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{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}

{{Use dmy dates|date = July 2019}}
{{Use Australian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{speciesbox
{{Speciesbox
| image = [[File:Baeckea gunniana.jpg|frameless|''Baeckea gunniana'' Photo © Greg Jordan. © 2019 University of Tasmania ]]
| name = Alpine baeckea
⚫
| image_caption = ''Baeckea gunniana'' Photo © Greg Jordan. © 2019 University of Tasmania
| image = Baec gunn.jpg
⚫
| image_caption = ''Baeckea gunniana''
| genus = Baeckea
| genus = Baeckea
| species = gunniana
| species = gunniana
| authority = [[Johannes Conrad Schauer|Schauer]]<ref name=APC>{{cite web|title=''Baeckea gunniana''|url= https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/104450|publisher=Australian Plant Census|access-date=21 January 2022}}</ref>
| authority = Schauer ex Walp.
⚫
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="APC" />
⚫
| synonyms =
* ''Baeckea gunniana'' <small>Schauer</small> var. ''gunniana''
* ''Baeckea micrantha'' <small>[[Hook.f.]] [[nom. illeg.]]</small>
* ''Tetrapora gunniana'' <small>(Schauer) [[Miq.]]</small>
* ''Tetraspora gunniana'' <small>Miq. [[orth. var.]]</small>
| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| range_map = map baeckea.png
| range_map = map baeckea.png
| range_map_upright = 0.9
| range_map_upright = 0.9
| range map_alt = Baeckea gunniana distribution
| range_map_alt = Baeckea gunniana distribution
⚫
| range_map_caption = Distribution map from the [[Atlas of Living Australia]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bie.ala.org.au/species/http://id.biodiversity.org.au/node/apni/2912605|title=Baeckea gunniana|last=Australia|first=Atlas of Living|website=bie.ala.org.au|language=en-AU|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref>
| range_map_caption = Occurrence distribution of ''Baeckea gunniana''  Atlas of Living Australia, Map data © OpenStreetMap, imagery © CartoDB
⚫
| synonyms_ref =
⚫
| synonyms =
}}
}}


'''''Baeckea gunniana,''''' commonly known as '''alpine baeckea,''' is a species of a compact, densely branched evergreen shrub, growing in alpine and sub-alpine Australia<ref name="UTAS" />. ''[[Baeckea]]'' is a genus of flowering plants in the myrtle family, [[Myrtaceae]], comprising 14 species occurring in eastern Australia and Asia.
'''''Baeckea gunniana''''', commonly known as '''alpine baeckea''',<ref name="RBGS">{{cite web |last1=Wilson |first1=Peter G. |title=''Baeckea gunniana'' |url=https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Baeckea~gunniana |publisher=Royal Botanic Garden Sydney |access-date=20 January 2022}}</ref> is a species of flowering plant in the family [[Myrtaceae]] and is [[endemic]] to alpine and sub-alpine areas of south-eastern Australia. It is a densely-branched shrub with egg-shaped to oblong leaves and small white flowers with four to six [[stamen]]s.

⚫
''Baeckea'' leaves are edible and often used as a tea substitute because of their aromatic citrus-like flavour<ref name="UTAS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.utas.edu.au/dicotkey/dicotkey/MYRTS/sBaeckea_gunnianus.htm|title=Key to Tasmanian Dicots|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=[[University of Tasmania]]|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-28}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Belcher|first=C.|last2=Leslie|first2=D.|date=2011|title=Broad-toothed RatMastacomys fuscusdistribution in Buccleuch, Bago and Maragle State Forests, NSW|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2011.007|journal=Australian Zoologist|volume=35|issue=3|pages=555–559|doi=10.7882/az.2011.007|issn=0067-2238|via=}}</ref>. Extracts from ''B. gunniana'' have been found to inhibit the activity of DNA Polymerase enzyme <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Deng|first=Jing-Zhen|last2=Starck|first2=Shelley R.|last3=Hecht|first3=Sidney M.|date=2019|title=DNA Polymerase β Inhibitors fromBaeckea gunniana|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np990240w|journal=Journal of Natural Products|volume=62|issue=12|pages=1624–1626|doi=10.1021/np990240w|issn=0163-3864|via=}}</ref>. It forms an integral part of the [[Broad-toothed mouse]] habitat in NSW, Australia, providing protection from predators and other large grazers<ref name=":1" />.


== Description ==
== Description ==
''Baeckea gunniana'' is a smooth, compact shrub growing up to {{cvt|1.5|m}} high, although it can reach up to {{cvt|2|m}} at lower altitudes. It is sometimes prostrate, spreading over rocks and boulders. The branchlets have papery or fibrous brown bark. The leaves are crowded, elliptical to egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, {{cvt|1.9–3.8|mm}} long, {{cvt|0.9–1.4|mm}} wide on a [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]] about {{cvt|0.5|mm}} long and have smooth edges. The flowers up to {{cvt|5|mm}} in diameter and are borne singly in upper leaf axils, each flower on a [[Pedicel (botany)|pedicel]] {{cvt|0.4–1|mm}} long. The [[sepal]]s are triangular to oblong, {{cvt|0.6–0.8|mm}} long and the petals are white, more or less round and {{cvt|1.5–1.8|mm}} long. There are four to six stamens all about the same length. The [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]] has a single [[locule]], the [[Style (botany)|style]] is needle-shaped and in a small dent in the top of the ovary. (The unilocular ovary is unique in the genus.) The fruit is a cup-like [[Capsule (botany)|capsule]], the seeds small and angular, remaining inconspicuous on the ground upon release.<ref name="RBGS" /><ref name="UTAS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.utas.edu.au/dicotkey/dicotkey/MYRTS/sBaeckea_gunnianus.htm|title=Key to Tasmanian Dicots|publisher=[[University of Tasmania]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920122451/http://www.utas.edu.au/dicotkey/dicotkey/MYRTS/sBaeckea_gunnianus.htm |archive-date=20 September 2008 |access-date=2019-11-28}}</ref><ref name="ANBG">{{cite web |last1=van der Werff |first1=Jess |title=''Baeckea gunniana'' |url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/interns-2003/baeckia-gunniana.html |publisher=Australian National Botanic Gardens |access-date=20 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Bean|first=Anthony|date=1997|title=A revision of ''Baeckea'' (Myrtaceae) in eastern Australia, Malesia and south-east Asia|journal=Telopea|volume=7|issue=3|pages=245–268|doi=10.7751/telopea19971018|issn=0312-9764|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/a7139372-abf0-45ed-be76-7aada92c439d|title=Flora of Victoria|website=vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref>
''Baeckea gunniana'' is a smooth, compact shrub growing to 1.5 m high, although can reach up to 2 m at lower altitudes<ref name="ANBG">{{Cite web|url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/gnp/interns-2003/baeckia-gunniana.html|title=Baeckea gunniana - Growing Native Plants|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=[[Australian National Botanic Gardens]]|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-28}}</ref>. It is sometimes prostrate or spreading over rocks and boulders<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/223634887|title=Flora of Victoria. Volume 3, dicotyledons Winteraceae to Myrtaceae|last=Walsh, N. Entwisle, Timothy J.|date=1996|publisher=Inkata|isbn=0-409-30852-8|oclc=223634887}}</ref>. Branchlets are brown with a flat segment on a papery or fibrous brown bark<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Bean|first=Anthony|date=1997|title=A revision of Baeckea (Myrtaceae) in eastern Australia, Malesia and south-east Asia|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7751/telopea19971018|journal=Telopea|volume=7|issue=3|pages=245–268|doi=10.7751/telopea19971018|issn=0312-9764|via=}}</ref>. Leaves are small (2-4 mm long; 0.6-0.8 mm wide) and crowded, obovate to oblong shaped with a blunt apex<ref name="ANBG" />, and with entire margins and petioles c. 0.5 mm long<ref name=":0" />. The flowers are white, small and numerous, borne solitarily in the upper leaf axils<ref name=":2" />. Sepals are triangular and obtuse, with a corolla 4–5 mm in diameter and circular petals c. 1–1.8 mm long. Stamens 4–6, not opposite petals. The ovary has a single locule. Style is terete and only slightly inserted into the ovary summit<ref name="ANBG" />. The unilocular ovary, where the pendulous placenta and ovules are enclosed by a single membrane, is characteristic to the species and unique in the genus<ref name=":0" />.


⚫
== Taxonomy and phylogeny ==
⚫
The fruit is green and cup-like when immature<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/a7139372-abf0-45ed-be76-7aada92c439d|title=Flora of Victoria|website=vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> and woody, dehiscent capsule at maturity<ref name="ANBG" />. Seeds are small and angular, remaining inconspicuous on the ground upon release<ref name="ANBG" /><ref name=":2" />. Seed coat/covering or testa of some ''Baeckea'' species has been recorded to form a physical barrier inhibiting seed germination<ref name="ANBG" />. This may be reverted by removing or nicking the testa using a needle or scalpel, improving the rate of germination<ref name="ANBG" />. ''B. gunniana'' can also be vegetatively propagated from cuttings of semi-hardened new growth.
''Baeckea gunniana'' was first formally described in 1843 by the German botanist [[Johannes Conrad Schauer]] in [[Wilhelm Gerhard Walpers|Walpers']] book ''Repertorium Botanices Systematicae''.<ref name=APNI>{{cite web|title=''Baeckea gunniana''|url= https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/533398|publisher=APNI|access-date=21 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="Schauer">{{cite book |last1=Schauer |first1=Johannes C. |last2=Walpers |first2=Wilhelm G. |title=Repertorium Botanices Systematicae |date=1843 |location=Leipzig |page=920 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/32093#page/936/mode/1up |access-date=20 January 2022}}</ref> The [[Binomial nomenclature|specific epithet]] (''gunniana'') honours [[Ronald Campbell Gunn]].<ref name="ANBG" />


== Distribution and Habitat ==
== Distribution and habitat ==
Distribution is restricted to alpine or subalpine regions, from Mt Ginini in ACT to south-west Tasmania<ref name="ANBG" /><ref name=":0" />. ''Baeckea gunniana'' is most prevalent at high altitudes between 1000 to 1400 m. However, it has been observed to grow above 2000 m near Mt Kosciusko, and as low as 450 m in western Tasmania<ref name=":0" />. All species in the genus ''Baeckea'' are confined to Australia, except for the type species, ''B. frutescens (''L.), which extends from eastern Australia through [[Malesia]] to China<ref name=":0" />.
Alpine baeckea is restricted to alpine or subalpine regions, from [[Mount Ginini]] in the Australian Capital Territory and [[Mount Kosciuszko]] in south-eastern New South Wales to eastern Victoria and south-western Tasmania. ''Baeckea gunniana'' is most prevalent at high altitudes between {{cvt|1000 to 1400|m}} , however, it has been observed to grow above {{cvt|2000|m}} near Mount Kosciuszko, and as low as {{cvt|450|m}} in western Tasmania.<ref name="ANBG" /><ref name=":0" />


''Baeckea gunniana'' is commonly found growing with species such as [[Melaleuca pityoides|''Callistemon pityoides'']], [[Epacris paludosa|''Epacris paludosa'']], and [[Empodisma minus|''Empodisma minus'']], in heathlands or boggy sedgeland<ref name=":0" />. It is also common near creeks, and sometimes in shaded areas under ''[[Eucalyptus]]'' spp<ref name="ANBG" />.
''Baeckea gunniana'' is commonly found growing with species such as [[Melaleuca pityoides|''Callistemon pityoides'']], ''[[Epacris paludosa]]'', and ''[[Empodisma minus]]'', in heathlands or boggy sedgeland. It is also common near creeks, and sometimes in shaded areas under ''[[Eucalyptus]]'' species.<ref name="ANBG" /><ref name=":0" />


==Ecology==
⚫
== Taxonomy and Phylogeny ==
This species forms an integral part of the [[broad-toothed mouse]] habitat in New South Wales, providing protection from predators and large grazers.<ref name=":1" />
⚫
The species was first formally described by the German botanist Johannes Conrad Schauer in 1843<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bie.ala.org.au/species/http://id.biodiversity.org.au/node/apni/2912605|title=Baeckea gunniana|last=Australia|first=Atlas of Living|website=bie.ala.org.au|language=en-AU|access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref> .


==Uses==
The closest Myrtaceae ''sensu stricto'' lineage is represented by two fleshy fruited (''[[Myrcianthes]]'' and ''[[Acmena]]'') and three dry fruited taxa. ''[[Angophora]]'' and ''[[Backhousia]]'' are sister genera to ''Baeckea'', belonging to a dry-fruited lineage of Myrtaceae<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Conti|first=Elena|last2=Litt|first2=Amy|last3=Wilson|first3=Peter G.|last4=Graham|first4=Shirley A.|last5=Briggs|first5=Barbara G.|last6=Johnson|first6=L. A. S.|last7=Sytsma|first7=Kenneth J.|date=1997|title=Interfamilial Relationships in Myrtales: Molecular Phylogeny and Patterns of Morphological Evolution|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2419432|journal=Systematic Botany|volume=22|issue=4|pages=629|doi=10.2307/2419432|issn=0363-6445|via=}}</ref>.[[File:Baec gunn.jpg|thumb|White ''Myrtaceae'' flowers of ''Baeckea gunniana'' Photo © Greg Jordan. © 2019 University of Tasmania |alt=]]
=== Use in horticulture ===
⚫
The seed coat/covering or testa of some ''Baeckea'' species has been recorded to form a physical barrier inhibiting seed germination.<ref name="ANBG" /> This may be reverted by removing or nicking the testa using a needle or scalpel, improving the rate of germination.<ref name="ANBG" /> ''B. gunniana'' can also be vegetatively propagated from cuttings of semi-hardened new growth.

===Other uses===
⚫
''Baeckea'' leaves are edible and often used as a tea substitute because of their aromatic citrus-like flavour.<ref name="UTAS" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Belcher|first=C.|last2=Leslie|first2=D.|date=2011|title=Broad-toothed RatMastacomys fuscusdistribution in Buccleuch, Bago and Maragle State Forests, NSW|journal=Australian Zoologist|volume=35|issue=3|pages=555–559|doi=10.7882/az.2011.007|issn=0067-2238}}</ref> Extracts from ''B. gunniana'' have been found to inhibit the activity of DNA Polymerase enzyme.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Deng|first=Jing-Zhen|last2=Starck|first2=Shelley R.|last3=Hecht|first3=Sidney M.|date=2019|title=DNA Polymerase β Inhibitors fromBaeckea gunniana|journal=Journal of Natural Products|volume=62|issue=12|pages=1624–1626|doi=10.1021/np990240w|issn=0163-3864|pmid=10654412}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


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[[Category:Baeckea|gunniana]]
[[Category:Baeckea|gunniana]]
[[Category:Endemic flora of Australia]]
[[Category:Endemic flora of Australia]]
[[Category:Flora of New South Wales]]

[[Category:Flora of the Australian Capital Territory]]

[[Category:Flora of Victoria (state)]]
{{Australia-plant-stub}}
[[Category:Flora of Tasmania]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Johannes Conrad Schauer]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1843]]

Latest revision as of 09:04, 30 July 2024

Alpine baeckea
Baeckea gunniana
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Myrtaceae
Genus: Baeckea
Species:
B. gunniana
Binomial name
Baeckea gunniana
Baeckea gunniana distribution
Distribution map from the Atlas of Living Australia[2]
Synonyms[1]

Baeckea gunniana, commonly known as alpine baeckea,[3] is a species of flowering plant in the family Myrtaceae and is endemic to alpine and sub-alpine areas of south-eastern Australia. It is a densely-branched shrub with egg-shaped to oblong leaves and small white flowers with four to six stamens.

Description

[edit]

Baeckea gunniana is a smooth, compact shrub growing up to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) high, although it can reach up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) at lower altitudes. It is sometimes prostrate, spreading over rocks and boulders. The branchlets have papery or fibrous brown bark. The leaves are crowded, elliptical to egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, 1.9–3.8 mm (0.075–0.150 in) long, 0.9–1.4 mm (0.035–0.055 in) wide on a petiole about 0.5 mm (0.020 in) long and have smooth edges. The flowers up to 5 mm (0.20 in) in diameter and are borne singly in upper leaf axils, each flower on a pedicel 0.4–1 mm (0.016–0.039 in) long. The sepals are triangular to oblong, 0.6–0.8 mm (0.024–0.031 in) long and the petals are white, more or less round and 1.5–1.8 mm (0.059–0.071 in) long. There are four to six stamens all about the same length. The ovary has a single locule, the style is needle-shaped and in a small dent in the top of the ovary. (The unilocular ovary is unique in the genus.) The fruit is a cup-like capsule, the seeds small and angular, remaining inconspicuous on the ground upon release.[3][4][5][6][7]

Taxonomy and phylogeny

[edit]

Baeckea gunniana was first formally described in 1843 by the German botanist Johannes Conrad Schauer in Walpers' book Repertorium Botanices Systematicae.[8][9] The specific epithet (gunniana) honours Ronald Campbell Gunn.[5]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

Alpine baeckea is restricted to alpine or subalpine regions, from Mount Ginini in the Australian Capital Territory and Mount Kosciuszko in south-eastern New South Wales to eastern Victoria and south-western Tasmania. Baeckea gunniana is most prevalent at high altitudes between 1,000 to 1,400 m (3,300 to 4,600 ft) , however, it has been observed to grow above 2,000 m (6,600 ft) near Mount Kosciuszko, and as low as 450 m (1,480 ft) in western Tasmania.[5][6]

Baeckea gunniana is commonly found growing with species such as Callistemon pityoides, Epacris paludosa, and Empodisma minus, in heathlands or boggy sedgeland. It is also common near creeks, and sometimes in shaded areas under Eucalyptus species.[5][6]

Ecology

[edit]

This species forms an integral part of the broad-toothed mouse habitat in New South Wales, providing protection from predators and large grazers.[10]

Uses

[edit]

Use in horticulture

[edit]

The seed coat/covering or testa of some Baeckea species has been recorded to form a physical barrier inhibiting seed germination.[5] This may be reverted by removing or nicking the testa using a needle or scalpel, improving the rate of germination.[5] B. gunniana can also be vegetatively propagated from cuttings of semi-hardened new growth.

Other uses

[edit]

Baeckea leaves are edible and often used as a tea substitute because of their aromatic citrus-like flavour.[4][10] Extracts from B. gunniana have been found to inhibit the activity of DNA Polymerase enzyme.[11]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Baeckea gunniana". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
  2. ^ Australia, Atlas of Living. "Baeckea gunniana". bie.ala.org.au. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  3. ^ a b Wilson, Peter G. "Baeckea gunniana". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  4. ^ a b "Key to Tasmanian Dicots". University of Tasmania. Archived from the original on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  5. ^ a b c d e f van der Werff, Jess. "Baeckea gunniana". Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  6. ^ a b c Bean, Anthony (1997). "A revision of Baeckea (Myrtaceae) in eastern Australia, Malesia and south-east Asia". Telopea. 7 (3): 245–268. doi:10.7751/telopea19971018. ISSN 0312-9764.
  7. ^ "Flora of Victoria". vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  8. ^ "Baeckea gunniana". APNI. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
  9. ^ Schauer, Johannes C.; Walpers, Wilhelm G. (1843). Repertorium Botanices Systematicae. Leipzig. p. 920. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  10. ^ a b Belcher, C.; Leslie, D. (2011). "Broad-toothed RatMastacomys fuscusdistribution in Buccleuch, Bago and Maragle State Forests, NSW". Australian Zoologist. 35 (3): 555–559. doi:10.7882/az.2011.007. ISSN 0067-2238.
  11. ^ Deng, Jing-Zhen; Starck, Shelley R.; Hecht, Sidney M. (2019). "DNA Polymerase β Inhibitors fromBaeckea gunniana". Journal of Natural Products. 62 (12): 1624–1626. doi:10.1021/np990240w. ISSN 0163-3864. PMID 10654412.
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