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{{short description|Fourth stage of the Permian}}
{{short description|Fourth stage of the Permian}}
{{Infobox geologic timespan
{{Permian}}
| name = Kungurian
In the [[geologic timescale]], the '''Kungurian''' is an [[age (geology)|age]] or [[stage (stratigraphy)|stage]] of the [[Permian]]. It is the latest or upper of four subdivisions of the [[Cisuralian]] [[Epoch (geology)|epoch]] or [[series (stratigraphy)|series]]. The Kungurian lasted between {{Period start|Kungurian}} and {{Period start|Roadian}} [[megaannum|million years ago (Ma)]]. It was preceded by the [[Artinskian]] and followed by the [[Roadian]].<ref>{{aut|Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.}}; '''2004''': ''A Geologic Time Scale 2004'', [[Cambridge University]] Press</ref> It corresponds roughly to the '''Leonardian''' stage, covering the span from 280 to 270.6&nbsp;± 0.7&nbsp;Ma in the North American system.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stratigraphy.org/bak/geowhen/stages/Leonardian.html |title=Leonardian North American Stage |author=Rohde, Robert A. |date= |work=GeoWhen Database |publisher= |accessdate=December 10, 2012}}</ref>
| color = Kungurian
| time_start = 283.5
| time_start_uncertainty = 0.6
| time_end = 273.01
| time_end_uncertainty = 0.14
| image_map =
| caption_map =
| image_outcrop =
| caption_outcrop =
| image_art =
| caption_art =
<!--Chronology-->
| timeline = Permian
| formerly_part_of =
| partially_contained_in =
| partially_contains =
<!--Etymology-->
| name_formality = Formal
| name_accept_date =
| alternate_spellings =
| synonym1 =
| synonym1_coined =
| synonym2 =
| synonym2_coined =
| synonym3 =
| synonym3_coined =
| nicknames =
| former_names =
| proposed_names =
<!--Usage Information-->
| celestial_body = earth
| usage = Global ([[International Commission on Stratigraphy|ICS]])
| timescales_used = ICS Time Scale
| formerly_used_by =
| not_used_by =
<!--Definition-->
| chrono_unit = Age
| strat_unit = Stage
| proposed_by =
| type_section =
| timespan_formality = Formal
| lower_boundary_def = Not formally defined
| lower_def_candidates = Near [[First appearance datum|FAD]] of the [[Conodont]] ''[[Neostreptognathodus|Neostreptognathodus pnevi]]''
| lower_gssp_candidates = [[Mechetlino]], [[Southern Ural|Southern Ural Mountains]], [[Russia]]
| upper_boundary_def = FAD of the Conodont ''[[Jinogondolella|Jinogondolella nanginkensis]]''
| upper_gssp_location = [[Stratotype Canyon]], [[Guadalupe Mountains]], [[Texas]], [[United States|U.S.A.]]
| upper_gssp_coords = {{Coord|31.8767|N|104.8768|W|display=inline}}
| upper_gssp_accept_date = 2001<ref>{{cite web |title=GSSP for Roadian Stage |url=https://stratigraphy.org/gssps/roadian |website=International Commission on Stratigraphy |access-date=13 December 2020}}</ref>
<!--Atmospheric and Climatic Data-->
| o2 =
| co2 =
| temp =
| sea_level =
}}
In the [[geologic timescale]], the '''Kungurian''' is an [[age (geology)|age]] or [[stage (stratigraphy)|stage]] of the [[Permian]]. It is the latest or upper of four subdivisions of the [[Cisuralian]] [[Epoch (geology)|Epoch]] or [[series (stratigraphy)|Series]]. The Kungurian lasted between {{Period start|Kungurian}} and {{Period start|Roadian}} [[megaannum|million years ago (Ma)]]. It was preceded by the [[Artinskian]] and followed by the [[Roadian]].<ref>{{aut|Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.}}; '''2004''': ''A Geologic Time Scale 2004'', [[Cambridge University]] Press</ref>


==Stratigraphy==
==Stratigraphy==
The Kungurian is named after the Russian city of [[Kungur]] in the vicinity of [[Perm]]{{dn|date=December 2020}}. The stage was introduced into scientific literature by Russian geologist Alexandr Antonovich Stukenberg (Alexander Stuckenberg) in 1890.<ref>{{aut|Chuvashov, B.I.; Chernykh, V.V.; Leven, E.Y.; Davydov, V.I.; Bowring, S.A.; Ramezani, J.; Glenister, B.F.; Henderson, C.M.; Schiappa, T.A.; Northrup, C.J.; Snyder, W.S.; Spinosa, C. & Wardlaw, B.R.}}; '''2002''': ''Progress report on the base of the Artinskian and base of the Kungurian by the Cisuralian Working Group'', Permophiles '''41''': pp 13–16.</ref>
The Kungurian is named after the Russian city of [[Kungur]] in [[Perm Krai]]. The stage was introduced into scientific literature by Russian geologist Alexandr Antonovich Stukenberg (Alexander Stuckenberg) in 1890.<ref>{{aut|Chuvashov, B.I.; Chernykh, V.V.; Leven, E.Y.; Davydov, V.I.; Bowring, S.A.; Ramezani, J.; Glenister, B.F.; Henderson, C.M.; Schiappa, T.A.; Northrup, C.J.; Snyder, W.S.; Spinosa, C. & Wardlaw, B.R.}}; '''2002''': ''Progress report on the base of the Artinskian and base of the Kungurian by the Cisuralian Working Group'', Permophiles '''41''': pp 13–16.</ref>


The base of the Kungurian stage is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of [[conodont]] species ''[[Neostreptognathodus]] pnevi'' and ''Neostreptognathodus exculptus'' first appear. As of 2009, there was no agreement yet on a global reference profile (a [[GSSP]]) for the base of the Kungurian. The top of the Kungurian (the base of the Roadian and the [[Guadalupian]] series) is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of conodont species ''[[Jinogondolella]] nanginkensis'' first appear.
The base of the Kungurian Stage is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of [[conodont]] species ''[[Neostreptognathodus]] pnevi'' and ''Neostreptognathodus exculptus'' first appear. As of 2009, there was no agreement yet on a global reference profile (a [[GSSP]]) for the base of the Kungurian. The top of the Kungurian (the base of the Roadian and the [[Guadalupian]] series) is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of conodont species ''[[Jinogondolella]] nanginkensis'' first appear.


The Kungurian contains three conodont [[biozone]]s:
The Kungurian contains three conodont [[biozone]]s:
Line 13: Line 68:
*zone of ''Neostreptognathodus pnevi''
*zone of ''Neostreptognathodus pnevi''


==Kungurian Life==
==Kungurian life==
The Kungurian is the last stage in which many Permo-Carboniferous clades of vertebrates (''[[Seymouria]]'', [[Ophiacodontidae|ophiacodontids]], [[Edaphosauridae|edaphosaurids]], etc.) occur in the fossil record, and the end of this stage whitnessed one of the greatest faunal turnovers of the [[Permian]].<ref name="Kammerer et al. 2014">{{cite book |last1=Kammerer |first1=Christian F. |last2=Angielczyk |first2=Kenneth David |last3=Fröbisch |first3=Jörg |title=Early evolutionary history of the Synapsida |date=2014 |publisher=Springer |location=Dordrecht New York |isbn=978-94-007-6841-3}}</ref> Early studies placed [[Olson’s Extinction]] just after the Kungurian,<ref name="SahneyBenton2008RecoveryFromProfoundExtinction">{{ cite journal | url= |author1=Sahney, S. |author2=Benton, M.J. |name-list-style=amp | year=2008 | title=Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time | journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | doi=10.1098/rspb.2007.1370 | volume = 275 | pages = 759–65| pmid=18198148 | issue=1636 | pmc=2596898}}</ref> but more recent studies only indicate that this possible extinction event is located around Kungurian/[[Roadian]] boundary.<ref name="Brocklehurst et al. 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Brocklehurst |first1=Neil |last2=Day |first2=Michael O. |last3=Rubidge |first3=Bruce S. |last4=Fröbisch |first4=Jörg |title=Olson's Extinction and the latitudinal biodiversity gradient of tetrapods in the Permian |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=12 April 2017 |volume=284 |issue=1852 |pages=20170231 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2017.0231 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0231 |language=en |issn=0962-8452|pmc=5394676 }}</ref><ref name="Brocklehurst 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Brocklehurst |first1=Neil |title=Olson's Gap or Olson's Extinction? A Bayesian tip-dating approach to resolving stratigraphic uncertainty |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=10 June 2020 |volume=287 |issue=1928 |pages=20200154 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2020.0154 |pmid=32517621 |url=https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0154 |language=en |issn=0962-8452|pmc=7341920 }}</ref> Howerver, higher-resolution stratigraphic data suggest that this even is actually a slow decline over 20 Ma that started in the [[Sakmarian]] and that may have extended into the [[Roadian]], with many lineages of early synapsids becoming extinct in the Kungurian.<ref name="Didier & Laurin 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Didier |first1=Gilles |last2=Laurin |first2=Michel |title=Distributions of extinction times from fossil ages and tree topologies: the example of mid-Permian synapsid extinctions |journal=PeerJ |date=9 December 2021 |volume=9 |pages=e12577 |doi=10.7717/peerj.12577 |doi-access=free |url=https://peerj.com/articles/12577/ |language=en |issn=2167-8359|pmc=8667717 }}</ref><ref name="Didier & Laurin 2024">{{cite journal |last1=Didier |first1=Gilles |last2=Laurin |first2=Michel |title=Testing extinction events and temporal shifts in diversification and fossilization rates through the skyline Fossilized Birth-Death (FBD) model: The example of some mid-Permian synapsid extinctions |journal=Cladistics |date=June 2024 |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=282–306 |doi=10.1111/cla.12577 |pmid=38651531 |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12577 |language=en |issn=0748-3007|doi-access=free }}</ref> However, assessment of the exact timing of these extinctions is hampered by a gap in the fossil record of continental vertebrates in the late Kungurian, at least in Texas and Oklahoma, two states that have an unparalleled fossil record of such taxa for the early to mid-Kungurian.<ref name="Laurin & Hook 2022">{{cite journal |last1=Laurin |first1=Michel |last2=Hook |first2=Robert W. |title=The age of North America’s youngest Paleozoic continental vertebrates: a review of data from the Middle Permian Pease River (Texas) and El Reno (Oklahoma) Groups |journal=BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin |date=2022 |volume=193 |pages=10 |doi=10.1051/bsgf/2022007 |url=https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2022007 |language=en}}</ref>

===Chondrichthyans===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |[[Chondrichthyes]] of the Kungurian
|-
! Taxa
! Presence
! Location
! Description
! Images
|-
|
*''[[Helicoprion]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| Russia, Australia, Japan
| A [[Eugeneodontida|eugeneodont]] [[holocephali]]an, "buzzsaw shark"
| rowspan="99" |
[[Image:Helicoprion as chimeroid.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Helicoprion]]'']]
[[Image:Parahelicoprion clerci.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Parahelicoprion]]'']]
|-
|
*''[[Kaibabvenator]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| United States
| A [[Ctenacanthiformes|ctenacanthtiform]]
|-
|
*''[[Megactenopetalodus]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| United States
| A [[Petalodontiformes|petalodontiform]] [[holocephali]]an
|-
|
*''[[Parahelicoprion]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| Russia, Bolivia
| A [[Eugeneodontida|eugeneodont]] [[holocephali]]an
|-
|}

===Actinopterygians===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |[[Actinopterygii]] of the Kungurian
|-
! Taxa
! Presence
! Location
! Description
! Images
|-
|
*''[[Acrolepis]]''
| [[Carboniferous]] to [[Lopingian]]
| Germany, England
| A non-neopterygian
| rowspan="99" |
[[Image:Acrolepis gigas DB18.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Acrolepis]]'']]
|-
|
*''[[Brachydegma]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| United States
|
|-
|
*''[[Gardinerpiscis]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| Kazakhstan
| A non-neopterygian
|-
|}

===Lungfishes===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |[[Dipnoi]] of the Kungurian
|-
! Taxa
! Presence
! Location
! Description
! Images
|-
|
*''[[Gnathorhiza]]''
| [[Carboniferous]] to [[Early Triassic]]
| United States
|
| rowspan="99" |
[[Image:GnathorhizaDB.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Gnathorhiza]]'']]
|-
|
*''[[Sagenodus]]''
| [[Carboniferous]] to [[Cisuralian]]
| United States
|
|-
|}

===†Lepospondyls===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |[[Lepospondyli]] of the Kungurian
|-
! Taxa
! Presence
! Location
! Description
! Images
|-
|
* ''[[Cardiocephalus]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| United States
|
| rowspan="99" |
[[Image:Cardiocephalus peabodyi.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Cardiocephalus]]'']]
[[Image:Diplocaulus_vale21DB.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Diplocaulus]]'']]
|-
|
* ''[[Diplocaulus]]''
**''D. magnicornis''
**''D. brevirostris''
**''D. recurvatus''
|
| North America
|
|-
|}

===†Temnospondyls===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |[[Temnospondyli]] of the Kungurian
|-
! Taxa
! Presence
! Location
! Description
! Images
|-
|
* ''[[Cacops]]''
|
| Texas, Oklahoma, China and Russia
| A [[dissorophid]] known from multiple specimens.
| rowspan="99" |
[[Image:Cacops1DB.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Cacops]]'']]
[[Image:Eryops1DB.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Eryops]]'']]
[[Image:Prionosuchus_DB.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Prionosuchus]]'']]
[[Image:Zatrachys1DB.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Zatrachys]]'']]
|-
|
* ''[[Clamorosaurus]]''
|
| Inta Formation, Russia
| An [[eryopidae|eryopid]].
|-
|
* ''[[Eryops]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| Texas, United States
| A large [[eryopidae|eryopid]] [[Temnospondyli|temnospondyl]]. ''Eryops'' averaged a little over 1.5–2.0 metres long and could grow up to 3 metres (9.8&nbsp;ft), making them among the largest land animals of their time.
|-
|
* ''[[Prionosuchus]]''
|
| Pedra do Fogo Formation, Parnaíba Basin, Brazil
| A gigantic [[Archegosauridae|archegosaurid]], estimated at about 9 metres in length and over 2 tonnes of weight, it is currently the largest known amphibian to have ever lived.
|-
|
* ''[[Procuhy]]''
|
| [[Piaui]], Brazil
| A genus of [[dvinosauria]]n within the family [[Trimerorhachidae]].
|-
|
* ''[[Syndyodosuchus]]''
|
| Inta Formation, Russia
| An eryopid.
|-
|
* ''[[Timonya]]''
|
| [[Piaui]], Brazil
| A genus of dvinosaurian.
|-
|
* ''[[Trimerorhachis]]''
|
| [[Abo Formation]], New Mexico and Seymour, Baylor County, Texas
| A genus of dvinosaurian within the family Trimerorhachidae.
|-
|
* ''[[Zatrachys]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, United States
| A [[Zatracheidae|zatracheidid]]
|-
|}

===†Seymouriamorphs===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |[[Seymouriamorpha]] of the Kungurian
|-
! Taxa
! Presence
! Location
! Description
! Images
|-
|
* ''[[Discosauriscus]]''
|
| [[Boskovice|Boskovice Furrow]], Czech Republic
| A [[Reptiliomorpha|reptiliomorph]]
| rowspan="99" |
[[Image:Discos2gill.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Discosauriscus]]'']]
[[Image:Seymouria2.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Seymouria]]'']]
|-
|
* ''[[Seymouria]]''
** ''Seymouria baylorensis''
** ''Seymouria grandis ''
|
| [[Seymour, Texas|Seymour]], [[Baylor County, Texas]] among others in North America
| A [[Reptiliomorpha|reptiliomorph]]
|-
|}

===†Diadectomorphs===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |[[Diadectomorpha]] of the Kungurian
|-
! Taxa
! Presence
! Location
! Description
! Images
|-
|
* ''[[Diadectes]]''
|
| North America
| A [[Diadectidae|diadectid]] [[Reptiliomorpha|reptiliomorph]]
| rowspan="99" |
[[Image:Diadectes1DB.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Diadectes]]'']]
|-
|}

===†Procolophonomorphs===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |[[Procolophonomorpha]] of the Kungurian
|-
! Taxa
! Presence
! Location
! Description
! Images
|-
|
*''[[Belebey (genus)|Belebey]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| Europe
| A genus of lizard-shaped [[Parareptilia|parareptile]]
| rowspan="99" |
[[Image:Belebey1DB.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Belebey (genus)|Belebey]]'']]
[[Image:Eudibamus BW.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Eudibamus]]'']]
|-
|
*''[[Bolosaurus]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| North America and North Asia
| A genus of biped lizard-shaped [[Parareptilia|parareptile]]
|-
|
*''[[Eudibamus]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| Germany
| A genus of biped lizard-shaped [[Parareptilia|parareptile]]
|-
|}

===Eureptilians===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |[[Eureptilia]] of the Kungurian
|-
! Taxa
! Presence
! Location
! Description
! Images
|-
|
* ''[[Captorhinus]]''
|[[Cisuralian]]
| North America and Europe
| A [[Captorhinida|captorhinid]] reptile
| rowspan="99" |
[[Image:Captorhinus BW.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Captorhinus]]'']]
[[Image:Labidosaurus.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Labidosaurus]]'']]
|-
|
* ''[[Labidosaurus]]''
|[[Cisuralian]]
| North America
|A [[Captorhinida|captorhinid]] reptile
|-
|
* ''[[Labidosaurikos]]''
|[[Cisuralian]]
| North America
|A [[Captorhinida|captorhinid]] reptile
|-
|}

===Synapsids===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |[[Synapsida]] of the Kungurian
|-
! Taxa
! Presence
! Location
! Description
! Images
|-
|
* ''[[Angelosaurus]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| Texas, USA
| A [[caseasauria]]n
| rowspan="99" |
[[Image:Casea_BW.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Casea]]'']]
[[Image:CotylorhynchusDB2.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Cotylorhynchus]]'']]
[[Image:Ctenospondylus_BW.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Ctenospondylus]]'']]
[[Image:Dimetrodon gigashomog DB.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Dimetrodon]]'']]
[[Image:Mycterosaurus NT small.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Mycterosaurus]]'']]
[[Image:Ophiacodon NT small.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Ophiacodon]]'']]
[[Image:Tetraceratops BW.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Tetraceratops]]'']]
[[Image:Varanops NT small.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Varanops]]'']]
|-
|
* ''[[Casea]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| Texas, USA and [[Aveyron]], France
| A [[caseasauria]]n
|-
|
* ''[[Cotylorhynchus]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| [[Greene Formation]], Ohio; [[Belle Plains Formation]], Texas; [[Cutler Formation]], Utah, all in the USA
| A [[caseasauria]]n
|-
|
* ''[[Ctenospondylus]]''
|
[[Sakmarian]]-Kungurian
|
[[Greene Formation]], Ohio; [[Belle Plains Formation]], Texas; [[Cutler Formation]], Utah, all in the USA
| A [[Sphenacodontidae|sphenacodontid]]
|-
|
* ''[[Dimetrodon]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| United States, Canada
| A [[Sphenacodontidae|sphenacodontid]]
|-
|
* ''[[Glaucosaurus]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| United States
| An [[Edaphosauridae|edaphosaurid]]
|-
|
* ''[[Mycterosaurus]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| United States
| A [[Varanopidae|varanopid]]
|-
|
* ''[[Ophiacodon]]''
| [[Kasimovian]]-Kungurian
| [[Kenilworth]], [[Kenilworth Sandstone Formation]], [[Warwickshire Group]], [[Warwickshire]], England; [[Autun, France]], [[Cutler Formation]], Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and Utah; Fort riley, Chase Group, Kansas, [[Greene Formation]], Dunkard Group, Ohio; [[Wellington Formation]], Oklahoma; [[Clyde Formation]], Texas and Oklahoma; [[Admiral Formation]]; [[Belle-Plains Formation]]; [[Wichita Group]], all three in Texas,
| An [[Ophiacodontidae|ophiacodontid]]
|-
|
* ''[[Secodontosaurus]]''
|
| [[Wichita Group]] and [[Clear Fork Group]], both in Texas, USA
| A [[Sphenacodontidae|sphenacodontid]]
|-
|
* ''[[Tetraceratops]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| United States
| A [[Sphenacodontia|sphenacodont]]
|-
|
* ''[[Varanops]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| Texas, Oklahoma, United States
| A [[Varanopidae|varanopid]]
|-
|}


==References==
==References==
Line 434: Line 78:
* [http://stratigraphy.science.purdue.edu/charts/Timeslices/Upper_Paleozoic_Sept08.pdf Upper Paleozoic stratigraphic chart] at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS
* [http://stratigraphy.science.purdue.edu/charts/Timeslices/Upper_Paleozoic_Sept08.pdf Upper Paleozoic stratigraphic chart] at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS


{{Permian footer}}
{{Geological history|p|p}}
{{Geological history|p|p}}


Latest revision as of 05:50, 24 June 2024

Kungurian
283.5 ± 0.6 – 273.01 ± 0.14 Ma
Chronology
Etymology
Name formalityFormal
Usage information
Celestial bodyEarth
Regional usageGlobal (ICS)
Time scale(s) usedICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unitAge
Stratigraphic unitStage
Time span formalityFormal
Lower boundary definitionNot formally defined
Lower boundary definition candidatesNear FAD of the Conodont Neostreptognathodus pnevi
Lower boundary GSSP candidate section(s)Mechetlino, Southern Ural Mountains, Russia
Upper boundary definitionFAD of the Conodont Jinogondolella nanginkensis
Upper boundary GSSPStratotype Canyon, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, U.S.A.
31°52′36″N 104°52′36″W / 31.8767°N 104.8768°W / 31.8767; -104.8768
Upper GSSP ratified2001[2]

In the geologic timescale, the Kungurian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is the latest or upper of four subdivisions of the Cisuralian Epoch or Series. The Kungurian lasted between 283.5 and 273.01 million years ago (Ma). It was preceded by the Artinskian and followed by the Roadian.[3]

Stratigraphy

[edit]

The Kungurian is named after the Russian city of Kungur in Perm Krai. The stage was introduced into scientific literature by Russian geologist Alexandr Antonovich Stukenberg (Alexander Stuckenberg) in 1890.[4]

The base of the Kungurian Stage is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of conodont species Neostreptognathodus pnevi and Neostreptognathodus exculptus first appear. As of 2009, there was no agreement yet on a global reference profile (a GSSP) for the base of the Kungurian. The top of the Kungurian (the base of the Roadian and the Guadalupian series) is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of conodont species Jinogondolella nanginkensis first appear.

The Kungurian contains three conodont biozones:

  • zone of Neostreptognathodus sulcoplicatus
  • zone of Neostreptognathodus prayi
  • zone of Neostreptognathodus pnevi

Kungurian life

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The Kungurian is the last stage in which many Permo-Carboniferous clades of vertebrates (Seymouria, ophiacodontids, edaphosaurids, etc.) occur in the fossil record, and the end of this stage whitnessed one of the greatest faunal turnovers of the Permian.[5] Early studies placed Olson’s Extinction just after the Kungurian,[6] but more recent studies only indicate that this possible extinction event is located around Kungurian/Roadian boundary.[7][8] Howerver, higher-resolution stratigraphic data suggest that this even is actually a slow decline over 20 Ma that started in the Sakmarian and that may have extended into the Roadian, with many lineages of early synapsids becoming extinct in the Kungurian.[9][10] However, assessment of the exact timing of these extinctions is hampered by a gap in the fossil record of continental vertebrates in the late Kungurian, at least in Texas and Oklahoma, two states that have an unparalleled fossil record of such taxa for the early to mid-Kungurian.[11]

References

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  1. ^ "International Chronostratigraphic Chart" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. September 2023. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
  2. ^ "GSSP for Roadian Stage". International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
  3. ^ Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press
  4. ^ Chuvashov, B.I.; Chernykh, V.V.; Leven, E.Y.; Davydov, V.I.; Bowring, S.A.; Ramezani, J.; Glenister, B.F.; Henderson, C.M.; Schiappa, T.A.; Northrup, C.J.; Snyder, W.S.; Spinosa, C. & Wardlaw, B.R.; 2002: Progress report on the base of the Artinskian and base of the Kungurian by the Cisuralian Working Group, Permophiles 41: pp 13–16.
  5. ^ Kammerer, Christian F.; Angielczyk, Kenneth David; Fröbisch, Jörg (2014). Early evolutionary history of the Synapsida. Dordrecht New York: Springer. ISBN 978-94-007-6841-3.
  6. ^ Sahney, S. & Benton, M.J. (2008). "Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 275 (1636): 759–65. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370. PMC 2596898. PMID 18198148.
  7. ^ Brocklehurst, Neil; Day, Michael O.; Rubidge, Bruce S.; Fröbisch, Jörg (12 April 2017). "Olson's Extinction and the latitudinal biodiversity gradient of tetrapods in the Permian". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 284 (1852): 20170231. doi:10.1098/rspb.2017.0231. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 5394676.
  8. ^ Brocklehurst, Neil (10 June 2020). "Olson's Gap or Olson's Extinction? A Bayesian tip-dating approach to resolving stratigraphic uncertainty". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 287 (1928): 20200154. doi:10.1098/rspb.2020.0154. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 7341920. PMID 32517621.
  9. ^ Didier, Gilles; Laurin, Michel (9 December 2021). "Distributions of extinction times from fossil ages and tree topologies: the example of mid-Permian synapsid extinctions". PeerJ. 9: e12577. doi:10.7717/peerj.12577. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 8667717.
  10. ^ Didier, Gilles; Laurin, Michel (June 2024). "Testing extinction events and temporal shifts in diversification and fossilization rates through the skyline Fossilized Birth-Death (FBD) model: The example of some mid-Permian synapsid extinctions". Cladistics. 40 (3): 282–306. doi:10.1111/cla.12577. ISSN 0748-3007. PMID 38651531.
  11. ^ Laurin, Michel; Hook, Robert W. (2022). "The age of North America's youngest Paleozoic continental vertebrates: a review of data from the Middle Permian Pease River (Texas) and El Reno (Oklahoma) Groups". BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin. 193: 10. doi:10.1051/bsgf/2022007.
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