Pikimachay: Difference between revisions
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'''Pikimachay''' ("Flea cave") is an [[archaeology|archaeological]] site in the [[Ayacucho Valley]] of [[Peru]]. The site has been dated to around 20,000 BCE, however this evidence has been disputed and currently a date of 12,000 BCE seems more likely.<ref>Duccio Bonavia, ''Perú, hombre e historia'', vol. I, p. 89.</ref> Artefacts discovered in the site include basalt tools, chert tools and projectile and fishtail points, along with evidence that humans lived in the area contempraneously with giant sloths and horses. |
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{{About||the mountain in the Cusco Region, Peru|Piki Mach'ay (Cusco){{!}}Piki Mach'ay (Cusco)}} |
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==Notes== |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}} |
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{{Infobox ancient site |
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| name = Piki Mach'ay |
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| map_type = Peru |
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| map_alt = Piki Mach'ay |
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| map_caption = location in Peru |
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| map_size = 240 |
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| relief = 1 |
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| coordinates = {{coord|13|02|27|S|74|13|27|W|display=inline,title}} |
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| location = [[Peru]] |
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| region = [[Ayacucho Region]] |
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'''Piki Mach'ay''' ([[Quechua language|Quechua]] ''piki'' [[flea]], ''mach'ay'' cave,<ref name=laime>{{Ref Laime}}</ref><ref name=academia>Diccionario Quechua - Español - Quechua, Academía Mayor de la Lengua Quechua, Gobierno Regional Cusco, Cusco 2005 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary)</ref> "flea cave", also spelled ''Pikimachay, Piquimachay'', where ''machay'' means "drunkenness", "to get drunk" or "a spindle packed with thread")<ref name=laime/><ref name=academia/> is an [[archaeology|archaeological]] site in the Ayacucho Valley of [[Peru]]. [[Radiocarbon dating]] from this cave indicates a human presence ranging from 22,200 to 14,700 years ago,<ref>Jefferson 29</ref> but this evidence has been disputed and a more conservative date of 12,000 years [[BCE]] seems possible.<ref>Duccio Bonavia, ''Perú, hombre e historia'', vol. I, p. 89.</ref> |
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[[Richard S. MacNeish]] was the first archaeologist to explore Piki Mach'ay.<ref name=new>Saunders, Nick. [https://books.google.com/books?id=iguOgUlYMHoC&dq=Flea+Cave+%28Pikimachay%29&pg=PA18 "The Civilising Influence of Agriculture"], ''New Scientist'', 13 June 1985: 18. (Retrieved 4 June 2011)</ref> Evidence of long-term human occupation has been found at the site, though that evidence still remains controversial. |
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==External links== |
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*[http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/sites/south_america/fleacave.html Flea Cave (Pikimachay)], Minnesota State University, Mankato. |
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The cave is part of the Ayacucho complex, a culture defined by several cave sites including Jaya Mach'ay ("pepper cave").<ref name=aya>[http://www.archaeologywordsmith.com/lookup.php?category=&where=headword&terms=cotton "Ayacucho complex."] ''Archaeology Wordsmith.'' (Retrieved 3 June 2011)</ref> |
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{{archaeology-stub}} |
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{{Peru-geo-stub}} |
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==Artifacts== |
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Artifacts discovered in the site include unifacial chipped tools, such as basalt and chert tools, choppers, and projectile points, and bone artifacts of horses, camelids (''[[Camelidae]]''), giant sloths (''[[Megatherium]]'') dating from 15,000 to 11,000 years BCE.<ref name=aya/><ref>Dillehay, ''The Settlement of the Americas''</ref><ref>Humphrey and Stanford, ''Pre-Llano Cultures of the Americas''</ref> |
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== Agriculture == |
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Piki Mach'ay yielded some of the oldest plant remains in Peru, including an 11,000-year-old [[bottle gourd]].<ref name=new/> Strata from later periods at the site revealed fishtail point arrows, manos, and [[metate]]s. Plant remains indicate that, before 3,000 years BCE, [[amaranth]], cotton, gourds, [[lucuma]], [[quinoa]], and squash were cultivated in the Ayacucho Basin before 3,000 years BCE. By 4,000 years BCE corn (''[[Zea mays]]'') and common beans were grown.<ref name=aya/> Chili remains date from 5,500 to 4,300 years BCE. The large amounts of [[guinea pig]] bones suggest possible domestication, and [[llama]]s may have been domesticated by 4,300 to 2,800 years BCE.<ref name=new/> |
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== See also == |
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* [[Toquepala Caves|Toquepala]] |
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* [[Chivateros]] |
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== References == |
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== Bibliography == |
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* Chapman, Jefferson. ''Tellico Archaeology: 12,000 Years of Native American History''. Knoxville: Tennessee Valley Authority, 1994. {{ISBN|0-87049-871-1}}. |
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{{Archaeological sites in Peru}} |
{{Archaeological sites in Peru}} |
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{{Navbox prehistoric caves}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Pikimachay}} |
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[[Category:Archaeological sites in Peru]] |
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[[lt:Pikimačajus]] |
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[[Category:Indigenous culture of the Andes]] |
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[[qu:Pikimachay]] |
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[[Category:Paleo-Indian period]] |
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[[Category:Caves of Peru]] |
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[[Category:Archaeological sites in Ayacucho Region]] |
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[[Category:Pre-Clovis archaeological sites in the Americas]] |
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Latest revision as of 16:21, 14 September 2024
  location in Peru | |
| Location | Peru |
|---|---|
| Region | Ayacucho Region |
| Coordinates | 13°02′27″S 74°13′27″W / 13.04083°S 74.22417°W |
Piki Mach'ay (Quechua piki flea, mach'ay cave,[1][2] "flea cave", also spelled Pikimachay, Piquimachay, where machay means "drunkenness", "to get drunk" or "a spindle packed with thread")[1][2] is an archaeological site in the Ayacucho Valley of Peru. Radiocarbon dating from this cave indicates a human presence ranging from 22,200 to 14,700 years ago,[3] but this evidence has been disputed and a more conservative date of 12,000 years BCE seems possible.[4]
Richard S. MacNeish was the first archaeologist to explore Piki Mach'ay.[5] Evidence of long-term human occupation has been found at the site, though that evidence still remains controversial.
The cave is part of the Ayacucho complex, a culture defined by several cave sites including Jaya Mach'ay ("pepper cave").[6]
Artifacts
[edit]Artifacts discovered in the site include unifacial chipped tools, such as basalt and chert tools, choppers, and projectile points, and bone artifacts of horses, camelids (Camelidae), giant sloths (Megatherium) dating from 15,000 to 11,000 years BCE.[6][7][8]
Agriculture
[edit]Piki Mach'ay yielded some of the oldest plant remains in Peru, including an 11,000-year-old bottle gourd.[5] Strata from later periods at the site revealed fishtail point arrows, manos, and metates. Plant remains indicate that, before 3,000 years BCE, amaranth, cotton, gourds, lucuma, quinoa, and squash were cultivated in the Ayacucho Basin before 3,000 years BCE. By 4,000 years BCE corn (Zea mays) and common beans were grown.[6] Chili remains date from 5,500 to 4,300 years BCE. The large amounts of guinea pig bones suggest possible domestication, and llamas may have been domesticated by 4,300 to 2,800 years BCE.[5]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Teofilo Laime Ajacopa (2007). Diccionario Bilingüe: Iskay simipi yuyayk’anch: Quechua – Castellano / Castellano – Quechua (PDF). La Paz, Bolivia: futatraw.ourproject.org.
- ^ a b Diccionario Quechua - Español - Quechua, Academía Mayor de la Lengua Quechua, Gobierno Regional Cusco, Cusco 2005 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary)
- ^ Jefferson 29
- ^ Duccio Bonavia, Perú, hombre e historia, vol. I, p. 89.
- ^ a b c Saunders, Nick. "The Civilising Influence of Agriculture", New Scientist, 13 June 1985: 18. (Retrieved 4 June 2011)
- ^ a b c "Ayacucho complex." Archaeology Wordsmith. (Retrieved 3 June 2011)
- ^ Dillehay, The Settlement of the Americas
- ^ Humphrey and Stanford, Pre-Llano Cultures of the Americas
Bibliography
[edit]- Chapman, Jefferson. Tellico Archaeology: 12,000 Years of Native American History. Knoxville: Tennessee Valley Authority, 1994. ISBN 0-87049-871-1.