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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Short description|Secretary General of [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]}}
{{Short description|Secretary General of Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Louise Mushikiwabo
| name = Louise Mushikiwabo
|image = Louise Mushikiwabo, 2008 (cropped).jpg
| image = Louise Mushikiwabo, 2008 (cropped).jpg
|office = 4th Secretary-General of the [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]
| office = 4th Secretary-General of the [[Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie]]
|term_start = 3 January 2019
| term_start = 3 January 2019
|term_end =
| term_end =
|predecessor = [[Michaëlle Jean]]
| predecessor = [[Michaëlle Jean]]
|successor =
| successor =
|office1 = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation (Rwanda)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| office1 = [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation (Rwanda)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
|president1 = [[Paul Kagame]]
| president1 = [[Paul Kagame]]
|term_start1 = 4 December 2009
| term_start1 = 4 December 2009
|term_end1 = 18 October 2018
| term_end1 = 18 October 2018
|predecessor1 = [[Rosemary Museminali]]
| predecessor1 = [[Rosemary Museminali]]
|successor1 = [[Richard Sezibera]]
| successor1 = [[Richard Sezibera]]
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|5|22|df=y}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1961|5|22|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Kigali]], [[Ruanda-Urundi]]
| birth_place = [[Kigali]], [[Ruanda-Urundi]]
|death_date =
| death_date =
|death_place =
| death_place =
|party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|education = [[University of Rwanda]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br>[[University of Delaware]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])
| education = [[University of Rwanda]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br>[[University of Delaware]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])
| caption = Mushikiwabo in 2008
}}
}}
'''Louise Mushikiwabo''' (born 22 May 1961) is the fourth and current Secretary General of [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]. She previously served as the [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Rwanda)|Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation]] of [[Rwanda]] from 2009 to 2018.<ref name="Karuhanga">{{cite news |author=Karuhanga, James |title=Museminali Hands Over to Mushikiwabo |newspaper=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]] |location=Rwanda|date=6 December 2009|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200912070644.html |access-date=17 September 2010}}</ref> She also served as Government Spokesperson. She had previously been Minister of Information.
'''Louise Mushikiwabo''' (born May 22, 1961)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://entities.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjmPvQ8QJC6JKXHvDv8md.html |title=WorldCat Entities. Louise Mushikiwabo |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=[[OCLC]], Inc. |access-date=3 February 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240203140831/https://entities.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjmPvQ8QJC6JKXHvDv8md.html |archive-date=3 February 2024 }}</ref> is the fourth and current Secretary General of the [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]. She previously served as the [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Rwanda)|Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation]] of [[Rwanda]] from 2009 to 2018. She also served as Government Spokesperson. She had previously been Minister of Information.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oxfordafricaforum.com/speakers2022/louise-mushikiwabo |title=Louise Mushikiwabo. Secretary General, Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie |author=<!--Not stated--> |publisher=Saïd Business School / University of Oxford |access-date=3 February 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203132912/https://www.oxfordafricaforum.com/speakers2022/louise-mushikiwabo |archive-date=3 February 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Karuhanga, James |title=Museminali Hands Over to Mushikiwabo |newspaper=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]] |location=Rwanda |date=6 December 2009 |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200912070644.html |access-date=17 September 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091210215013/https://allafrica.com/stories/200912070644.html |archive-date=10 December 2009}}</ref>


On 12 October 2018, she was elected for a four-year term for the position of Secretary General of [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] (OIF) at the Summit of Francophonie in [[Yerevan]], [[Armenia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-foreign-policy/francophony-and-the-french-language/events/article/francophonie-louise-mushikiwabo-takes-office-as-secretary-general-of-la|title = Francophonie – Louise Mushikiwabo takes office as secretary general of la Francophonie (03.01.19)}}</ref> She was re-elected in November, 2022.<ref> Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</ref>
On 12 October 2018, she was elected for a four-year term for the position of Secretary General of [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] (OIF) at the Summit of Francophonie in [[Yerevan]], [[Armenia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-foreign-policy/francophony-and-the-french-language/events/article/francophonie-louise-mushikiwabo-takes-office-as-secretary-general-of-la|title = Francophonie – Louise Mushikiwabo takes office as secretary general of la Francophonie (03.01.19)}}</ref> She was re-elected in November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-20 |title=Francophonie : Louise Mushikiwabo confirmée pour un nouveau mandat |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1394771/politique/francophonie-louise-mushikiwabo-confirmee-pour-un-nouveau-mandat/ |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=Jeune Afrique |language=fr-FR}}</ref>

⚫
[[File:MSC_2014_Ischinger-Mushikiwabo_Zwez_MSC2014.jpg|thumb| Mushikiwabo with German diplomat [[Wolfgang Ischinger]] at the [[50th Munich Security Conference]] 2014]]


== Early life ==
== Early life ==
Louise Mushikiwabo was born on 22 May 1961 in [[Kigali]], the Rwandan capital.<ref name="Twagilimana">{{cite book |last=Twagilimana |first=Aimable |title=Historical Dictionary of Rwanda |date=6 November 2015 |isbn=9781442255913 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9E6xCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA157}}</ref> Her father was Bitsindinkumi, from the Batsobe clan;{{sfn|Mushikiwabo|Kramer|2007|p=65}} Bitsindinkumi worked as a farmer, managing the family's [[smallholding]] as well as working as [[bookkeeper]] for a colonial [[coffee plantation]].{{sfn|Mushikiwabo|Kramer|2007|p=65}} Her mother was Nyiratulira, a first cousin of the [[Abiru]] philosopher and historian [[Alexis Kagame]].{{sfn|Mushikiwabo|Kramer|2007|p=Dedications}} She spent her childhood in Kigali.<ref name="Nkem-Eneanya">{{cite web |last=Nkem-Eneanya |first=Jennifer |date=27 November 2013 |title=Minister Louise Mushikiwabo; Rebuilding Rwanda One Policy at a Time… |website=Konnect Africa |url=http://www.konnectafrica.net/minister-louise-mushikiwabo-rebuilding-rwanda-one-policy-at-a-time/}}</ref> The youngest of nine children,<ref name="NewTimes2008">{{cite news |newspaper=The New Times|location=Rwanda |date=8 March 2008 |title=New faces in Cabinet |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2008-03-08/86852/}}</ref> her siblings included [[Lando Ndasingwa]], who became a notable businessman and politician in Rwanda before being killed in 1994 during the [[Rwandan genocide]],<ref name="Nkem-Eneanya"/> and [[Anne-Marie Kantengwa]], who took over Lando's hotel [[Chez Lando]] after his death and served in the [[Parliament of Rwanda]] from 2003 to 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ieew.org/2013-ptb-students/anne-marie-kantengwa |title=Anne-Marie Kantengwa |publisher=The Institute for Economic Empowerment of Women |access-date=19 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202000717/http://www.ieew.org/2013-ptb-students/anne-marie-kantengwa |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Louise Mushikiwabo was born on 22 May 1961 in [[Kigali]], the Rwandan capital.<ref name="Twagilimana">{{cite book |last=Twagilimana |first=Aimable |title=Historical Dictionary of Rwanda |date=6 November 2015 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9781442255913 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9E6xCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA157}}</ref> Her father was Bitsindinkumi, from the Batsobe clan;{{sfn|Mushikiwabo|Kramer|2007|p=65}} Bitsindinkumi worked as a farmer, managing the family's [[smallholding]] as well as working as [[bookkeeper]] for a colonial [[coffee plantation]].{{sfn|Mushikiwabo|Kramer|2007|p=65}} Her mother was Nyiratulira, a first cousin of the [[Abiru]] philosopher and historian [[Alexis Kagame]].{{sfn|Mushikiwabo|Kramer|2007|p=Dedications}} She spent her childhood in Kigali.<ref name="Nkem-Eneanya">{{cite web |last=Nkem-Eneanya |first=Jennifer |date=27 November 2013 |title=Minister Louise Mushikiwabo; Rebuilding Rwanda One Policy at a Time… |website=Konnect Africa |url=http://www.konnectafrica.net/minister-louise-mushikiwabo-rebuilding-rwanda-one-policy-at-a-time/}}</ref> The youngest of nine children,<ref name="NewTimes2008">{{cite news |newspaper=The New Times|location=Rwanda |date=8 March 2008 |title=New faces in Cabinet |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2008-03-08/86852/}}</ref> her siblings included [[Lando Ndasingwa]], who became a notable businessman and politician in Rwanda before being killed in 1994 during the [[Rwandan genocide]],<ref name="Nkem-Eneanya"/> and [[Anne-Marie Kantengwa]], who took over Lando's hotel [[Chez Lando]] after his death and served in the [[Parliament of Rwanda]] from 2003 to 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ieew.org/2013-ptb-students/anne-marie-kantengwa |title=Anne-Marie Kantengwa |publisher=The Institute for Economic Empowerment of Women |access-date=19 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202000717/http://www.ieew.org/2013-ptb-students/anne-marie-kantengwa |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


After completing primary and secondary school in Kigali, Mushikiwabo went to study at the [[National University of Rwanda]] (currently [[University of Rwanda]]), in the southern city of [[Butare]], in 1981.<ref name="Twagilimana"/><ref name="Macmillan">{{cite web |publisher=St. Martin's Press |work=[[Macmillan Books]] |title=Louise Mushikiwabo |url=http://us.macmillan.com/author/louisemushikiwabo |access-date=17 September 2010}}</ref> She graduated from university in 1984, with a bachelor's degree in English, and then worked briefly as a secondary school teacher.<ref name="Twagilimana"/> In 1986, she emigrated from [[Rwanda]] to the [[United States]],<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.duchessinternationalmagazine.com/profile/louise-mushikiwabo/ |title=Louise Mushikiwabo |magazine=Duchess International Magazine |date=8 January 2016 |access-date=19 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908032105/http://www.duchessinternationalmagazine.com/profile/louise-mushikiwabo/ |archive-date=8 September 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> where she began studying for a [[master's degree]] in Languages and Interpretation at the [[University of Delaware]], with [[French language|French]] as her specialist language.<ref name="UniversityOfDelaware">{{cite web |url=http://www1.udel.edu/udaily/2015/oct/rwanda-minister-101414.html |last=Adams |first=Elizabeth |title=Rwanda overcomes tragedy |publisher=University of Delaware |date=14 October 2014 |access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> Upon finishing her studies in 1988,<ref name="UniversityOfDelaware"/> she remained in the [[United States]], settling in the [[Washington, D.C.]] area.<ref name="CrisafulliRedmond">{{cite book |year=2012 |last1=Crisafulli |first1=Patricia |last2=Redmond |first2=Andrea |title=Rwanda, Inc.: How a Devastated Nation Became an Economic Model for the Developing World |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=9781137066473 |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wilyjMI3UxcC&pg=PT30}}</ref> She started her career working for lobbying organisations, before taking a position with the [[African Development Bank]] (ADB); as part of her role with the ADB she lived in Tunisia for a short time,<ref name="CrisafulliRedmond"/> and eventually became the bank's Communications Director.<ref name="NewTimes2008"/>
After completing primary and secondary school in Kigali, Mushikiwabo went to study at the [[National University of Rwanda]] (currently [[University of Rwanda]]), in the southern city of [[Butare]], in 1981.<ref name="Twagilimana"/><ref name="Macmillan">{{cite web |publisher=St. Martin's Press |work=[[Macmillan Books]] |title=Louise Mushikiwabo |url=http://us.macmillan.com/author/louisemushikiwabo |access-date=17 September 2010}}</ref> She graduated from university in 1984, with a bachelor's degree in English, and then worked briefly as a secondary school teacher.<ref name="Twagilimana"/> In 1986, she emigrated from [[Rwanda]] to the [[United States]],<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.duchessinternationalmagazine.com/profile/louise-mushikiwabo/ |title=Louise Mushikiwabo |magazine=Duchess International Magazine |date=8 January 2016 |access-date=19 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908032105/http://www.duchessinternationalmagazine.com/profile/louise-mushikiwabo/ |archive-date=8 September 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> where she began studying for a [[master's degree]] in Languages and Interpretation at the [[University of Delaware]], with [[French language|French]] as her specialist language.<ref name="UniversityOfDelaware">{{cite web |url=http://www1.udel.edu/udaily/2015/oct/rwanda-minister-101414.html |last=Adams |first=Elizabeth |title=Rwanda overcomes tragedy |publisher=University of Delaware |date=14 October 2014 |access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> Upon finishing her studies in 1988,<ref name="UniversityOfDelaware"/> she remained in the [[United States]], settling in the [[Washington, D.C.]] area.<ref name="CrisafulliRedmond">{{cite book |year=2012 |last1=Crisafulli |first1=Patricia |last2=Redmond |first2=Andrea |title=Rwanda, Inc.: How a Devastated Nation Became an Economic Model for the Developing World |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=9781137066473 |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wilyjMI3UxcC&pg=PT30}}</ref> She started her career working for lobbying organisations, before taking a position with the [[African Development Bank]] (ADB); as part of her role with the ADB she lived in Tunisia for a short time,<ref name="CrisafulliRedmond"/> and eventually became the bank's Communications Director.<ref name="NewTimes2008"/>


In 2006, Mushikiwabo wrote a book, ''Rwanda Means the Universe'',<ref name="Waters">{{cite journal |last=Waters |first=Tony |title=Rwanda Means the Universe: A Native's Memoir of Blood and Bloodlines |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-1243349371/rwanda-means-the-universe-a-native-s-memoir-of-blood |access-date=16 November 2017}}</ref> which was co-authored by Jack Kramer, an American journalist and ex-[[United States Marine Corps|marine]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Macmillan Publishers |title=Jack Kramer |url=https://us.macmillan.com/author/jackkramer/ |access-date=16 November 2017}}</ref> The book is semi-autobiographical, describing Mushikiwabo's family history, her early life in [[Rwanda]], and her experiences upon emigrating to the [[United States]].<ref name="Waters"/> It also describes the [[Rwandan genocide]] in detail, from a historical perspective as well as from Mushikwabo's own point of view living in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], as she received the news that many of her family members had been killed.<ref name="Waters"/>
In 2006, Mushikiwabo wrote a book, ''Rwanda Means the Universe'',<ref name="Waters">{{cite journal |last=Waters |first=Tony |title=Rwanda Means the Universe: A Native's Memoir of Blood and Bloodlines |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-1243349371/rwanda-means-the-universe-a-native-s-memoir-of-blood |access-date=16 November 2017 |archive-date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716110903/https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-1243349371/rwanda-means-the-universe-a-native-s-memoir-of-blood |url-status=dead }}</ref> which was co-authored by Jack Kramer, an American journalist and ex-[[United States Marine Corps|marine]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Macmillan Publishers |title=Jack Kramer |url=https://us.macmillan.com/author/jackkramer/ |access-date=16 November 2017}}</ref> The book is semi-autobiographical, describing Mushikiwabo's family history, her early life in [[Rwanda]], and her experiences upon emigrating to the [[United States]].<ref name="Waters"/> It also describes the [[Rwandan genocide]] in detail, from a historical perspective as well as from Mushikwabo's own point of view living in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], as she received the news that many of her family members had been killed.<ref name="Waters"/>


== Political career ==
== Political career ==
⚫
[[File:MSC_2014_Ischinger-Mushikiwabo_Zwez_MSC2014.jpg|thumb|Mushikiwabo with German diplomat [[Wolfgang Ischinger]] at the [[50th Munich Security Conference]], 2014]]
=== Minister of Information, 2008&ndash;2009 ===
=== Minister of Information, 2008&ndash;2009 ===
In March 2008, Mushikiwabo was invited by Rwandan President [[Paul Kagame]] to return to her homeland Rwanda and take up a position in his government. She was appointed to the post of Minister of Information,<ref name="NewTimes2008"/> replacing Laurent Nkusi.<ref>{{cite news |last=Munyaneza |first=James |title=Umuco saga: Why all eyes are on new Minister Mushikiwabo |newspaper=The New Times |date=26 March 2008 |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2008-03-26/3130/ |access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> Early in her tenure, Mushikiwabo was responsible for deciding whether to take action against several local media organisations that had run defamatory stories about Kagame.<ref name="GovernmentPrintingOffice">{{cite book|title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7NMXABwIjyAC&pg=PA528|publisher=Government Printing Office|pages=528–|id=GGKEY:EXCA0EGBR49}}</ref> One newspaper, the [[Kinyarwanda]]-language daily ''Umuco'', had published an article comparing the president to [[Adolf Hitler]], and the High Council of the Press (HCP) had requested the government to suspend the newspaper's licence.<ref>{{cite news |last=Munyaneza |first=James |title=Suspend Umuco, HCP tells new Information Minister |newspaper=The New Times |date=24 March 2008 |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2008-03-24/3119/ |access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> Nkusi had refused this request, and while Mushikiwabo did not officially suspend the paper, it nonetheless stopped printing in October 2008.<ref name="GovernmentPrintingOffice"/> Mushikiwabo generally encouraged her colleagues to support [[freedom of the press]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Musoni |first=Edwin |title=Media has a right to public information–Mushikiwabo |newspaper=The New Times |date=3 May 2008 |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2008-05-03/40028/ |access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> but was also firm in ensuring that the media complied with Rwanda's tough laws surrounding [[genocide denial]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Nkurunziza |first=Sam |title=Mushikiwabo warns media on Genocide reporting |newspaper=The New Times |date=27 April 2009 |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2009-04-27/8220/ |access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> In 2009, she issued a temporary ban on the Kinyarwanda radio station broadcast by the [[British Broadcasting Corporation]] (BBC), because she claimed it had aired programmes "giving free scope to genocidaires and negationists of the genocide";<ref name="BBC2009">{{cite news |publisher=[[BBC News]] |title=Rwanda bans BBC local broadcasts |date=26 April 2009 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8019398.stm |access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> the [[BBC]] denied this claim, arguing that it and the government had different interpretations of the genocide.<ref name="BBC2009"/>
In March 2008, Mushikiwabo was invited by Rwandan President [[Paul Kagame]] to return to her homeland Rwanda and take up a position in his government. She was appointed to the post of Minister of Information,<ref name="NewTimes2008"/> replacing Laurent Nkusi.<ref>{{cite news |last=Munyaneza |first=James |title=Umuco saga: Why all eyes are on new Minister Mushikiwabo |newspaper=The New Times |date=26 March 2008 |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2008-03-26/3130/ |access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> Early in her tenure, Mushikiwabo was responsible for deciding whether to take action against several local media organisations that had run defamatory stories about Kagame.<ref name="GovernmentPrintingOffice">{{cite book|title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7NMXABwIjyAC&pg=PA528|publisher=Government Printing Office|pages=528–|id=GGKEY:EXCA0EGBR49}}</ref> One newspaper, the [[Kinyarwanda]]-language daily ''Umuco'', had published an article comparing the president to [[Adolf Hitler]], and the High Council of the Press (HCP) had requested the government to suspend the newspaper's licence.<ref>{{cite news |last=Munyaneza |first=James |title=Suspend Umuco, HCP tells new Information Minister |newspaper=The New Times |date=24 March 2008 |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2008-03-24/3119/ |access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> Nkusi had refused this request, and while Mushikiwabo did not officially suspend the paper, it nonetheless stopped printing in October 2008.<ref name="GovernmentPrintingOffice"/> Mushikiwabo generally encouraged her colleagues to support [[freedom of the press]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Musoni |first=Edwin |title=Media has a right to public information–Mushikiwabo |newspaper=The New Times |date=3 May 2008 |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2008-05-03/40028/ |access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> but was also firm in ensuring that the media complied with Rwanda's tough laws surrounding [[genocide denial]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Nkurunziza |first=Sam |title=Mushikiwabo warns media on Genocide reporting |newspaper=The New Times |date=27 April 2009 |url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/article/2009-04-27/8220/ |access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> In 2009, she issued a temporary ban on the Kinyarwanda radio station broadcast by the [[British Broadcasting Corporation]] (BBC), because she claimed it had aired programmes "giving free scope to genocidaires and negationists of the genocide";<ref name="BBC2009">{{cite news |publisher=[[BBC News]] |title=Rwanda bans BBC local broadcasts |date=26 April 2009 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8019398.stm |access-date=19 October 2016}}</ref> the [[BBC]] denied this claim, arguing that it and the government had different interpretations of the genocide.<ref name="BBC2009"/>
Line 42: Line 42:


==Other activities==
==Other activities==
* Africa Europe Foundation (AEF), Member of the High-Level Group of Personalities on Africa-Europe Relations (since 2020)<ref>[https://www.friendsofeurope.org/initiatives/eu-africa-high-level-group/ High-Level Group of Personalities on Africa-Europe Relations] Africa Europe Foundation (AEF).</ref>
* Africa Europe Foundation (AEF), Member of the High-Level Group of Personalities on Africa-Europe Relations (since 2020)<ref>[https://www.friendsofeurope.org/initiatives/eu-africa-high-level-group/ High-Level Group of Personalities on Africa-Europe Relations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411085150/https://www.friendsofeurope.org/initiatives/eu-africa-high-level-group/ |date=11 April 2022 }} Africa Europe Foundation (AEF).</ref>
* [[Munich Security Conference]], Member of the Advisory Council<ref>[https://www.securityconference.de/en/about/advisory-council/ Advisory Council] [[Munich Security Conference]].</ref>
* [[Munich Security Conference]], Member of the Advisory Council<ref>[https://www.securityconference.de/en/about/advisory-council/ Advisory Council] [[Munich Security Conference]].</ref>
* [[International Gender Champions]] (IGC), Member<ref>[https://genderchampions.com/champions Members] [[International Gender Champions]] (IGC).</ref>
* [[International Gender Champions]] (IGC), Member<ref>[https://genderchampions.com/champions Members] [[International Gender Champions]] (IGC).</ref>
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[[Category:21st-century Rwandan politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Rwandan politicians]]
[[Category:Rwandan women diplomats]]
[[Category:Rwandan women diplomats]]
[[Category:Secretaries-General of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]
[[Category:Secretaries-general of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]]
[[Category:Women government ministers of Rwanda]]
[[Category:Women government ministers of Rwanda]]
[[Category:Rwandan Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Rwandan Roman Catholics]]

Latest revision as of 12:09, 9 September 2024

Louise Mushikiwabo
Mushikiwabo in 2008
4th Secretary-General of the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie
Incumbent
Assumed office
3 January 2019
Preceded byMichaëlle Jean
Minister of Foreign Affairs
In office
4 December 2009 – 18 October 2018
PresidentPaul Kagame
Preceded byRosemary Museminali
Succeeded byRichard Sezibera
Personal details
Born (1961-05-22) 22 May 1961 (age 63)
Kigali, Ruanda-Urundi
Political partyIndependent
EducationUniversity of Rwanda (BA)
University of Delaware (MA)

Louise Mushikiwabo (born May 22, 1961)[1] is the fourth and current Secretary General of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. She previously served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Rwanda from 2009 to 2018. She also served as Government Spokesperson. She had previously been Minister of Information.[2][3]

On 12 October 2018, she was elected for a four-year term for the position of Secretary General of Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF) at the Summit of Francophonie in Yerevan, Armenia.[4] She was re-elected in November 2022.[5]

Early life

[edit]

Louise Mushikiwabo was born on 22 May 1961 in Kigali, the Rwandan capital.[6] Her father was Bitsindinkumi, from the Batsobe clan;[7] Bitsindinkumi worked as a farmer, managing the family's smallholding as well as working as bookkeeper for a colonial coffee plantation.[7] Her mother was Nyiratulira, a first cousin of the Abiru philosopher and historian Alexis Kagame.[8] She spent her childhood in Kigali.[9] The youngest of nine children,[10] her siblings included Lando Ndasingwa, who became a notable businessman and politician in Rwanda before being killed in 1994 during the Rwandan genocide,[9] and Anne-Marie Kantengwa, who took over Lando's hotel Chez Lando after his death and served in the Parliament of Rwanda from 2003 to 2008.[11]

After completing primary and secondary school in Kigali, Mushikiwabo went to study at the National University of Rwanda (currently University of Rwanda), in the southern city of Butare, in 1981.[6][12] She graduated from university in 1984, with a bachelor's degree in English, and then worked briefly as a secondary school teacher.[6] In 1986, she emigrated from Rwanda to the United States,[13] where she began studying for a master's degree in Languages and Interpretation at the University of Delaware, with French as her specialist language.[14] Upon finishing her studies in 1988,[14] she remained in the United States, settling in the Washington, D.C. area.[15] She started her career working for lobbying organisations, before taking a position with the African Development Bank (ADB); as part of her role with the ADB she lived in Tunisia for a short time,[15] and eventually became the bank's Communications Director.[10]

In 2006, Mushikiwabo wrote a book, Rwanda Means the Universe,[16] which was co-authored by Jack Kramer, an American journalist and ex-marine.[17] The book is semi-autobiographical, describing Mushikiwabo's family history, her early life in Rwanda, and her experiences upon emigrating to the United States.[16] It also describes the Rwandan genocide in detail, from a historical perspective as well as from Mushikwabo's own point of view living in Washington, as she received the news that many of her family members had been killed.[16]

Political career

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Mushikiwabo with German diplomat Wolfgang Ischinger at the 50th Munich Security Conference, 2014

Minister of Information, 2008–2009

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In March 2008, Mushikiwabo was invited by Rwandan President Paul Kagame to return to her homeland Rwanda and take up a position in his government. She was appointed to the post of Minister of Information,[10] replacing Laurent Nkusi.[18] Early in her tenure, Mushikiwabo was responsible for deciding whether to take action against several local media organisations that had run defamatory stories about Kagame.[19] One newspaper, the Kinyarwanda-language daily Umuco, had published an article comparing the president to Adolf Hitler, and the High Council of the Press (HCP) had requested the government to suspend the newspaper's licence.[20] Nkusi had refused this request, and while Mushikiwabo did not officially suspend the paper, it nonetheless stopped printing in October 2008.[19] Mushikiwabo generally encouraged her colleagues to support freedom of the press,[21] but was also firm in ensuring that the media complied with Rwanda's tough laws surrounding genocide denial.[22] In 2009, she issued a temporary ban on the Kinyarwanda radio station broadcast by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), because she claimed it had aired programmes "giving free scope to genocidaires and negationists of the genocide";[23] the BBC denied this claim, arguing that it and the government had different interpretations of the genocide.[23]

As well as being responsible for the ministry's decision making, Mushikiwabo also fulfilled the role of government spokesperson during her stint as Minister of Information.[24] For example when Rwanda had a diplomatic crisis with Germany following the arrest of President Kagame's chief of protocol Rose Kabuye, Mushikiwabo spoke to the international media to clarify the Rwandan government's position.[25] She made use of her linguistic skills, being able to give statements in all of Rwanda's official languages, Kinyarwanda, French and English.[24]

Other activities

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Personal life and family

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Her brother, Lando Ndasingwa, was the only Tutsi minister in the last Habyarimana government, but was killed at the beginning of the 1994 genocide.[30] Her sister, Anne-Marie Kantengwa, took over the management of their brother's hotel and restaurant, Chez Lando, after his murder. Mushikiwabo is also the niece of the distinguished Rwandan scholar and priest Alexis Kagame.[8]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "WorldCat Entities. Louise Mushikiwabo". OCLC, Inc. Archived from the original on 3 February 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  2. ^ "Louise Mushikiwabo. Secretary General, Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie". Saïd Business School / University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 3 February 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
  3. ^ Karuhanga, James (6 December 2009). "Museminali Hands Over to Mushikiwabo". The New Times. Rwanda. Archived from the original on 10 December 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
  4. ^ "Francophonie – Louise Mushikiwabo takes office as secretary general of la Francophonie (03.01.19)".
  5. ^ "Francophonie : Louise Mushikiwabo confirmée pour un nouveau mandat". Jeune Afrique (in French). 20 November 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  6. ^ a b c Twagilimana, Aimable (6 November 2015). Historical Dictionary of Rwanda. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442255913.
  7. ^ a b Mushikiwabo & Kramer 2007, p. 65.
  8. ^ a b Mushikiwabo & Kramer 2007, p. Dedications.
  9. ^ a b Nkem-Eneanya, Jennifer (27 November 2013). "Minister Louise Mushikiwabo; Rebuilding Rwanda One Policy at a Time…". Konnect Africa.
  10. ^ a b c "New faces in Cabinet". The New Times. Rwanda. 8 March 2008.
  11. ^ "Anne-Marie Kantengwa". The Institute for Economic Empowerment of Women. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  12. ^ "Louise Mushikiwabo". Macmillan Books. St. Martin's Press. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
  13. ^ "Louise Mushikiwabo". Duchess International Magazine. 8 January 2016. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  14. ^ a b Adams, Elizabeth (14 October 2014). "Rwanda overcomes tragedy". University of Delaware. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  15. ^ a b Crisafulli, Patricia; Redmond, Andrea (2012). Rwanda, Inc.: How a Devastated Nation Became an Economic Model for the Developing World. Macmillan. p. 30. ISBN 9781137066473.
  16. ^ a b c Waters, Tony. "Rwanda Means the Universe: A Native's Memoir of Blood and Bloodlines". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. Archived from the original on 16 July 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
  17. ^ Macmillan Publishers. "Jack Kramer". Retrieved 16 November 2017.
  18. ^ Munyaneza, James (26 March 2008). "Umuco saga: Why all eyes are on new Minister Mushikiwabo". The New Times. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  19. ^ a b Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2009. Government Printing Office. pp. 528–. GGKEY:EXCA0EGBR49.
  20. ^ Munyaneza, James (24 March 2008). "Suspend Umuco, HCP tells new Information Minister". The New Times. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  21. ^ Musoni, Edwin (3 May 2008). "Media has a right to public information–Mushikiwabo". The New Times. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  22. ^ Nkurunziza, Sam (27 April 2009). "Mushikiwabo warns media on Genocide reporting". The New Times. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  23. ^ a b "Rwanda bans BBC local broadcasts". BBC News. 26 April 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  24. ^ a b Munyaneza, James (8 December 2009). "Why the media will miss Mushikiwabo". Retrieved 17 November 2017.
  25. ^ McGreal, Chris (10 November 2008). "Top Rwandan aide chooses French terror trial". The Guardian.
  26. ^ High-Level Group of Personalities on Africa-Europe Relations Archived 11 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine Africa Europe Foundation (AEF).
  27. ^ Advisory Council Munich Security Conference.
  28. ^ Members International Gender Champions (IGC).
  29. ^ Strategic Committee Paris School of International Affairs (PSIA).
  30. ^ Mushikiwabo's Autobiography on the site crimesofwar.org Archived 2004-12-05 at the Wayback Machine

Cited works

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Wikiquote has quotations related to Louise Mushikiwabo.
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