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{{Short description|Muscles between the metacarpals}}
{{Infobox muscle
{{Infobox muscle
| Name = Palmar interossei muscles
| Name = Palmar interossei muscles
| Latin = Musculi interossei palmares
| Latin = musculi interossei palmares
| Greek =
| Greek =
| Image = 1121 Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand PIL.png
| Image = 1121 Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand PIL.png
Line 7: Line 8:
| Origin = Sides of [[metacarpals]] facing midline
| Origin = Sides of [[metacarpals]] facing midline
| Insertion = Bases of [[proximal phalanges]], extensor expansions
| Insertion = Bases of [[proximal phalanges]], extensor expansions
| Action = Adduction, flexion and extension of fingers
| Action = Adduction, flexion and extension
| Antagonist = [[Dorsal interossei of the hand|Dorsal interossei]]
| Antagonist = [[Dorsal interossei of the hand|Dorsal interossei]]
| Blood = Palmar metacarpal artery of deep palmar arch
| Blood = Palmar metacarpal artery of deep palmar arch
| Nerve = [[Deep branch of ulnar nerve]]
| Nerve = [[Deep branch of ulnar nerve]]
| MeshName =
| MeshNumber =
}}
}}
In human anatomy, the '''palmar''' or '''volar interossei''' ('''interossei volares''' in older literature) are three small, [[unipennate]] muscles in the hand that lie between the [[Metacarpus|metacarpal bones]] and are attached to the index, ring, and little fingers.<ref Name="Palastanga-Soames">{{Harvnb|Palastanga|Soames|2012| p=92}}</ref> They are smaller than the [[dorsal interossei of the hand]].
In [[human anatomy]], the '''palmar''' or '''volar interossei''' ('''interossei volares''' in older literature) are four muscles, one on the thumb that is occasionally missing, and three small, [[unipennate]], central muscles in the hand that lie between the [[Metacarpus|metacarpal bones]] and are attached to the [[Index finger|index]], [[Ring finger|ring]], and [[Little finger|little]] fingers.<ref Name="Palastanga-Soames">{{Harvnb|Palastanga|Soames|2012| p=92}}</ref> They are smaller than the [[dorsal interossei of the hand]].


==Structure==
==Structure==
Each of the palmar interossei originate along the shaft of the metacarpal bone of the digit on which they act. They are inserted into the base of the proximal phalanx and the [[extensor expansion]] of the [[Extensor digitorum muscle|extensor digitorum]] of the same digit.<ref Name="Palastanga-Soames" />
All palmar interossei originate along the shaft of the metacarpal bone of the digit on which they act. They are inserted into the base of the [[Phalanx bone|proximal phalanx]] and the [[extensor expansion]] of the [[Extensor digitorum muscle|extensor digitorum]] of the same digit.<ref Name="Palastanga-Soames" />


===Pollical palmar interosseous===
===Pollical palmar interosseous===
The first palmar interosseous is located at the thumb's medial side. Passing between the first dorsal interossei and the oblique head of [[Adductor pollicis muscle|adductor pollicis]], it is inserted on the base of the thumb's proximal phalanx together with adductor pollicis.<ref Name="Palastanga-Soames" />
The first palmar interosseous is located at the [[thumb]]'s medial side. Passing between the first dorsal interosseous and the oblique head of [[Adductor pollicis muscle|adductor pollicis]], it is inserted on the base of the thumb's proximal phalanx together with [[Adductor pollicis muscle|adductor pollicis]].<ref Name="Palastanga-Soames" />


This muscle, the so-called pollical palmar interosseous muscle (PPIM), is present in more than 80% of individuals and was first described by {{Harvnb|Henle|1858}}. Its presence has been verified by numerous anatomists since, but others have either fail to mention it or considered it part of either adductor pollicis or [[Flexor pollicis brevis muscle|flexor pollicis brevis]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Susman|Nyati|Jassal|1999| loc=Abstract and Table 1}}</ref> However, the deep head of the flexor pollicis brevis originate on the thumb's ulnar [[sesamoid bone]] and the oblique portion of the adductor pollicis on several carpal bones as well as the bases of the second and third metacarpal bones and not on the first metacarpal.<ref name="Susmanetal-disc">{{Harvnb|Susman|Nyati|Jassal|1999| loc=Discussion}}</ref>
The "pollical" palmar interosseous muscle (PPIM), is present in more than 80% of individuals and was first described by {{Harvnb|Henle|1858}}. Its presence has been verified by numerous [[Anatomy|anatomists]] since, but others have either failed to mention it or considered it part of either [[Adductor pollicis muscle|adductor pollicis]] or [[Flexor pollicis brevis muscle|flexor pollicis brevis]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Susman|Nyati|Jassal|1999| loc=Abstract and Table 1}}</ref> However, the deep head of the flexor pollicis brevis originates on the thumb's ulnar [[sesamoid bone]] and the oblique portion of the adductor pollicis on several [[carpal bones]], as well as the bases of the second and third [[metacarpal bones]] and not on the first metacarpal.<ref name="Susmanetal-disc">{{Harvnb|Susman|Nyati|Jassal|1999| loc=Discussion}}</ref>


===Central palmar interossei===
===Central palmar interossei===
The other three palmar interossei originate on the side of the metacarpal facing the hand's midline (ray of long finger);<ref name="PTC">{{Cite web
The other three palmar interossei originate on the side of the metacarpal facing the hand's midline (ray of long finger);<ref name="PTC">{{Cite web
| title = Brachium to Hand Musculature
|title = Brachium to Hand Musculature
| publisher = PTCentral
|publisher = PTCentral
| url = http://www.ptcentral.com/muscles/musclearms.html#palmar%20interossei
|url = http://www.ptcentral.com/muscles/musclearms.html#palmar%20interossei
|access-date = 8 December 2012
| accessdate = December 2012}}</ref> the second is attached to the medial side of the index finger; the third to the lateral side of the ring finger; and the fourth to the lateral side of the little finger. The tendons of these three muscles pass posterior to the [[Deep transverse metacarpal ligament|deep transverse ligament]] before being inserted onto the extensor expansion.<ref Name="Palastanga-Soames" />
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120204112837/http://www.ptcentral.com/muscles/musclearms.html#palmar%20interossei
|archive-date = 2012-02-04
}}</ref> the second is attached to the medial side of the index finger; the third to the lateral side of the ring finger; and the fourth to the lateral side of the little finger. The tendons of these three muscles pass posterior to the [[Deep transverse metacarpal ligament|deep transverse ligament]] before being inserted onto the extensor expansion.<ref Name="Palastanga-Soames" />


===Innervation===
===Innervation===
All of the interosseous muscles of the hand are innervated by the [[deep branch of the ulnar nerve]].<ref name="PTC" /><ref>{{Citation|last=Neal|first=Sara|title=Chapter 33 - Peripheral Nerve Injury of the Upper Extremity|date=2015-01-01|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128026533000828|work=Nerves and Nerve Injuries|pages=505–524|editor-last=Tubbs|editor-first=R. Shane|place=San Diego|publisher=Academic Press|language=en|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-802653-3.00082-8|isbn=978-0-12-802653-3|access-date=2020-10-25|editor2-last=Rizk|editor2-first=Elias|editor3-last=Shoja|editor3-first=Mohammadali M.|editor4-last=Loukas|editor4-first=Marios}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Campbell|first=W. W.|title=Ulnar Neuropathy|date=2014-01-01|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012385157400703X|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences (Second Edition)|pages=564–569|editor-last=Aminoff|editor-first=Michael J.|place=Oxford|publisher=Academic Press|language=en|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-385157-4.00703-x|isbn=978-0-12-385158-1|access-date=2020-10-25|editor2-last=Daroff|editor2-first=Robert B.}}</ref>
All of the interosseous muscles of the hand are innervated by the [[deep branch of the ulnar nerve]].<ref name="PTC" />


===Blood supply===
===Blood supply===
Line 38: Line 41:


==Function==
==Function==
The palmar interosseous muscles ''adduct'' the fingers towards the middle finger. This is in contrast to the dorsal interossei, which ''abduct'' the fingers away from the middle finger.
The palmar interosseous muscles ''adduct'' the fingers towards the middle finger. This is in contrast to the [[Dorsal interossei of the hand|dorsal interossei]], which ''abduct'' the fingers away from the middle finger. In addition (like [[Dorsal interossei of the hand|dorsal interossei]]) they flex the finger at the metacarpo-phalangeal joint and extend the finger at the interphalangeal joint and thus assist the [[Lumbrical muscle (hand)|lumbricals]].<ref name="actions">{{cite web|url=http://mc.lifehugger.com/moc/352/interossei-hand-actions |title=Actions of interossei muscles of hand |date=2008-11-01 |publisher=lifehugger |access-date=2009-04-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091017153126/http://mc.lifehugger.com/moc/352/interossei-hand-actions |archive-date=October 17, 2009 }}</ref>
In addition (like [[Dorsal interossei of the hand|dorsal interossei]]) they flex the finger at the metacarpo-phalangeal joint and extend the finger at the interphalangeal joint and thus assist the [[Lumbrical muscle (hand)|lumbricals]].<ref name="actions">{{cite web|url=http://mc.lifehugger.com/moc/352/interossei-hand-actions |title=Actions of interossei muscles of hand |date=2008-11-01 |publisher=lifehugger |accessdate=2009-04-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/20091017153126/http://mc.lifehugger.com:80/moc/352/interossei-hand-actions |archivedate=October 17, 2009 }}</ref>


The palmar interossei, together with the dorsal interossei and the lumbricals, are active components of the finger's extensor mechanism. Fibers from some of the interossei contribute directly to the extensor hoods that wrap around the proximal phalanges while other fibers may contribute to the central tendon and lateral bands of the mechanism. All three intrinsic groups of muscles pass palmar to the axis of the metacarpophalangeal joints and therefore contribute to flexion there.
The palmar interossei, together with the dorsal interossei and the [[Lumbricals of the hand|lumbricals]], are active components of the finger's [[Anatomical terms of motion|extensor]] mechanism. [[Myocyte|Fibers]] from some of the interossei contribute directly to the extensor hoods that wrap around the proximal phalanges, while other fibers may contribute to the central [[tendon]] and lateral bands of the mechanism. All three intrinsic groups of muscles pass palmar to the axis of the metacarpophalangeal joints, and therefore contribute to [[Anatomical terms of motion|flexion]] there. [[Anatomical terms of motion|Extension]] at the [[Interphalangeal articulations of hand|interphalangeal joints]] cannot be produced by the [[Extensor digitorum muscle|extensor digitorum]] alone, but active [[Muscle contraction|contraction]] of one of the three aforementioned intrinsic groups will because of their direct contribution to the extensor mechanism.<ref>{{Harvnb|Austin|2005| pp=329–31}}</ref>
Extension at the [[Interphalangeal articulations of hand|interphalangeal joints]] cannot be produced by the [[Extensor digitorum muscle|extensor digitorum]] alone, but active contraction of one of the three aforementioned intrinsic groups will because of their direct contribution to the extensor mechanism.<ref>{{Harvnb|Austin|2005| pp=329–31}}</ref>


==Other animals==
==Other animals==
The pollical palmar interosseous (PPI) is absent in non-human [[primate]]s. In African apes, the adductor pollicis is notably well-developed, with an origin on the carpus and its ligaments, and an insertion that has migrated distally, in some cases as far as the distal phalanx.<ref name="Susmanetal-disc" /> A careful study of the human PPI, as well as a detailed comparison with other mammals, strongly suggest that the muscle is evolutionarily derived from the adductor pollicis, and namely from its oblique head. Therefore, it has been proposed that PPI should be designated by the name musculus adductor pollicis accessorius, which indicates that the muscle is most likely a de novo structure derived from the adductor pollicis. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bello-Hellegouarch|first=Gaelle|last2=Aziz|first2=M. Ashraf|last3=Ferrero|first3=Eva M.|last4=Kern|first4=Michael|last5=Francis|first5=Nadia|last6=Diogo|first6=Rui|date=2013-03-01|title=“Pollical palmar interosseous muscle” (musculus adductor pollicis accessorius): Attachments, innervation, variations, phylogeny, and implications for human evolution and medicine|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmor.20090/abstract|journal=Journal of Morphology|language=en|volume=274|issue=3|pages=275–293|doi=10.1002/jmor.20090|issn=1097-4687}}</ref>
The pollical palmar interosseous muscle (PPIM) is absent in non-human [[primate]]s, and is probably an [[Autapomorphy|autapomorphic]] muscle unique to the human thumb (together with [[Flexor pollicis longus muscle|flexor pollicis longus]]) which probably evolved from the oblique portion of adductor pollicis. In [[Homininae|African apes]], adductor pollicis is notably well-developed, with an origin on the carpus and its ligaments, and an insertion that has migrated distally, in some cases as far as the distal phalanx. The insertion of the PPIM into the extensor mechanism is likely to have evolved with [[Tool use by animals|tool usage]] in early hominids.<ref name="Susmanetal-disc" /> As comparative anatomy studies of the human PPIM strongly suggest that the muscle is evolutionarily derived from the adductor pollicis, it has been proposed that PPIM should be designated by the name musculus adductor pollicis accessorius, which indicates that the muscle is most likely a [[Mutation|de novo structure]] derived from the adductor pollicis.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bello-Hellegouarch|first1=Gaelle|last2=Aziz|first2=M. Ashraf|last3=Ferrero|first3=Eva M.|last4=Kern|first4=Michael|last5=Francis|first5=Nadia|last6=Diogo|first6=Rui|date=2013-03-01|title="Pollical palmar interosseous muscle" (musculus adductor pollicis accessorius): Attachments, innervation, variations, phylogeny, and implications for human evolution and medicine|journal=Journal of Morphology|language=en|volume=274|issue=3|pages=275–293|doi=10.1002/jmor.20090|pmid=23109102|s2cid=206091796 |issn=1097-4687}}</ref>


==Additional Images==
==Additional images==
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Slide1MAI.JPG|Muscles of hand. Cross section.
File:Slide1MAI.JPG|Muscles of hand. Cross section.
Line 73: Line 74:
| title = Joint Structure and Function: A Comprehensive Analysis | edition = 4th
| title = Joint Structure and Function: A Comprehensive Analysis | edition = 4th
| publisher = F. A. Davis Company | location = Philadelphia
| publisher = F. A. Davis Company | location = Philadelphia
| isbn = 0-8036-1191-9 | ref = harv}}
| isbn = 978-0-8036-1191-7 }}
*<!-- {{Harvnb|Henle|1858}} --> {{Cite book
*<!-- {{Harvnb|Henle|1858}} --> {{Cite book
| last = Henle | first = J | author-link = Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle | year = 1858
| last = Henle | first = J | author-link = Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle | year = 1858
| title = Handbuch der Muskellehre des Menschen | language = German
| title = Handbuch der Muskellehre des Menschen | url = https://archive.org/details/b20421527 | language = de
| location = Braunschweig | publisher = Druck und Verlag von Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn
| location = Braunschweig | publisher = Druck und Verlag von Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn
| oclc = 11830096 | ref = harv}}
| oclc = 11830096 }}
*<!-- {{Harvnb|Palastanga|Soames|2012}} --> {{Cite book
*<!-- {{Harvnb|Palastanga|Soames|2012}} --> {{Cite book
| last1 = Palastanga | first1 = N
| last1 = Palastanga | first1 = N
Line 84: Line 85:
| title = Anatomy and Human Movement: Structure and Function
| title = Anatomy and Human Movement: Structure and Function
| year = 2012 | edition = 6th
| year = 2012 | edition = 6th
| isbn = 978-0-7020-4053-5 | ref = harv}}
| isbn = 978-0-7020-4053-5 }}
*<!-- {{Harvnb|Susman|Nyati|Jassal|1999}} --> {{Cite journal
*<!-- {{Harvnb|Susman|Nyati|Jassal|1999}} --> {{Cite journal
| last1 = Susman | first1 = RS
| last1 = Susman | first1 = RS
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| title = Observations on the pollical palmar interosseous muscle (of Henle)
| title = Observations on the pollical palmar interosseous muscle (of Henle)
| journal = Anat. Rec. |date=February 1999 | volume = 254 | issue = 2 | pages = 159–65
| journal = Anat. Rec. |date=February 1999 | volume = 254 | issue = 2 | pages = 159–65
| doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(19990201)254:2<159::AID-AR1>3.0.CO;2-H | pmid = 9972800 | ref = harv}}
| doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0185(19990201)254:2<159::AID-AR1>3.0.CO;2-H | pmid = 9972800 | doi-access = free }}
{{Refend}}
{{Refend}}


{{Muscles of upper limb}}
{{Muscles of upper limb}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Muscles of the upper limb]]
[[Category:Muscles of the upper limb]]

Latest revision as of 15:50, 16 May 2024

Palmar interossei muscles
Three of the palmar interossei of the left hand, inferior view
Details
OriginSides of metacarpals facing midline
InsertionBases of proximal phalanges, extensor expansions
ArteryPalmar metacarpal artery of deep palmar arch
NerveDeep branch of ulnar nerve
ActionsAdduction, flexion and extension
AntagonistDorsal interossei
Identifiers
Latinmusculi interossei palmares
TA98A04.6.02.067
TA22534
FMA37419
Anatomical terms of muscle

In human anatomy, the palmar or volar interossei (interossei volares in older literature) are four muscles, one on the thumb that is occasionally missing, and three small, unipennate, central muscles in the hand that lie between the metacarpal bones and are attached to the index, ring, and little fingers.[1] They are smaller than the dorsal interossei of the hand.

Structure

[edit]

All palmar interossei originate along the shaft of the metacarpal bone of the digit on which they act. They are inserted into the base of the proximal phalanx and the extensor expansion of the extensor digitorum of the same digit.[1]

Pollical palmar interosseous

[edit]

The first palmar interosseous is located at the thumb's medial side. Passing between the first dorsal interosseous and the oblique head of adductor pollicis, it is inserted on the base of the thumb's proximal phalanx together with adductor pollicis.[1]

The "pollical" palmar interosseous muscle (PPIM), is present in more than 80% of individuals and was first described by Henle 1858. Its presence has been verified by numerous anatomists since, but others have either failed to mention it or considered it part of either adductor pollicis or flexor pollicis brevis.[2] However, the deep head of the flexor pollicis brevis originates on the thumb's ulnar sesamoid bone and the oblique portion of the adductor pollicis on several carpal bones, as well as the bases of the second and third metacarpal bones and not on the first metacarpal.[3]

Central palmar interossei

[edit]

The other three palmar interossei originate on the side of the metacarpal facing the hand's midline (ray of long finger);[4] the second is attached to the medial side of the index finger; the third to the lateral side of the ring finger; and the fourth to the lateral side of the little finger. The tendons of these three muscles pass posterior to the deep transverse ligament before being inserted onto the extensor expansion.[1]

Innervation

[edit]

All of the interosseous muscles of the hand are innervated by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve.[4][5][6]

Blood supply

[edit]

The palmar interossei are supplied by the palmar metacarpal artery of the deep palmar arch.[4]

Function

[edit]

The palmar interosseous muscles adduct the fingers towards the middle finger. This is in contrast to the dorsal interossei, which abduct the fingers away from the middle finger. In addition (like dorsal interossei) they flex the finger at the metacarpo-phalangeal joint and extend the finger at the interphalangeal joint and thus assist the lumbricals.[7]

The palmar interossei, together with the dorsal interossei and the lumbricals, are active components of the finger's extensor mechanism. Fibers from some of the interossei contribute directly to the extensor hoods that wrap around the proximal phalanges, while other fibers may contribute to the central tendon and lateral bands of the mechanism. All three intrinsic groups of muscles pass palmar to the axis of the metacarpophalangeal joints, and therefore contribute to flexion there. Extension at the interphalangeal joints cannot be produced by the extensor digitorum alone, but active contraction of one of the three aforementioned intrinsic groups will because of their direct contribution to the extensor mechanism.[8]

Other animals

[edit]

The pollical palmar interosseous muscle (PPIM) is absent in non-human primates, and is probably an autapomorphic muscle unique to the human thumb (together with flexor pollicis longus) which probably evolved from the oblique portion of adductor pollicis. In African apes, adductor pollicis is notably well-developed, with an origin on the carpus and its ligaments, and an insertion that has migrated distally, in some cases as far as the distal phalanx. The insertion of the PPIM into the extensor mechanism is likely to have evolved with tool usage in early hominids.[3] As comparative anatomy studies of the human PPIM strongly suggest that the muscle is evolutionarily derived from the adductor pollicis, it has been proposed that PPIM should be designated by the name musculus adductor pollicis accessorius, which indicates that the muscle is most likely a de novo structure derived from the adductor pollicis.[9]

Additional images

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Palastanga & Soames 2012, p. 92
  2. ^ Susman, Nyati & Jassal 1999, Abstract and Table 1
  3. ^ a b Susman, Nyati & Jassal 1999, Discussion
  4. ^ a b c "Brachium to Hand Musculature". PTCentral. Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  5. ^ Neal, Sara (2015-01-01), Tubbs, R. Shane; Rizk, Elias; Shoja, Mohammadali M.; Loukas, Marios (eds.), "Chapter 33 - Peripheral Nerve Injury of the Upper Extremity", Nerves and Nerve Injuries, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 505–524, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802653-3.00082-8, ISBN 978-0-12-802653-3, retrieved 2020-10-25
  6. ^ Campbell, W. W. (2014-01-01), "Ulnar Neuropathy", in Aminoff, Michael J.; Daroff, Robert B. (eds.), Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences (Second Edition), Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 564–569, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-385157-4.00703-x, ISBN 978-0-12-385158-1, retrieved 2020-10-25
  7. ^ "Actions of interossei muscles of hand". lifehugger. 2008-11-01. Archived from the original on October 17, 2009. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
  8. ^ Austin 2005, pp. 329–31
  9. ^ Bello-Hellegouarch, Gaelle; Aziz, M. Ashraf; Ferrero, Eva M.; Kern, Michael; Francis, Nadia; Diogo, Rui (2013-03-01). ""Pollical palmar interosseous muscle" (musculus adductor pollicis accessorius): Attachments, innervation, variations, phylogeny, and implications for human evolution and medicine". Journal of Morphology. 274 (3): 275–293. doi:10.1002/jmor.20090. ISSN 1097-4687. PMID 23109102. S2CID 206091796.

References

[edit]