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{{short description|American public health researcher}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
| name = S. Katharine Hammond
| name = S. Katharine Hammond
| workplaces = [[Wheaton College]] <br> [[University of Massachusetts Medical School]] <br> [[UC Berkeley School of Public Health]].
| workplaces = [[Wheaton College (Massachusetts)|Wheaton College]] <br> [[University of Massachusetts Medical School]] <br> [[UC Berkeley School of Public Health]].
| thesis_title = Kinetics and mechanism of the reactions of molybdate and tungstate with catechol derivatives
| thesis_title = Kinetics and mechanism of the reactions of molybdate and tungstate with catechol derivatives
| thesis_url = http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10837037
| thesis_url = http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10837037
| thesis_year = 1975
| thesis_year = 1975
| alma_mater = [[Brandeis University]] (PhD)
| alma_mater = [[Oberlin College]] (BSc) <br> [[Brandeis University]] (PhD)
}}
}}


'''Sally Katharine Hammond''' is a Professor of Environmental Health Sciences and Associate Dean of Academic Affairs at the [[UC Berkeley School of Public Health]]. Her research considers the impact of pollution and passive smoking on public health. It resulted in the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] issuing a ban on smoking on aeroplanes. Hammond serves on the [[World Health Organization]] study group on Tobacco Product Regulation.
'''Sally Katharine Hammond''' is a Professor of Environmental Health Sciences and Associate Dean of Academic Affairs at the [[UC Berkeley School of Public Health]]. Her research considers the impact of pollution and passive smoking on public health. It resulted in the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] issuing a ban on smoking on aeroplanes. Hammond serves on the [[World Health Organization]] study group on Tobacco Product Regulation.


== Early life and education ==
== Early life and education ==
Hammond was born in [[Philadelphia]] and grew up in both [[Kansas City, Missouri]] and [[Lima, Ohio]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.prometheussymphony.org/katharine-hammond|title=Katherine Hammond – Prometheus Symphony Orchestra|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref> She learned to play [[clarinet]] whilst she was at grade school, eventually moving to the [[bassoon]] as a teenager.<ref name=":0" /> During high school she commuted to [[Columbus, Ohio]] to take monthly bassoon lessons at [[Ohio State University]].<ref name=":0" /> After trying to decide between music and science, Hammond eventually studied [[chemistry]] at [[Oberlin College]] and graduated in 1971.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/tobacco/industry/product_regulation/tobreg/hammond/en/|title=WHO {{!}} S. Katharine Hammond, PhD|website=WHO|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref> She completed her doctoral research at [[Brandeis University]], where she investigated the reactions of [[molybdate]] and tungstate with derivatives of [[catechol]].<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=Kinetics and mechanism of the reactions of molybdate and tungstate with catechol derivatives|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/kinetics-and-mechanism-of-the-reactions-of-molybdate-and-tungstate-with-catechol-derivatives/oclc/10837037&referer=brief_results|date=1975|language=English|first=S. Katharine Hammond|last=Gilbert}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psehealthyenergy.org/our-work/richmond/technical-advisory-committee/|title=Technical Advisory Committee|website=PSE {{!}} Physicians, Scientists, and Engineers for Healthy Energy|language=en|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref> After earning her doctorate, Hammond was recruited to the faculty at [[Wheaton College (Massachusetts)|Wheaton College]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.berkeley.edu/news/berkeleyan/1995/0301/faculty.html|title=03.01.95 - New Faculty Profile: Katharine Hammond|website=www.berkeley.edu|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref> When it became clear that she would not achieve tenure for several years, Hammond retrained in environmental health sciences at the [[Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health]] where she earned a master's degree in 1981.<ref name=":1" /> She continued to work at the [[Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health]], starting her own research in industrial health and hygiene. She joined the faculty at the [[University of Massachusetts Medical School]] in 1985.<ref name=":2" />
Hammond was born in [[Philadelphia]] and grew up in both [[Kansas City, Missouri]] and [[Lima, Ohio]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.prometheussymphony.org/katharine-hammond|title=Katherine Hammond – Prometheus Symphony Orchestra|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref> She learned to play [[clarinet]] whilst she was at grade school, eventually moving to the [[bassoon]] as a teenager.<ref name=":0" /> During high school she commuted to [[Columbus, Ohio]] to take monthly bassoon lessons at [[Ohio State University]].<ref name=":0" /> After trying to decide between music and science, Hammond eventually studied [[chemistry]] at [[Oberlin College]] and graduated in 1971.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=S. Katharine Hammond, Tobacco Product Regulation |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=tGbZa6oAAAAJ&hl=en |website=Google Scholar}}</ref> She completed her doctoral research at [[Brandeis University]], where she investigated the reactions of [[molybdate]] and tungstate with derivatives of [[catechol]].<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=Kinetics and mechanism of the reactions of molybdate and tungstate with catechol derivatives|date=1975|language=English|first=S. Katharine Hammond|last=Gilbert|oclc=10837037}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.psehealthyenergy.org/our-work/richmond/technical-advisory-committee/|title=Technical Advisory Committee|website=PSE {{!}} Physicians, Scientists, and Engineers for Healthy Energy|language=en|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref> After earning her doctorate, Hammond was recruited to the faculty at [[Wheaton College (Massachusetts)|Wheaton College]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.berkeley.edu/news/berkeleyan/1995/0301/faculty.html|title=03.01.95 - New Faculty Profile: Katharine Hammond|website=www.berkeley.edu|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref> When it became clear that she would not achieve tenure for several years, Hammond retrained in environmental health sciences at the [[Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health]] where she earned a master's degree in 1981.<ref name=":1" /> She continued to work at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, starting her own research in industrial health and hygiene. She joined the faculty at the [[University of Massachusetts Medical School]] in 1985.<ref name=":2" />


== Research and career ==
== Research and career ==
In the 1980s Hammond demonstrated a device to monitor the health impacts of passive smoking.<ref name=":2" /> The device monitored the diffusion of nicotine to a filter treated with [[sodium bisulfite]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Hammond|first=S. Katharine.|last2=Leaderer|first2=Brian P.|date=1987|title=A diffusion monitor to measure exposure to passive smoking|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00159a012|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|volume=21|issue=5|pages=494–497|doi=10.1021/es00159a012|issn=0013-936X|via=}}</ref> The nitrogen is desorbed from the filters and subsequently analysed using [[gas chromatography]].<ref name=":3" /> She demonstrated that non-smokers working in the same room as smokers were exposed to the same amount of carcinogen benzene as smokers inhale in six cigarettes.<ref name=":2" /> She provided expert testimony before the [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q0SrbrF2EygC&pg=PA329&lpg=PA329&dq=s+katharine+hammond+occupational+safety+and+health&source=bl&ots=PK0A-C8-Re&sig=ACfU3U0libyOYZLgVA4SC6QhTyF6rdz_GA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8pJTswZHoAhWCs54KHZp5BEUQ6AEwBXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=s%20katharine%20hammond%20occupational%20safety%20and%20health&f=false|title=Environmental Health Perspectives: Supplements|date=1993|publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences|language=en}}</ref> Her research and reporting to the [[Federal government of the United States]] resulted in the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] issuing a ban on smoking on aeroplanes.<ref name=":0" /> She indicated that a smoking ban in [[correctional facilities]] significantly improved the health of non-smoking prisoners by reducing their exposure to [[secondhand smoke]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hammond|first=S. Katharine|last2=Emmons|first2=Karen M.|date=2005-05|title=Inmate exposure to secondhand smoke in correctional facilities and the impact of smoking restrictions|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/7500387|journal=Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology|language=en|volume=15|issue=3|pages=205–211|doi=10.1038/sj.jea.7500387|issn=1559-064X}}</ref> She also showed pregnant women who smoke transfer carcinogens through the placenta to their unborn children, increasing their risk factors for different cancers.<ref name=":2" /> Whilst in [[Massachusetts]] Hammond encouraged parents to monitor their children's exposure to secondhand smoke, and used their findings as a means to motivate parents to stop smoking.
In the 1980s Hammond demonstrated a device to monitor the health impacts of passive smoking.<ref name=":2" /> The device monitored the diffusion of nicotine to a filter treated with [[sodium bisulfite]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Hammond|first1=S. Katharine.|last2=Leaderer|first2=Brian P.|date=1987|title=A diffusion monitor to measure exposure to passive smoking|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|volume=21|issue=5|pages=494–497|doi=10.1021/es00159a012|pmid=22296139|bibcode=1987EnST...21..494H|issn=0013-936X}}</ref> The nitrogen is desorbed from the filters and subsequently analysed using [[gas chromatography]].<ref name=":3" /> She demonstrated that non-smokers working in the same room as smokers were exposed to the same amount of carcinogen benzene as smokers inhale in six cigarettes.<ref name=":2" /> She provided expert testimony before the [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q0SrbrF2EygC&q=s+katharine+hammond+occupational+safety+and+health&pg=PA329|title=Environmental Health Perspectives: Supplements|date=1993|publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences|language=en}}</ref> Her research and reporting to the [[Federal government of the United States]] resulted in the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] issuing a ban on smoking on aeroplanes.<ref name=":0" /> She indicated that a smoking ban in [[correctional facilities]] significantly improved the health of non-smoking prisoners by reducing their exposure to [[secondhand smoke]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hammond|first1=S. Katharine|last2=Emmons|first2=Karen M.|date=May 2005|title=Inmate exposure to secondhand smoke in correctional facilities and the impact of smoking restrictions|journal=Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology|language=en|volume=15|issue=3|pages=205–211|doi=10.1038/sj.jea.7500387|pmid=15187988|issn=1559-064X|doi-access=free}}</ref> She also showed pregnant women who smoke transfer carcinogens through the placenta to their unborn children, increasing their risk factors for different cancers.<ref name=":2" /> Whilst in Massachusetts, Hammond encouraged parents to monitor their children's exposure to secondhand smoke, and used their findings as a means to motivate parents to stop smoking.


Alongside her research program into the impacts of first and secondhand smoke, Hammond studied how industry employees were impacted by their work environments.<ref name=":2" /> She showed that in the [[semiconductor]] industry, women working with certain solvents were 40 – 90% more likely to have spontaneous abortions than the general population.<ref name=":2" /> Her research informed several health policies to improve health and safety within research and development facilities.<ref name=":2" />
Alongside her research program into the impacts of first and secondhand smoke, Hammond studied how industry employees were impacted by their work environments.<ref name=":2" /> She showed that in the [[semiconductor]] industry, women working with certain solvents were 40 – 90% more likely to have spontaneous abortions than the general population.<ref name=":2" /> Her research informed several health policies to improve health and safety within research and development facilities.<ref name=":2" />


In 1995 she moved from the [[University of Massachusetts Medical School]] to join the [[UC Berkeley School of Public Health]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vcresearch.berkeley.edu/faculty/s-katharine-hammond|title=S. Katharine Hammond {{!}} Research UC Berkeley|website=vcresearch.berkeley.edu|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref> At Berkeley Hammond leads the national ''Children's Health and Air Pollution study'', which looks to understand and minimise the risks of air pollution on children's health in [[Fresno, California]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chapssjv.org/team|title=The Team|website=Children's Health and Air Pollution Study|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref> [[Fresno, California]] has been identified as one of the eight most polluted cities in the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kvpr.org/post/central-valleys-air-pollution-affecting-our-cells-and-genes|title=Is The Central Valley&#039;s Air Pollution Affecting Our Cells And Genes?|last=Plevin|first=Rebecca|website=www.kvpr.org|language=en|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref> Her work showed that there is a direct link between pollution and children's immune systems; and that [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon]] impacted [[Regulatory T cell]] function.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kvpr.org/post/central-valleys-air-pollution-affecting-our-cells-and-genes|title=Is The Central Valley&#039;s Air Pollution Affecting Our Cells And Genes?|last=Plevin|first=Rebecca|website=www.kvpr.org|language=en|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nadeau|first=Kari|last2=McDonald-Hyman|first2=Cameron|last3=Noth|first3=Elizabeth M.|last4=Pratt|first4=Boriana|last5=Hammond|first5=S. Katharine|last6=Balmes|first6=John|last7=Tager|first7=Ira|date=2010-10-01|title=Ambient air pollution impairs regulatory T-cell function in asthma|url=https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(10)01193-0/abstract|journal=Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology|language=English|volume=126|issue=4|pages=845–852.e10|doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2010.08.008|issn=0091-6749|pmid=20920773}}</ref> She has looked at whether air pollution impacts the risk of premature birth and birth defects, whether air pollution causes allergies, how it impacts metabolism and obesity and how transit patterns impact foetus development in pregnant women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/research-grants/niehsepa-childrens-environmental-health-centers-childrens-health-and-air-pollution|title=NIEHS/EPA Children’s Environmental Health Centers Children’s Health and Air Pollution Study – San Joaquin Valley (CHAPS-SJV)|last=US EPA|first=ORD|date=2016-07-26|website=US EPA|language=en|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref> Amongst her research programs, she studies the impact of lead on the levels of lead in construction worker's blood and the impact of agrochemicals on the health of farmers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.centerforhealthjournalism.org/resources/sources/katharine-hammond|title=S. Katharine Hammond|website=Center for Health Journalism|language=en|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref> She has shown that smoking [[Hookah]] can be as damaging to the lungs as the smoking cigarettes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=86178|title=Hookah Smoking as Tough on Lungs as Cigarettes|website=MedicineNet|language=en|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref>
In 1995 she moved from the [[University of Massachusetts Medical School]] to join the [[UC Berkeley School of Public Health]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vcresearch.berkeley.edu/faculty/s-katharine-hammond|title=S. Katharine Hammond {{!}} Research UC Berkeley|website=vcresearch.berkeley.edu|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref> At Berkeley Hammond leads the national ''Children's Health and Air Pollution study'', which looks to understand and minimise the risks of air pollution on children's health in [[Fresno, California]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chapssjv.org/team|title=The Team|website=Children's Health and Air Pollution Study|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref> Fresno has been identified as one of the eight most polluted cities in the United States.<ref name="Plevin">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kvpr.org/post/central-valleys-air-pollution-affecting-our-cells-and-genes|title=Is The Central Valley's Air Pollution Affecting Our Cells And Genes?|last=Plevin|first=Rebecca|website=www.kvpr.org|date=28 January 2014 |language=en|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref> Her work showed that there is a direct link between pollution and children's immune systems; and that [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon]] impacted [[Regulatory T cell]] function.<ref name="Plevin"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nadeau|first1=Kari|last2=McDonald-Hyman|first2=Cameron|last3=Noth|first3=Elizabeth M.|last4=Pratt|first4=Boriana|last5=Hammond|first5=S. Katharine|last6=Balmes|first6=John|last7=Tager|first7=Ira|date=2010-10-01|title=Ambient air pollution impairs regulatory T-cell function in asthma|url=https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(10)01193-0/abstract|journal=Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology|language=English|volume=126|issue=4|pages=845–852.e10|doi=10.1016/j.jaci.2010.08.008|issn=0091-6749|pmid=20920773}}</ref> She has looked at whether air pollution impacts the risk of premature birth and birth defects, whether air pollution causes allergies, how it impacts metabolism and obesity and how transit patterns impact foetus development in pregnant women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.epa.gov/research-grants/niehsepa-childrens-environmental-health-centers-childrens-health-and-air-pollution|title=NIEHS/EPA Children's Environmental Health Centers Children's Health and Air Pollution Study – San Joaquin Valley (CHAPS-SJV)|last=US EPA|first=ORD|date=2016-07-26|website=US EPA|language=en|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref> Amongst her research programs, she studies the impact of lead on the levels of lead in construction worker's blood and the impact of agrochemicals on the health of farmers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.centerforhealthjournalism.org/resources/sources/katharine-hammond|title=S. Katharine Hammond|website=Center for Health Journalism|language=en|access-date=2020-03-11}}</ref> She has shown that smoking [[Hookah]] can be as damaging to the lungs as the smoking cigarettes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=86178|title=Hookah Smoking as Tough on Lungs as Cigarettes|website=MedicineNet|language=en|access-date=2020-03-11|archive-date=2020-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809083539/https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=86178|url-status=dead}}</ref>


=== Selected publications ===
=== Selected publications ===
⚫
*{{Cite journal|last1=Marr|first1=Linsey C. |authorlink1=Linsey Marr|last2=Kirchstetter|first2=Thomas W.|last3=Harley|first3=Robert A.|last4=Miguel|first4=Antonio H.|last5=Hering|first5=Susanne V.|last6=Hammond|first6=S. Katharine|date=1999|title=Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Motor Vehicle Fuels and Exhaust Emissions|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|volume=33|issue=18|pages=3091–3099|doi=10.1021/es981227l|bibcode=1999EnST...33.3091M |issn=0013-936X}}
*{{Cite journal|last1=Hammond|first1=S. Katharine.|last2=Leaderer|first2=Brian P.|date=1987|title=A diffusion monitor to measure exposure to passive smoking|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|volume=21|issue=5|pages=494–497|doi=10.1021/es00159a012|pmid=22296139|bibcode=1987EnST...21..494H|issn=0013-936X}}
⚫
*{{Cite journal|last1=Emmons|first1=K. M.|last2=Hammond|first2=S. K.|last3=Fava|first3=J. L.|last4=Velicer|first4=W. F.|last5=Evans|first5=J. L.|last6=Monroe|first6=A. D.|date=2001-07-01|title=A Randomized Trial to Reduce Passive Smoke Exposure in Low-Income Households With Young Children|journal=Pediatrics|volume=108|issue=1|pages=18–24|doi=10.1542/peds.108.1.18|pmid=11433049|issn=0031-4005}}


⚫
She serves on the [[World Health Organization]] study group on Tobacco Product Regulation.<ref name=":1" />
* Her publications include:
⚫
* Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in motor vehicle fuels and exhaust emissions ([[doi:10.1021/es981227l|DOI:10.1021/es981227l]])<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Marr|first=Linsey C.|last2=Kirchstetter|first2=Thomas W.|last3=Harley|first3=Robert A.|last4=Miguel|first4=Antonio H.|last5=Hering|first5=Susanne V.|last6=Hammond|first6=S. Katharine|date=1999|title=Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Motor Vehicle Fuels and Exhaust Emissions|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es981227l|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|volume=33|issue=18|pages=3091–3099|doi=10.1021/es981227l|issn=0013-936X|via=}}</ref>
* A diffusion monitor to measure exposure to passive smoking([[doi:10.1021/es00159a012|DOI:10.1021/es00159a012]])<ref name=":3" />
⚫
* A randomized trial to reduce passive smoke exposure in low-income households with young children([[doi:10.1542/peds.108.1.18|DOI:10.1542/peds.108.1.18]])<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Emmons|first=K. M.|last2=Hammond|first2=S. K.|last3=Fava|first3=J. L.|last4=Velicer|first4=W. F.|last5=Evans|first5=J. L.|last6=Monroe|first6=A. D.|date=2001-07-01|title=A Randomized Trial to Reduce Passive Smoke Exposure in Low-Income Households With Young Children|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.108.1.18|journal=PEDIATRICS|volume=108|issue=1|pages=18–24|doi=10.1542/peds.108.1.18|issn=0031-4005}}</ref>

⚫
She serves on the [[World Health Organization]] study group on Tobacco Product Regulation.<ref name=":1" />


== Personal life ==
== Personal life ==
Line 33: Line 32:


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hammond, S. Katharine}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:UC Berkeley School of Public Health faculty]]
[[Category:Brandeis University alumni]]
[[Category:Oberlin College alumni]]
[[Category:Wheaton College (Massachusetts) faculty]]
[[Category:Public health researchers]]
[[Category:UMass Chan Medical School faculty]]
[[Category:Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health alumni]]

Latest revision as of 15:09, 5 March 2024

S. Katharine Hammond
Alma materOberlin College (BSc)
Brandeis University (PhD)
Scientific career
InstitutionsWheaton College
University of Massachusetts Medical School
UC Berkeley School of Public Health.
ThesisKinetics and mechanism of the reactions of molybdate and tungstate with catechol derivatives (1975)

Sally Katharine Hammond is a Professor of Environmental Health Sciences and Associate Dean of Academic Affairs at the UC Berkeley School of Public Health. Her research considers the impact of pollution and passive smoking on public health. It resulted in the Federal Aviation Administration issuing a ban on smoking on aeroplanes. Hammond serves on the World Health Organization study group on Tobacco Product Regulation.

Early life and education

[edit]

Hammond was born in Philadelphia and grew up in both Kansas City, Missouri and Lima, Ohio.[1] She learned to play clarinet whilst she was at grade school, eventually moving to the bassoon as a teenager.[1] During high school she commuted to Columbus, Ohio to take monthly bassoon lessons at Ohio State University.[1] After trying to decide between music and science, Hammond eventually studied chemistry at Oberlin College and graduated in 1971.[2] She completed her doctoral research at Brandeis University, where she investigated the reactions of molybdate and tungstate with derivatives of catechol.[3][4] After earning her doctorate, Hammond was recruited to the faculty at Wheaton College.[5] When it became clear that she would not achieve tenure for several years, Hammond retrained in environmental health sciences at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health where she earned a master's degree in 1981.[2] She continued to work at the Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, starting her own research in industrial health and hygiene. She joined the faculty at the University of Massachusetts Medical School in 1985.[5]

Research and career

[edit]

In the 1980s Hammond demonstrated a device to monitor the health impacts of passive smoking.[5] The device monitored the diffusion of nicotine to a filter treated with sodium bisulfite.[6] The nitrogen is desorbed from the filters and subsequently analysed using gas chromatography.[6] She demonstrated that non-smokers working in the same room as smokers were exposed to the same amount of carcinogen benzene as smokers inhale in six cigarettes.[5] She provided expert testimony before the Occupational Safety and Health Administration.[5][7] Her research and reporting to the Federal government of the United States resulted in the Federal Aviation Administration issuing a ban on smoking on aeroplanes.[1] She indicated that a smoking ban in correctional facilities significantly improved the health of non-smoking prisoners by reducing their exposure to secondhand smoke.[8] She also showed pregnant women who smoke transfer carcinogens through the placenta to their unborn children, increasing their risk factors for different cancers.[5] Whilst in Massachusetts, Hammond encouraged parents to monitor their children's exposure to secondhand smoke, and used their findings as a means to motivate parents to stop smoking.

Alongside her research program into the impacts of first and secondhand smoke, Hammond studied how industry employees were impacted by their work environments.[5] She showed that in the semiconductor industry, women working with certain solvents were 40 – 90% more likely to have spontaneous abortions than the general population.[5] Her research informed several health policies to improve health and safety within research and development facilities.[5]

In 1995 she moved from the University of Massachusetts Medical School to join the UC Berkeley School of Public Health.[5][9] At Berkeley Hammond leads the national Children's Health and Air Pollution study, which looks to understand and minimise the risks of air pollution on children's health in Fresno, California.[10] Fresno has been identified as one of the eight most polluted cities in the United States.[11] Her work showed that there is a direct link between pollution and children's immune systems; and that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon impacted Regulatory T cell function.[11][12] She has looked at whether air pollution impacts the risk of premature birth and birth defects, whether air pollution causes allergies, how it impacts metabolism and obesity and how transit patterns impact foetus development in pregnant women.[13] Amongst her research programs, she studies the impact of lead on the levels of lead in construction worker's blood and the impact of agrochemicals on the health of farmers.[14] She has shown that smoking Hookah can be as damaging to the lungs as the smoking cigarettes.[15]

Selected publications

[edit]
  • Marr, Linsey C.; Kirchstetter, Thomas W.; Harley, Robert A.; Miguel, Antonio H.; Hering, Susanne V.; Hammond, S. Katharine (1999). "Characterization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Motor Vehicle Fuels and Exhaust Emissions". Environmental Science & Technology. 33 (18): 3091–3099. Bibcode:1999EnST...33.3091M. doi:10.1021/es981227l. ISSN 0013-936X.
  • Hammond, S. Katharine.; Leaderer, Brian P. (1987). "A diffusion monitor to measure exposure to passive smoking". Environmental Science & Technology. 21 (5): 494–497. Bibcode:1987EnST...21..494H. doi:10.1021/es00159a012. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 22296139.
  • Emmons, K. M.; Hammond, S. K.; Fava, J. L.; Velicer, W. F.; Evans, J. L.; Monroe, A. D. (2001-07-01). "A Randomized Trial to Reduce Passive Smoke Exposure in Low-Income Households With Young Children". Pediatrics. 108 (1): 18–24. doi:10.1542/peds.108.1.18. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 11433049.

She serves on the World Health Organization study group on Tobacco Product Regulation.[2]

Personal life

[edit]

Hammond plays bassoon in the Prometheus Symphony Orchestra.[1]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e "Katherine Hammond – Prometheus Symphony Orchestra". Retrieved 2020-03-11.
  2. ^ a b c "S. Katharine Hammond, Tobacco Product Regulation". Google Scholar.
  3. ^ Gilbert, S. Katharine Hammond (1975). Kinetics and mechanism of the reactions of molybdate and tungstate with catechol derivatives (Thesis). OCLC 10837037.
  4. ^ "Technical Advisory Committee". PSE | Physicians, Scientists, and Engineers for Healthy Energy. Retrieved 2020-03-11.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "03.01.95 - New Faculty Profile: Katharine Hammond". www.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2020-03-11.
  6. ^ a b Hammond, S. Katharine.; Leaderer, Brian P. (1987). "A diffusion monitor to measure exposure to passive smoking". Environmental Science & Technology. 21 (5): 494–497. Bibcode:1987EnST...21..494H. doi:10.1021/es00159a012. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 22296139.
  7. ^ Environmental Health Perspectives: Supplements. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. 1993.
  8. ^ Hammond, S. Katharine; Emmons, Karen M. (May 2005). "Inmate exposure to secondhand smoke in correctional facilities and the impact of smoking restrictions". Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology. 15 (3): 205–211. doi:10.1038/sj.jea.7500387. ISSN 1559-064X. PMID 15187988.
  9. ^ "S. Katharine Hammond | Research UC Berkeley". vcresearch.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2020-03-11.
  10. ^ "The Team". Children's Health and Air Pollution Study. Retrieved 2020-03-11.
  11. ^ a b Plevin, Rebecca (28 January 2014). "Is The Central Valley's Air Pollution Affecting Our Cells And Genes?". www.kvpr.org. Retrieved 2020-03-11.
  12. ^ Nadeau, Kari; McDonald-Hyman, Cameron; Noth, Elizabeth M.; Pratt, Boriana; Hammond, S. Katharine; Balmes, John; Tager, Ira (2010-10-01). "Ambient air pollution impairs regulatory T-cell function in asthma". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 126 (4): 845–852.e10. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2010.08.008. ISSN 0091-6749. PMID 20920773.
  13. ^ US EPA, ORD (2016-07-26). "NIEHS/EPA Children's Environmental Health Centers Children's Health and Air Pollution Study – San Joaquin Valley (CHAPS-SJV)". US EPA. Retrieved 2020-03-11.
  14. ^ "S. Katharine Hammond". Center for Health Journalism. Retrieved 2020-03-11.
  15. ^ "Hookah Smoking as Tough on Lungs as Cigarettes". MedicineNet. Archived from the original on 2020-08-09. Retrieved 2020-03-11.
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