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{{Short description|Species of bat in the genus Neoromicia}}
{{Taxobox|status=EN|status_system=iucn3.1|status_ref=<ref name=iucn>Andriafidison et al., 2008</ref>|regnum=[[Animal]]ia|phylum=[[Chordate|Chordata]]|classis=[[Mammal]]ia|ordo=[[Bat|Chiroptera]]|familia=[[Vespertilionidae]]|genus=''[[Neoromicia]]''|species='''''N. malagasyensis'''''|binomial=''Neoromicia malagasyensis''|binomial_authority=(Peterson, Eger, and Mitchell, 1995)}}
{{Speciesbox
⚫
'''''Neoromicia malagasyensis''''' is a [[vespertilionid]] bat of [[Madagascar]] in the genus ''[[Neoromicia]]''. It is known only from the vicinity of the [[Isalo National Park]] in the southwestern part of the island, where it has been caught in riverine habitats. After the first specimen was caught in 1967, it was described as a [[subspecies]] of ''Eptesicus somalicus'' (now ''[[Neoromicia somalica]]'') in 1995. After four more specimens were collected in 2002 and 2003, it was recognized as a separate species. Because of its small distribution and the threat of [[habitat destruction]], it is considered "[[Endangered species|Endangered]]" in the [[IUCN Red List]].
| image =
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite journal|last1=Monadjem| first1= A.| last2= Andriafidison| first2= D.| last3= Cardiff| first3= S.G.| last4= Hutson| first4= A.M.| last5= Jenkins| first5= R.K.B.| last6= Kofoky| first6= A.| last7= Racey| first7= P.A.| last8= Ranivo| first8= J.| last9= Ratrimomanarivo| first9= F.H.| last10= Razafimanahaka| first10= J.| year= 2019| title= Neoromicia malagasyensis| journal= The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species| volume= 2019| page= e.T136820A22044073| doi= 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T136820A22044073.en| doi-access= free}}</ref>
| genus = Laephotis
| species = malagasyensis
| authority = (Peterson, Eger, and Mitchell, 1995)
| synonyms = *''Eptesicus somalicus malagasyensis'' <small>Peterson et al., 1995</small><ref name=Pea100/>
*''Neoromicia malagasyensis'': <small>Goodman and Ranivo, 2004</small><ref name=GR438/>
*''Eptesicus malagasyensis'': <small>Andriafidison et al., 2008</small><ref name=iucn/>
| range_map = Neoromicia malagasyensis range.svg
| range_map_caption = Collection localities of ''Laephotis malagasyensis''
}}


⚫
The '''Isalo serotine''' ('''''Laephotis malagasyensis''''') is a [[vesper bat]] of [[Madagascar]] in the genus ''[[Laephotis]]''. It is known only from the vicinity of the [[Isalo National Park]] in the southwestern part of the island, where it has been caught in riverine habitats. After the first specimen was caught in 1967, it was described as a [[subspecies]] of ''Eptesicus somalicus'' (now ''[[Neoromicia somalica]]'') in 1995. After four more specimens were collected in 2002 and 2003, it was recognized as a separate species. Because of its small distribution and the threat of [[habitat destruction]], it is considered "[[vulnerable species|vulnerable]]" in the [[IUCN Red List]].
⚫
''Neoromicia malagasyensis'' is a relatively small species, with a forearm length of 30 to 32&nbsp;mm (1.2 to 1.3&nbsp;in) and a body mass of 3.9 to 9&nbsp;g ({{#expr:3.9/28.349523 round 1}} to {{#expr:9/28.349523 round 1}}&nbsp;oz). The fur is dark brown above and mixed buff and gray below. The ears are translucent and the [[tibia]] is short. The [[baculum]] (penis bone) resembles that of ''[[Neoromicia melckorum|N.&nbsp;melckorum]]'', but is smaller. The duration of the [[animal echolocation|echolocation]] call, which consists of a component with rapidly falling frequency and one showing more stable frequency, averages 4.9&nbsp;[[Millisecond|ms]] and the interval between calls averages 69.1&nbsp;ms.

⚫
''Laephotis malagasyensis'' is a relatively small species, with a forearm length of 30 to 32&nbsp;mm (1.2 to 1.3&nbsp;in) and a body mass of 3.9 to 9&nbsp;g (0.1 to 0.3&nbsp;oz). The fur is dark brown above and mixed buff and gray below. The ears are translucent and the [[tibia]] is short. The [[baculum]] (penis bone) resembles that of ''[[Neoromicia melckorum|N.&nbsp;melckorum]]'', but is smaller.<ref>Goodman, Steven M., et al. "[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Peter_Taylor6/publication/236211222_The_genus_Neoromicia_Family_Vespertilionidae_in_Madagascar_with_the_description_of_a_new_species/links/00b7d516ffc5ea9ffb000000.pdf The genus Neoromicia (Family Vespertilionidae) in Madagascar, with the description of a new species]." Zootaxa 3250.1 (2012): 25.</ref> The duration of the [[animal echolocation|echolocation]] call, which consists of a component with rapidly falling frequency and one showing more stable frequency, averages 4.9&nbsp;[[Millisecond|ms]] and the interval between calls averages 69.1&nbsp;ms.


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
In their 1995 review of Malagasy bats, Randolph Peterson and colleagues established ''Eptesicus somalicus malagasyensis'', a new [[subspecies]] of ''Eptesicus somalicus''<ref name=Pea100>Peterson et al., 1995, p.&nbsp;100</ref> (currently ''[[Neoromicia somalica]]'').{{#tag:ref|''Neoromicia somalicus'' in Simmons (2005, p.&nbsp;495). However, Ricucci and Lanza (2008) indicated that the [[grammatical gender|gender]] of the name ''[[Neoromicia]]'' is feminine, and therefore the correct form is ''somalica''.<ref>Ricucci and Lanza, 2008, p.&nbsp;176</ref>|group=Note}} They had only a single specimen and noted that further material was needed to assess the new form's relationship with ''E.&nbsp;somalicus''.<ref name=Pea101>Peterson et al., 1995, p.&nbsp;101</ref> Studies in 2001 and 2002 provided evidence that ''E.&nbsp;somalicus'' and related species are not closely related to ''Eptesicus'' (nor to ''[[Pipistrellus]]'', where they have also been placed), so that these species were allocated to the separate genus ''[[Neoromicia]]''.<ref name=GR434>Goodman and Ranivo, 2004, p.&nbsp;434</ref> In 2004, [[Steven Goodman]] and Julie Ranivo reviewed the Malagasy subspecies after collecting two more specimens<ref name=GR435>Goodman and Ranivo, 2004, p.&nbsp;435</ref> and concluded that it was distinct enough to be classified as a separate species, ''Neoromicia malagasyensis''.<ref name=GR438>Goodman and Ranivo, 2004, p.&nbsp;438</ref> Two years later, Paul Bates and colleagues reported on two more specimens<ref name=Bea313/> and showed that the [[baculum|bacula]] (penis bones) of ''N.&nbsp;malagasyensis'' and ''N.&nbsp;somalica'' are different, providing further evidence that they are distinct species. However, they recommended that further research assess the degree of difference between ''N.&nbsp;malagasyensis'' and ''[[Neoromicia matroka|N.&nbsp;matroka]]'' (formerly in ''Eptesicus'', but placed in ''Neoromicia'' by Bates and colleagues), which occurs further east in Madagascar.<ref name=Bea315>Bates et al., 2006, p.&nbsp;315</ref> The [[IUCN Red List]] currently again classifies the species in ''Eptesicus'', as ''Eptesicus malagasyensis''.<ref name=iucn/>
In their 1995 review of Malagasy bats, Randolph Peterson and colleagues established ''Eptesicus somalicus malagasyensis'', a new [[subspecies]] of ''Eptesicus somalicus''<ref name=Pea100>Peterson et al., 1995, p.&nbsp;100</ref> (currently ''[[Neoromicia somalica]]'').{{#tag:ref|''Neoromicia somalicus'' in Simmons (2005, p.&nbsp;495). However, Ricucci and Lanza (2008) indicated that the [[grammatical gender|gender]] of the name ''[[Neoromicia]]'' is feminine, and therefore the correct form is ''somalica''.<ref>Ricucci and Lanza, 2008, p.&nbsp;176</ref>|group=Note}} They had only a single specimen and noted that further material was needed to assess the new form's relationship with ''E.&nbsp;somalicus''.<ref name=Pea101>Peterson et al., 1995, p.&nbsp;101</ref> Studies in 2001 and 2002 provided evidence that ''E.&nbsp;somalicus'' and related species are not closely related to ''Eptesicus'' (nor to ''[[Pipistrellus]]'', where they have also been placed), so that these species were allocated to the separate genus ''[[Neoromicia]]''.<ref name=GR434>Goodman and Ranivo, 2004, p.&nbsp;434</ref> In 2004, [[Steven M. Goodman|Steven Goodman]] and Julie Ranivo reviewed the Malagasy subspecies after collecting two more specimens<ref name=GR435>Goodman and Ranivo, 2004, p.&nbsp;435</ref> and concluded that it was distinct enough to be classified as a separate species, ''Neoromicia malagasyensis''.<ref name=GR438>Goodman and Ranivo, 2004, p.&nbsp;438</ref> Two years later, Paul Bates and colleagues reported on two more specimens<ref name=Bea313/> and showed that the [[baculum|bacula]] (penis bones) of ''N.&nbsp;malagasyensis'' and ''N.&nbsp;somalica'' are different, providing further evidence that they are distinct species. However, they recommended that further research assess the degree of difference between ''N.&nbsp;malagasyensis'' and ''[[Neoromicia matroka|N.&nbsp;matroka]]'' (formerly in ''Eptesicus'', but placed in ''Neoromicia'' by Bates and colleagues, and later placed in ''Laephotis''), which occurs further east in Madagascar.<ref name=Bea315>Bates et al., 2006, p.&nbsp;315</ref> The [[IUCN Red List]] currently again classifies the species in ''Eptesicus'', as ''Eptesicus malagasyensis''.<ref name=iucn/> In 2020, a phylogenetic analysis found it to belong to ''[[Laephotis]]'' as opposed to ''Neoromicia'', and classified it as such.<ref>{{Citation|last=Mammal Diversity Database|title=Mammal Diversity Database|date=2021-08-10|url=https://zenodo.org/record/5175993|access-date=2021-09-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Monadjem|first1=Ara|last2=Demos|first2=Terrence C|last3=Dalton|first3=Desire L|last4=Webala|first4=Paul W|last5=Musila|first5=Simon|last6=Kerbis Peterhans|first6=Julian C|last7=Patterson|first7=Bruce D|date=2020-09-10|title=A revision of pipistrelle-like bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in East Africa with the description of new genera and species|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa087|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=191|issue=4|pages=1114–1146|doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa087|issn=0024-4082|hdl=2263/84301|hdl-access=free}}</ref>


''Neoromicia malagasyensis'' is one of at least six species of small [[Vespertilionidae|vespertilionid]] bats ("pipistrelles") on Madagascar, in addition to ''N.&nbsp;matroka'', ''[[Neoromicia melckorum|N.&nbsp;melckorum]]'', ''[[Pipistrellus hesperidus]]'', ''[[Pipistrellus raceyi|P.&nbsp;raceyi]]'', and ''[[Hypsugo anchietae]]''. The classification of these bats has historically been controversial, leading to many changing identifications and generic assignments.<ref>Bates et al., 2006, pp.&nbsp;299–300</ref> The genus ''Neoromicia'' is exclusively African and included 11&nbsp;species in the 2005 third edition of ''Mammal Species of the World'';<ref>Simmons, 2005, pp.&nbsp;493–495</ref> more species, like ''N.&nbsp;malagasyensis'' and ''N.&nbsp;matroka'', have been added since. [[Common name]]s proposed for this species include "Isalo Serotine"<ref name=iucn/> and "Peterson's 'pipistrelle{{'"}}.<ref name=Bea315/>
''Laephotis malagasyensis'' is one of at least six species of small [[Vespertilionidae|vespertilionid]] bats ("pipistrelles") on Madagascar, in addition to ''L.&nbsp;matroka'', ''[[Roberts's serotine|L. robertsi]]'', ''[[Pipistrellus hesperidus]]'', ''[[Pipistrellus raceyi|P.&nbsp;raceyi]]'', and ''[[Hypsugo anchietae|Nycticeinops anchietae]]''. The classification of these bats has historically been controversial, leading to many changing identifications and generic assignments.<ref>Bates et al., 2006, pp.&nbsp;299–300</ref> The genus ''Laephotis'' is exclusively African and included 4&nbsp;species in the 2005 third edition of ''Mammal Species of the World'';<ref>Simmons, 2005, pp.&nbsp;493–495</ref> more species, like ''L.&nbsp;malagasyensis'' and ''L.&nbsp;matroka'', have been added since. [[Common name]]s proposed for this species include "Isalo Serotine"<ref name=iucn/> and "Peterson's 'pipistrelle{{'"}}.<ref name=Bea315/>


==Description==
==Description==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-top: 0em; margin-left: 0.5em" align=right
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-top: 0em; margin-left: 0.5em" align=left
|+ Measurements
|+ Measurements
|-
|-
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| colspan="7" | All measurements are in millimeters, except mass in grams.
| colspan="7" | All measurements are in millimeters, except mass in grams.
|}
|}
''Neoromicia malagasyensis'' is a relatively small "pipistrelle",<ref name=Bea313>Bates et al., 2006, p.&nbsp;313</ref> but larger than ''N.&nbsp;somalica''.<ref name=GR436>Goodman and Ranivo, 2004, p.&nbsp;436</ref> The fur on the back is long and dark brown and the underparts contain both gray and dark [[buff (colour)|buff]] hairs; there, the fur becomes lighter towards the tail.<ref name=Bea315/> The fur is darker than in ''N.&nbsp;somalica'',<ref name=Pea101/> but paler than in ''N.&nbsp;matroka''.<ref name=Bea321>Bates et al., 2006, p.&nbsp;321</ref> The brown ears are translucent.<ref name=Bea315/> The [[tragus (ear)|tragus]] (a projection on the inner side of the outer ear) is similar to that of ''N.&nbsp;somalica'', but may be a little narrower.<ref name=GR436/> Relative to the two other Malagasy ''Neoromicia'' species, the [[tibia]] is short. A single [[baculum]] (penis bone), 2.2&nbsp;mm long, has been studied. It resembles the baculum of ''N.&nbsp;melckorum'', but is smaller. As in ''N.&nbsp;matroka'', the distal (far) end is flat and displaced downwards, but the ''N.&nbsp;malagasyensis'' baculum has a smaller area and less well-developed flanges at the sides and a smaller vertical extension of the bone.<ref name=Bea315/>
''Laephotis malagasyensis'' is a relatively small "pipistrelle",<ref name=Bea313>Bates et al., 2006, p.&nbsp;313</ref> but larger than ''Neoromicia&nbsp;somalica''.<ref name=GR436>Goodman and Ranivo, 2004, p.&nbsp;436</ref> The fur on the back is long and dark brown and the underparts contain both gray and dark [[buff (colour)|buff]] hairs; there, the fur becomes lighter towards the tail.<ref name=Bea315/> The fur is darker than in ''N.&nbsp;somalica'',<ref name=Pea101/> but paler than in ''L.&nbsp;matroka''.<ref name=Bea321>Bates et al., 2006, p.&nbsp;321</ref> The brown ears are translucent.<ref name=Bea315/> The [[tragus (ear)|tragus]] (a projection on the inner side of the outer ear) is similar to that of ''N.&nbsp;somalica'', but may be a little narrower.<ref name=GR436/> Relative to the two other Malagasy ''Laephotis'' species, the [[tibia]] is short. A single [[baculum]] (penis bone), 2.2&nbsp;mm long, has been studied. It resembles the baculum of ''L.&nbsp;robertsi'', but is smaller. As in ''L.&nbsp;matroka'', the distal (far) end is flat and displaced downwards, but the ''L.&nbsp;malagasyensis'' baculum has a smaller area and less well-developed flanges at the sides and a smaller vertical extension of the bone.<ref name=Bea315/>


The skull is somewhat smaller than that of ''N.&nbsp;matroka''<ref name=Bea315/> and the [[braincase]] and [[palate]] are narrower.<ref name=Bea321/> Compared to ''N.&nbsp;somalica'', the skull is broader.<ref name=Pea101>Peterson et al., 1995, p.&nbsp;101</ref> The ridge on the [[lacrimal bone]] is better developed, the palate is broader, the [[frontal bone]]s contain a depression and are swollen at the sides, the [[mastoid bone]]s are smaller,<ref name=GR436/> and the [[coronoid process of the mandible|coronoid]] and [[angular process]]es of the [[mandible]] (lower jaw) are more prominent.<ref name=GR438>Goodman and Ranivo, 2004, p.&nbsp;438</ref>
The skull is somewhat smaller than that of ''L.&nbsp;matroka''<ref name=Bea315/> and the [[braincase]] and [[palate]] are narrower.<ref name=Bea321/> Compared to ''N.&nbsp;somalica'', the skull is broader.<ref name="Pea101"/> The ridge on the [[lacrimal bone]] is better developed, the palate is broader, the [[frontal bone]]s contain a depression and are swollen at the sides, the [[mastoid bone]]s are smaller,<ref name=GR436/> and the [[coronoid process of the mandible|coronoid]] and [[angular process]]es of the [[mandible]] (lower jaw) are more prominent.<ref name=GR438>Goodman and Ranivo, 2004, p.&nbsp;438</ref>


The [[animal echolocation|echolocation]] call of this species was reported in a 2007 study that consists of a component with rapidly falling frequency followed by one with more slowly changing frequency.<ref>Kofoky et al., 2009, p.&nbsp;382, fig.&nbsp;7a</ref> The call takes 3.6 to 6.3&nbsp;ms, averaging 4.9&nbsp;ms, and the period between two calls is 34.2 to 94.4&nbsp;ms, averaging 69.1&nbsp;ms. The maximum frequency averages 79.8&nbsp;kHz, the minimum frequency averages 40.5&nbsp;kHz, and the call emits the most energy at a frequency of 45.7&nbsp;kHz.<ref>Kofoky et al., 2009, table&nbsp;1</ref>
The [[animal echolocation|echolocation]] call of this species was reported in a 2007 study that consists of a component with rapidly falling frequency followed by one with more slowly changing frequency.<ref>Kofoky et al., 2009, p.&nbsp;382, fig.&nbsp;7a</ref> The call takes 3.6 to 6.3&nbsp;ms, averaging 4.9&nbsp;ms, and the period between two calls is 34.2 to 94.4&nbsp;ms, averaging 69.1&nbsp;ms. The maximum frequency averages 79.8&nbsp;kHz, the minimum frequency averages 40.5&nbsp;kHz, and the call emits the most energy at a frequency of 45.7&nbsp;kHz.<ref>Kofoky et al., 2009, table&nbsp;1</ref>


==Distribution and ecology==
==Distribution and ecology==
''Neoromicia malagasyensis'' is known only from the vicinity of [[Isalo National Park]], an area of about 2000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (800&nbsp;sq mi), in interior southwestern Madagascar.<ref name=iucn/> The [[holotype]] was caught in 1967 in a [[mistnet]] set in a row of palms along a river in dry savannah habitat.<ref>Peterson et al., 1995, pp.&nbsp;100, 102; Bates et al., 2006, p.&nbsp;315</ref> Peterson and colleagues reported that it had been collected near the village of [[Marinday]],<ref name=Pea100/> but Goodman and Ranivo suggested that it may instead have come from near [[Ilakaka]].<ref name=GR435/> Two specimens, a male and a female, were collected at different localities in Isalo National Park in early December 2002, both in mistnets near rivers. The male had enlarged [[testicle|testes]] and the female had recently stopped [[lactation|lactating]] and had large [[mammae]].<ref name=GR435/> Two others followed in 2003, also from the national park, and caught in woodland near rivers.<ref>Bates et al., 2006, pp.&nbsp;313, 315</ref> A 2009 study on echolocation described the call of six individuals of ''N.&nbsp;malagasyensis'' from an unspecified site within the national park.<ref>Kofoky et al., 2009, p.&nbsp;382</ref> In view of its small known range and the threat of [[habitat destruction]], the [[IUCN Red List]] assesses the species as "[[Endangered species|Endangered]]"; further research is recommended on its roosting and dietary habits.<ref name=iucn/>
''Laephotis malagasyensis'' is known only from the vicinity of [[Isalo National Park]], an area of about 2000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (800&nbsp;sq mi), in interior southwestern Madagascar.<ref name=iucn/> The [[holotype]] was caught in 1967 in a [[mistnet]] set in a row of palms along a river in dry savannah habitat.<ref>Peterson et al., 1995, pp.&nbsp;100, 102; Bates et al., 2006, p.&nbsp;315</ref> Peterson and colleagues reported that it had been collected near the village of [[Marinday]],<ref name=Pea100/> but Goodman and Ranivo suggested that it may instead have come from near [[Ilakaka]].<ref name=GR435/> Two specimens, a male and a female, were collected at different localities in Isalo National Park in early December 2002, both in mistnets near rivers. The male had enlarged [[testicle|testes]] and the female had recently stopped [[lactation|lactating]] and had large [[mammae]].<ref name=GR435/> Two others followed in 2003, also from the national park, and caught in woodland near rivers.<ref>Bates et al., 2006, pp.&nbsp;313, 315</ref> A 2009 study on echolocation described the call of six individuals of ''L.&nbsp;malagasyensis'' from an unspecified site within the national park.<ref>Kofoky et al., 2009, p.&nbsp;382</ref> In view of its small known range and the threat of [[habitat destruction]], the [[IUCN Red List]] assesses the species as "[[vulnerable species|vulnerable]]"; further research is recommended on its roosting and dietary habits.<ref name=iucn/>


==Notes==
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

==References==
==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Literature cited==
==Literature cited==
*Andriafidison, D., Cardiff, S.G., Goodman, S.M., Hutson, A.M., Jenkins, R.K.B., Kofoky, A.F., Racey, P.A., Ranivo, J., Ratrimomanarivo, F.H. and Razafimanahaka, H.J. 2008. {{IUCNlink|136820|Eptesicus malagasyensis}}. In IUCN. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. <[http://www.iucnredlist.org/ www.iucnredlist.org]>. Downloaded on July 4, 2010.
*Andriafidison, D., Cardiff, S.G., Goodman, S.M., Hutson, A.M., Jenkins, R.K.B., Kofoky, A.F., Racey, P.A., Ranivo, J., Ratrimomanarivo, F.H. and Razafimanahaka, H.J. 2008. {{IUCNlink|136820|Eptesicus malagasyensis}}. In IUCN. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. <[http://www.iucnredlist.org/ www.iucnredlist.org]>. Downloaded on July 4, 2010.
*Bates, P.J.J., Ratrimomanarivo, F.H., Harrison, D.L. and Goodman, S.M. 2006. [http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3161/1733-5329(2006)8%5B299:ADOANS%5D2.0.CO%3B2 A description of a new species of ''Pipistrellus'' (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Madagascar with a review of related Vespertilioninae from the island] (subscription required). Acta Chiropterologica 8(2):299–324.
*Bates, P.J.J., Ratrimomanarivo, F.H., Harrison, D.L. and Goodman, S.M. 2006. [http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3161/1733-5329(2006)8%5B299:ADOANS%5D2.0.CO%3B2 A description of a new species of ''Pipistrellus'' (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from Madagascar with a review of related Vespertilioninae from the island] (subscription required). Acta Chiropterologica 8(2):299–324.
*Goodman, S.M. and Ranivo, J. 2004. The taxonomic status of ''Neoromicia somalicus malagasyensis''. Mammalian Biology 69(6):434–438.
*Goodman, S.M. and Ranivo, J. 2004. The taxonomic status of ''Neoromicia somalicus malagasyensis''. Mammalian Biology 69(6):434–438.
*Kofoky, A.F., Randrianandrianina, F., Russ, J., Raharinantenaina, I., Cardiff, S.G., Jenkins, R.K.B. and Racey, P.A. 2009. [http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/150811009X485602 Forest bats of Madagascar: results of acoustic surveys] (subscription required). Acta Chiropterologica 11(2):375–392.
*Kofoky, A.F., Randrianandrianina, F., Russ, J., Raharinantenaina, I., Cardiff, S.G., Jenkins, R.K.B. and Racey, P.A. 2009. [https://dx.doi.org/10.3161/150811009X485602 Forest bats of Madagascar: results of acoustic surveys] (subscription required). Acta Chiropterologica 11(2):375–392.
*Peterson, R.L., Eger, J.L. and Mitchell, L. 1995. Chiroptères. Faune de Madagascar 84:1–204 (in French).
*Peterson, R.L., Eger, J.L. and Mitchell, L. 1995. Chiroptères. Faune de Madagascar 84:1–204 (in French).
*Ricucci, M. and Lanza, B. 2008. ''Neoromicia'' Roberts, 1926 (Mammalia Vespertilionidae): correction of gender and etymology. Hystrix Italian Journal of Mammalogy 19(2):175–177.
*Ricucci, M. and Lanza, B. 2008. [http://www.italian-journal-of-mammalogy.it/article/download/4427/4363 ''Neoromicia'' Roberts, 1926 (Mammalia Vespertilionidae): correction of gender and etymology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074925/http://www.italian-journal-of-mammalogy.it/article/download/4427/4363 |date=2016-03-04 }}. Hystrix Italian Journal of Mammalogy 19(2):175–177.
*Simmons, N.B. 2005. Order Chiroptera. Pp.&nbsp;312–529 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). [http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3 Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference]. 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142&nbsp;pp. ISBN 9780801882210
*Simmons, N.B. 2005. Order Chiroptera. Pp.&nbsp;312–529 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). [http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3 Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference]. 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142&nbsp;pp. {{ISBN|978-0-8018-8221-0}}


{{Vespertilionidae|V.|V.}}
{{Madagascar bats nav}}
{{Madagascar bats nav}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q20906767|from2=Q626679}}
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[[Category:Vesper bats]]
{{Good article}}

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[[Category:Laephotis]]
[[Category:Bats of Africa]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of Madagascar]]

Latest revision as of 03:17, 28 November 2023

Isalo serotine
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Chiroptera
Family: Vespertilionidae
Genus: Laephotis
Species:
L. malagasyensis
Binomial name
Laephotis malagasyensis
(Peterson, Eger, and Mitchell, 1995)
Collection localities of Laephotis malagasyensis
Synonyms
  • Eptesicus somalicus malagasyensis Peterson et al., 1995[2]
  • Neoromicia malagasyensis: Goodman and Ranivo, 2004[3]
  • Eptesicus malagasyensis: Andriafidison et al., 2008[1]

The Isalo serotine (Laephotis malagasyensis) is a vesper bat of Madagascar in the genus Laephotis. It is known only from the vicinity of the Isalo National Park in the southwestern part of the island, where it has been caught in riverine habitats. After the first specimen was caught in 1967, it was described as a subspecies of Eptesicus somalicus (now Neoromicia somalica) in 1995. After four more specimens were collected in 2002 and 2003, it was recognized as a separate species. Because of its small distribution and the threat of habitat destruction, it is considered "vulnerable" in the IUCN Red List.

Laephotis malagasyensis is a relatively small species, with a forearm length of 30 to 32 mm (1.2 to 1.3 in) and a body mass of 3.9 to 9 g (0.1 to 0.3 oz). The fur is dark brown above and mixed buff and gray below. The ears are translucent and the tibia is short. The baculum (penis bone) resembles that of N. melckorum, but is smaller.[4] The duration of the echolocation call, which consists of a component with rapidly falling frequency and one showing more stable frequency, averages 4.9 ms and the interval between calls averages 69.1 ms.

Taxonomy

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In their 1995 review of Malagasy bats, Randolph Peterson and colleagues established Eptesicus somalicus malagasyensis, a new subspecies of Eptesicus somalicus[2] (currently Neoromicia somalica).[Note 1] They had only a single specimen and noted that further material was needed to assess the new form's relationship with E. somalicus.[6] Studies in 2001 and 2002 provided evidence that E. somalicus and related species are not closely related to Eptesicus (nor to Pipistrellus, where they have also been placed), so that these species were allocated to the separate genus Neoromicia.[7] In 2004, Steven Goodman and Julie Ranivo reviewed the Malagasy subspecies after collecting two more specimens[8] and concluded that it was distinct enough to be classified as a separate species, Neoromicia malagasyensis.[3] Two years later, Paul Bates and colleagues reported on two more specimens[9] and showed that the bacula (penis bones) of N. malagasyensis and N. somalica are different, providing further evidence that they are distinct species. However, they recommended that further research assess the degree of difference between N. malagasyensis and N. matroka (formerly in Eptesicus, but placed in Neoromicia by Bates and colleagues, and later placed in Laephotis), which occurs further east in Madagascar.[10] The IUCN Red List currently again classifies the species in Eptesicus, as Eptesicus malagasyensis.[1] In 2020, a phylogenetic analysis found it to belong to Laephotis as opposed to Neoromicia, and classified it as such.[11][12]

Laephotis malagasyensis is one of at least six species of small vespertilionid bats ("pipistrelles") on Madagascar, in addition to L. matroka, L. robertsi, Pipistrellus hesperidus, P. raceyi, and Nycticeinops anchietae. The classification of these bats has historically been controversial, leading to many changing identifications and generic assignments.[13] The genus Laephotis is exclusively African and included 4 species in the 2005 third edition of Mammal Species of the World;[14] more species, like L. malagasyensis and L. matroka, have been added since. Common names proposed for this species include "Isalo Serotine"[1] and "Peterson's 'pipistrelle'".[10]

Description

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Measurements
Specimen Sex Forearm Tail Hindfoot Ear Mass
ROM 42713[Note 2][15] Female 32 27 6[Note 3] 12 9
FMNH 175988[15] Male 30 37 4[Note 4] 11 3.9
FMNH 175989[15] Female 32 35 5[Note 4] 12 6.0
UA, uncatalogued[16] Male 30.1 30.4 5.3[Note 4] 9.8 –
UA, uncatalogued[16] Female 32.0 29.3 6.9[Note 4] 11.4 –
All measurements are in millimeters, except mass in grams.

Laephotis malagasyensis is a relatively small "pipistrelle",[9] but larger than Neoromicia somalica.[17] The fur on the back is long and dark brown and the underparts contain both gray and dark buff hairs; there, the fur becomes lighter towards the tail.[10] The fur is darker than in N. somalica,[6] but paler than in L. matroka.[18] The brown ears are translucent.[10] The tragus (a projection on the inner side of the outer ear) is similar to that of N. somalica, but may be a little narrower.[17] Relative to the two other Malagasy Laephotis species, the tibia is short. A single baculum (penis bone), 2.2 mm long, has been studied. It resembles the baculum of L. robertsi, but is smaller. As in L. matroka, the distal (far) end is flat and displaced downwards, but the L. malagasyensis baculum has a smaller area and less well-developed flanges at the sides and a smaller vertical extension of the bone.[10]

The skull is somewhat smaller than that of L. matroka[10] and the braincase and palate are narrower.[18] Compared to N. somalica, the skull is broader.[6] The ridge on the lacrimal bone is better developed, the palate is broader, the frontal bones contain a depression and are swollen at the sides, the mastoid bones are smaller,[17] and the coronoid and angular processes of the mandible (lower jaw) are more prominent.[3]

The echolocation call of this species was reported in a 2007 study that consists of a component with rapidly falling frequency followed by one with more slowly changing frequency.[19] The call takes 3.6 to 6.3 ms, averaging 4.9 ms, and the period between two calls is 34.2 to 94.4 ms, averaging 69.1 ms. The maximum frequency averages 79.8 kHz, the minimum frequency averages 40.5 kHz, and the call emits the most energy at a frequency of 45.7 kHz.[20]

Distribution and ecology

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Laephotis malagasyensis is known only from the vicinity of Isalo National Park, an area of about 2000 km2 (800 sq mi), in interior southwestern Madagascar.[1] The holotype was caught in 1967 in a mistnet set in a row of palms along a river in dry savannah habitat.[21] Peterson and colleagues reported that it had been collected near the village of Marinday,[2] but Goodman and Ranivo suggested that it may instead have come from near Ilakaka.[8] Two specimens, a male and a female, were collected at different localities in Isalo National Park in early December 2002, both in mistnets near rivers. The male had enlarged testes and the female had recently stopped lactating and had large mammae.[8] Two others followed in 2003, also from the national park, and caught in woodland near rivers.[22] A 2009 study on echolocation described the call of six individuals of L. malagasyensis from an unspecified site within the national park.[23] In view of its small known range and the threat of habitat destruction, the IUCN Red List assesses the species as "vulnerable"; further research is recommended on its roosting and dietary habits.[1]

Notes

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  1. ^ Neoromicia somalicus in Simmons (2005, p. 495). However, Ricucci and Lanza (2008) indicated that the gender of the name Neoromicia is feminine, and therefore the correct form is somalica.[5]
  2. ^ Holotype.
  3. ^ Including the claw.
  4. ^ a b c d Excluding the claw.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Monadjem, A.; Andriafidison, D.; Cardiff, S.G.; Hutson, A.M.; Jenkins, R.K.B.; Kofoky, A.; Racey, P.A.; Ranivo, J.; Ratrimomanarivo, F.H.; Razafimanahaka, J. (2019). "Neoromicia malagasyensis". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T136820A22044073. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T136820A22044073.en.
  2. ^ a b c Peterson et al., 1995, p. 100
  3. ^ a b c Goodman and Ranivo, 2004, p. 438
  4. ^ Goodman, Steven M., et al. "The genus Neoromicia (Family Vespertilionidae) in Madagascar, with the description of a new species." Zootaxa 3250.1 (2012): 25.
  5. ^ Ricucci and Lanza, 2008, p. 176
  6. ^ a b c Peterson et al., 1995, p. 101
  7. ^ Goodman and Ranivo, 2004, p. 434
  8. ^ a b c Goodman and Ranivo, 2004, p. 435
  9. ^ a b Bates et al., 2006, p. 313
  10. ^ a b c d e f Bates et al., 2006, p. 315
  11. ^ Mammal Diversity Database (2021-08-10), Mammal Diversity Database, retrieved 2021-09-19
  12. ^ Monadjem, Ara; Demos, Terrence C; Dalton, Desire L; Webala, Paul W; Musila, Simon; Kerbis Peterhans, Julian C; Patterson, Bruce D (2020-09-10). "A revision of pipistrelle-like bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in East Africa with the description of new genera and species". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 191 (4): 1114–1146. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa087. hdl:2263/84301. ISSN 0024-4082.
  13. ^ Bates et al., 2006, pp. 299–300
  14. ^ Simmons, 2005, pp. 493–495
  15. ^ a b c Goodman and Ranivo, 2004, table 1
  16. ^ a b Bates et al., 2006, table 1
  17. ^ a b c Goodman and Ranivo, 2004, p. 436
  18. ^ a b Bates et al., 2006, p. 321
  19. ^ Kofoky et al., 2009, p. 382, fig. 7a
  20. ^ Kofoky et al., 2009, table 1
  21. ^ Peterson et al., 1995, pp. 100, 102; Bates et al., 2006, p. 315
  22. ^ Bates et al., 2006, pp. 313, 315
  23. ^ Kofoky et al., 2009, p. 382

Literature cited

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