, Victoria|Inverloch]], and named after [[Qantas]], the Australian airline.<ref name=Rich1999>"The Hypsilophodontidae from southeastern Australia", by Tom H. Rich, and Patricia Vickers-Rich. October, 1999. In ''Proceedings of the Second Gondwana Dinosaur Symposium'', edited by Y. Tomada, Tom H. Rich. and Patricia Vickers-Rich. National Science Museum Monographs, number 15, pages 167 to 180. (the technical paper naming the species)</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Qantassaurus holotype.jpg|thumb|left|Holotype dentary of ''Qantassaurus'' at multiple angles.]]
''Qantassaurus'' was probably about 1.8 meters (6&nbsp;feet) long, and about one meter (3&nbsp;feet) high. If it resembled its relatives, it had short thighs and long shins, and probably was a fast runner. Its feet had claws for traction, and a long tail probably helped with turning, stiffened by ossified tendons. One characteristic of the "Polar Victorian" [[Euornithopoda|euornithopods]] are distinctive spurs, or [[trochanter]]s, on the upper surface of the thigh bone (or [[femur]]), where muscle was attached.

''Qantassaurus'' is only known from jaw fragments. These are foreshortened compared to related species so its face was probably short and stocky. It had ten teeth in each [[mandible|lower jaw]]. It probably had a [[beak]], and possessed leaf-shaped teeth back in its cheek, which were shed as they wore down, and replaced by new teeth growing up from the jaw. The teeth had eight distinctive vertical ridges on the outer side with a single larger primary ridge in the centre.

''Qantassaurus'' lived 127.2-125 [[million years ago]] in [[Australia]], during the late [[Barremian]] [[faunal stage|age]] of the early [[Cretaceous]] [[geologic period|period]]. At the time, Australia was part of the [[supercontinent]] of [[Gondwana]], and partly within the [[Antarctic Circle]], although the significance of polar conditions during the warm Cretaceous were greatly different from conditions in this region today. The average temperature of the region is contentious, with estimates ranging from -6 to well over 5&nbsp;°C (21 to 37&nbsp;°F). Conditions were likely to be at their coldest during the polar nights, which lasted up to three months.

One interpretation of the fossil material is that small ornithopods had adaptations to survive cooler conditions. [[Bone]] growth of presumed related taxa shows they were active all year round, so they did not hibernate through the winter. The structure of these bones also suggests warm-bloodedness, which would help maintain its [[thermoregulation|body heat]].

''Qantassaurus'' was probably a [[Browser (herbivore)|browser]], who grabbed [[fern]]s and other vegetation with its hands, and ran away from [[predator]]s like a modern [[gazelle]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}

==Classification==
[[File:Australian Hypsilophodont Sizes Slate.svg|thumb|Size of ''Qantassaurus'' (in green) compared to other Australian ornithischians]]
''Qantassaurus'' is a basal iguanodont [[ornithopod]] that was originally assigned to the [[Hypsilophodontidae]] in 1999.<ref name=Rich1999 /> Today, this is understood to be an unnatural ([[paraphyletic]]) group, and ''Qantassaurus'' was recently recovered as a basal iguanodont by Boyd (2015), and more specifically as a member of the iguanodontian clade [[Elasmaria]] by Rozadilla ''et al.'' (2016) and Madzia et al. (2017).<ref>Boyd C. A. (2015). The systematic relationships and biogeographic history of ornithischian dinosaurs. PeerJ, 3, 1–62.</ref><ref>Sebastián Rozadilla, Federico L. Agnolin, Fernando E. Novas, Alexis M. Aranciaga Rolando, Matías J. Motta, Juan M. Lirio & Marcelo P. Isasi, 2016. A new ornithopod (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica and its palaeobiogeographical implications. ''Cretaceous Research'' 57: 311–324.</ref><ref>Madzia, Daniel; Boyd, Clint A.; Mazuch, Martin (2017). "A basal ornithopod dinosaur from the Cenomanian of the Czech Republic". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology: 1–13. doi:10.1080/14772019.2017.1371258.
</ref>

In this regard, it is one of four ornithischian species once considered hypsilophodontids from southeast Australia, along with ''[[Leaellynasaura]] amicagraphica'', ''[[Atlascopcosaurus]] loadsi'', and ''[[Fulgurotherium]] australe''. The four taxa are mostly known from isolated bones and teeth; however the thigh bones of ''F. australe'' are very diverse and may belong to three genera.

==History==
[[File:Qantassaurus model.jpg|thumb|left|Model of ''Qantassaurus'' at the [[Melbourne Museum]]]]
The holotype of ''Qantassaurus'' was discovered on 27 February 1996, during the third annual field season of the Dinosaur Dreaming project, a dig jointly run by [[Monash University]] and the [[National Museum of Victoria]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-pso.adm.monash.edu.au/news/Story.asp?ID%3D60&SortType%3D7 |title= The dinosaur hunters |work=Monash University, Monash Newsline: Science & Tech |author= Corey Nassau|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050616062851/http://www-pso.adm.monash.edu.au/news/Story.asp?ID=60&SortType=7 |archivedate=2005-06-16}}</ref> The dig occurred on the beach of the [[Bunurong Marine Park]] at the intertidal site known as [[Flat Rocks]], near Inverloch, in southeastern [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], Australia. The rock outcrops at this site are part of the [[Wonthaggi Formation]] of the Strzelecki Group, which during the [[Barremian]] stage were deposited in floodplains with braided river channels.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Herne |first1=Matthew C. |last2=Nair |first2=Jay P. |last3=Evans |first3=Alistair R. |last4=Tait |first4=Alan M. |date=2019-03-11 |title=New small-bodied ornithopods (Dinosauria, Neornithischia) from the Early Cretaceous Wonthaggi Formation (Strzelecki Group) of the Australian-Antarctic rift system, with revision of ''Qantassaurus intrepidus'' Rich and Vickers-Rich, 1999 |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=93 |issue=3 |pages=543–584 |doi=10.1017/jpa.2018.95 |s2cid=134593160 |issn=0022-3360|doi-access=free |bibcode=2019JPal...93..543H }}</ref> The [[holotype]] specimen, '''NMV P199075''', a fifty-six millimetres long single left dentary of the lower jaw, containing ten teeth (three unerupted), was found by Mrs Nicole Evered, a long time participant of the dig. Two other jaws, specimens NMV P198962, a left dentary, and NMV P199087, a right dentary, found at the same site the same year have also been tentatively associated with, or referred to, the species.

It was named ''Qantassaurus intrepidus'' by Patricia Vickers-Rich and Tom Rich in 1999,<ref name=Rich1999 /> in honor of the [[Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services]], which shipped fossils around the country as part of the Great Russian Dinosaurs Exhibit between 1993 and 1996, and sponsored expeditions to [[South America]] and [[Eastern Europe]]. ''QANTAS'' is an [[acronym]], which is why a ''u'' does not follow the ''q'' in ''Qantassaurus''. The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] means "intrepid" in Latin, referring to the climatic challenges the small dinosaur had to face.<ref name=Rich1999 /><ref>''[http://www.alphalink.com.au/~dannj/qantas.htm Qantassaurus intrepidus]'', from Dann's Dinosaurs.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Qantas]] (Australian airline)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ornithopoda|O.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q664272}}

[[Category:Elasmarians]]
[[Category:Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Australia]]
[[Category:Ornithopods of Australia]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1999]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Patricia Vickers-Rich]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Victoria (state)]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Tom Rich]]
[[Category:Ornithischian genera]]
[[Category:Monotypic dinosaur genera]]
[[Category:Barremian genera]]