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[[File:LavenderEssentialOil.png|thumb|A glass vial of lavender oil]]
[[File:LavenderEssentialOil.png|thumb|A glass vial of lavender oil]]


'''Lavender oil''' is an [[essential oil]] obtained by [[distillation]] from the flower spikes of certain species of [[lavender]]. There are over 400 types of lavender worldwide with different scents and qualities. Two forms of lavender oil are distinguished, ''lavender flower oil'', a colorless oil, insoluble in water, having a density of 0.885 g/mL; and ''lavender spike oil'', a distillate from the herb ''[[Lavandula latifolia]]'', having density 0.905 g/mL. Like all essential oils, it is not a pure [[Chemical compound|compound]]; it is a complex mixture of [[phytochemical]]s, including [[linalool]] and [[linalyl acetate]].
'''Lavender oil''' is an [[essential oil]] obtained by [[distillation]] from the flower spikes of certain species of [[lavender]]. There are over 400 types of lavender worldwide with different scents and qualities. Two forms of lavender oil are distinguished, ''lavender flower oil'', a colorless oil, insoluble in water, having a density of 0.885 g/mL; and ''lavender spike oil'', a distillate from the herb ''[[Lavandula latifolia]]'', having a density of 0.905 g/mL. Like all essential oils, it is not a pure [[Chemical compound|compound]]; it is a complex mixture of [[phytochemical]]s, including [[linalool]] and [[linalyl acetate]].


==Production==
==Production==
Line 10: Line 10:


==Uses==
==Uses==
In the United States, lavender oil is [[Generally Recognized as Safe]] (GRAS) for its intended uses.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sec. 182.20 Essential oils, oleoresins (solvent-free), and natural extractives (including distillates) |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?fr=182.20 |publisher=FDA |access-date=24 March 2022}}</ref> Lavender oil has been used as a [[perfume]], [[aromatherapy]], and [[topical medication|skin applications]],<ref name=Sarkic/><ref>{{cite book | vauthors =Groom N |title=The New Perfume Handbook |date=1997 |publisher=Blackie Academic & Professional |isbn=978-0-7514-0403-6 |edition=2nd}}</ref>{{rp|184–186}} but these uses have no clinical benefit.<ref name=nccih/> Lavender oil is used in [[massage therapy]] as a way of inducing relaxation through direct skin contact,<ref name=Sarkic/> although [[allergic reaction]]s may occur.<ref name=nccih/> There is no good evidence to support the use of lavender oil for treating [[dementia]].<ref name=dement>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ball EL, Owen-Booth B, Gray A, Shenkin SD, Hewitt J, McCleery J |title=Aromatherapy for dementia |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=8 |issue= |pages=CD003150 |date=August 2020 |pmid=32813272 |pmc=7437395 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003150.pub3 |type=Meta-analysis}}</ref>
Lavender oil has been used as a [[perfume]], [[aromatherapy]], and [[topical medication|skin application]],<ref>{{cite book | vauthors =Groom N |title=The New Perfume Handbook |date=1997 |publisher=Blackie Academic & Professional |isbn=978-0-7514-0403-6 |edition=2nd}}</ref>{{rp|184–186}} but these uses have no clinical benefit.<ref name=nccih/> Lavender oil is used in [[massage therapy]] as a way of inducing relaxation through direct skin contact, although [[allergic reaction]]s may occur.<ref name=nccih/> There is no good evidence to support the use of lavender oil for treating [[dementia]].<ref name=dement>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ball EL, Owen-Booth B, Gray A, Shenkin SD, Hewitt J, McCleery J |title=Aromatherapy for dementia |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2020 |issue= 8|pages=CD003150 |date=August 2020 |pmid=32813272 |pmc=7437395 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003150.pub3 |type=Meta-analysis}}</ref>


A 2021 [[meta-analysis]] included five studies of people with [[Anxiety disorder|anxiety disorders]]. All five studies were funded by the manufacturers of the lavender oil [[capsule (pharmacy)|capsule]] used, four of them were conducted by one author of the meta-analysis,<ref name="von">{{Cite journal|display-authors=3 |last1=von Känel |first1=Roland |last2=Kasper |first2=Siegfried |last3=Bondolfi |first3=Guido |last4=Holsboer-Trachsler |first4=Edith |last5=Hättenschwiler |first5=Josef |last6=Hatzinger |first6=Martin |last7=Imboden |first7=Christian |last8=Heitlinger |first8=Ellen |last9=Seifritz |first9=Erich |date=2021-04-11 |title=Therapeutic effects of Silexan on somatic symptoms and physical health in patients with anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis |journal=Brain and Behavior |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=e01997 |doi=10.1002/brb3.1997 |issn=2162-3279 |pmc=8035468 |pmid=33638614}}</ref> and [[Blinded experiment|blinding]] was not clear.<ref name="Generoso">{{cite journal | last1=Generoso | first1=Marcelo B. | last2=Soares | first2=Amanda | last3=Taiar | first3=Ivan T. | last4=Cordeiro | first4=Quirino | last5=Shiozawa | first5=Pedro | title=Lavender Oil Preparation (Silexan) for Treating Anxiety | journal=Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology | volume=37 | issue=1 | year=2017 | issn=1533-712X | pmid=27861196 | doi=10.1097/jcp.0000000000000615 | pages=115–117| s2cid=42697028 }}</ref> In this analysis, an oral 80 mg dose of lavender oil per day was associated with reduced anxiety scores on the [[Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale]].<ref name=von/> According to the [[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]], the effectiveness of using oral lavender oil for treating anxiety remains undetermined due to the limitations of these studies.<ref name="nccih">{{cite web |title=Lavender |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/lavender |publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health |access-date=1 July 2022 |date=1 August 2020}}</ref>
A 2021 [[meta-analysis]] included five studies of people with [[Anxiety disorder|anxiety disorders]]. All five studies were funded by the manufacturers of the lavender oil [[capsule (pharmacy)|capsule]] used, four of them were conducted by one author of the meta-analysis,<ref name="von">{{Cite journal|display-authors=3 |last1=von Känel |first1=Roland |last2=Kasper |first2=Siegfried |last3=Bondolfi |first3=Guido |last4=Holsboer-Trachsler |first4=Edith |last5=Hättenschwiler |first5=Josef |last6=Hatzinger |first6=Martin |last7=Imboden |first7=Christian |last8=Heitlinger |first8=Ellen |last9=Seifritz |first9=Erich |date=2021-04-11 |title=Therapeutic effects of Silexan on somatic symptoms and physical health in patients with anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis |journal=Brain and Behavior |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=e01997 |doi=10.1002/brb3.1997 |issn=2162-3279 |pmc=8035468 |pmid=33638614}}</ref> and [[Blinded experiment|blinding]] was not clear.<ref name="Generoso">{{cite journal | last1=Generoso | first1=Marcelo B. | last2=Soares | first2=Amanda | last3=Taiar | first3=Ivan T. | last4=Cordeiro | first4=Quirino | last5=Shiozawa | first5=Pedro | title=Lavender Oil Preparation (Silexan) for Treating Anxiety | journal=Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology | volume=37 | issue=1 | year=2017 | issn=1533-712X | pmid=27861196 | doi=10.1097/jcp.0000000000000615 | pages=115–117| s2cid=42697028 }}</ref> In this analysis, an oral 80 mg dose of lavender oil per day was associated with reduced anxiety scores on the [[Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale]].<ref name=von/> According to the [[National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health]], the effectiveness of using oral lavender oil for treating anxiety remains undetermined due to the limitations of these studies.<ref name="nccih">{{cite web |title=Lavender |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/lavender |publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health |access-date=1 July 2022 |date=1 August 2020}}</ref>
Line 16: Line 16:
Oil of spike lavender was used as a [[solvent]] in [[oil painting]], mainly before the use of distilled [[turpentine]] became common.<ref>{{cite book | veditors = Ward GW |title=The Grove encyclopedia of materials and techniques in art |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-531391-8 | pages = 605–606 }}</ref>
Oil of spike lavender was used as a [[solvent]] in [[oil painting]], mainly before the use of distilled [[turpentine]] became common.<ref>{{cite book | veditors = Ward GW |title=The Grove encyclopedia of materials and techniques in art |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-531391-8 | pages = 605–606 }}</ref>


==Adverse effects==
==Possible adverse effects==
Although lavender oil is [[generally recognized as safe]] for its intended uses,<ref>{{cite web |title=Sec. 182.20 Essential oils, oleoresins (solvent-free), and natural extractives (including distillates) |url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?fr=182.20 |access-date=24 March 2022 |publisher=FDA}}</ref> it is a potential [[endocrine disruptor]] that may affect breast development in children.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Endocrine disruptors |url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/endocrine/index.cfm|date=2 June 2023 |access-date=5 July 2023 |publisher=National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, US National Institutes of Health |language=en}}</ref>
If ingested, lavender oil is poisonous due to its constituents [[linalyl acetate]] and [[linalool]].<ref name="mlp">{{cite web | url = https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002711.htm | title = Lavender oil | work = MedlinePlus | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services | access-date = January 9, 2020 | quote = Poisonous Ingredient: It is mainly the linalyl acetate and linalool in lavender oil that are poisonous.}}</ref><ref name=lee>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee KA, Harnett JE, Cairns R | title = Essential oil exposures in Australia: analysis of cases reported to the NSW Poisons Information Centre | journal = The Medical Journal of Australia | date = November 2019 | volume = 212 | issue = 3 | pages = 132–133 | pmid = 31709543 | doi = 10.5694/mja2.50403| s2cid = 207940224 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.5694/mja2.50403}}</ref> Symptoms of lavender oil poisoning include blurred vision, difficulty breathing, burning pain in the throat, burns to the eye, confusion, decreased level of consciousness, diarrhea (watery, bloody), stomach pain, vomiting, and rash.<ref name=mlp/> In Australia, lavender oil is one of several [[essential oil]]s that may cause life-threatening toxicity after ingestion, especially in children.<ref name=lee/> Over 2014-2018, there were 271 reported cases in [[New South Wales]], accounting for 6.1% of essential oil poisoning incidents.<ref name=lee/>


Lavender oil has [[estrogenic]] and [[anti-androgenic]] effects and there have been reports of its use causing prepubertal [[gynecomastia]] (abnormal breast development in children).<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Poon SW, Siu KK, Tsang AM |title=Isoniazid-induced gynaecomastia: report of a paediatric case and review of literature |journal=BMC Endocrine Disorders |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=160 |date=October 2020 |pmid=33109161 |pmc=7590456 |doi=10.1186/s12902-020-00639-9 |type=Review}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Restrepo R, Cervantes LF, Swirsky AM, Diaz A |title=Breast development in pediatric patients from birth to puberty: physiology, pathology and imaging correlation |journal=Pediatr Radiol |volume=51 |issue=11 |pages=1959–1969 |date=October 2021 |pmid=34236480 |doi=10.1007/s00247-021-05099-4 |s2cid=235767694 |type=Review}}</ref> Other potential [[adverse effect]]s include a [[sedative]] effect and [[contact dermatitis]] as an [[allergic reaction]], possibly resulting from major lavender oil constituents, [[camphor]], [[terpinen-4-ol]], linalool and linalyl acetate.<ref name="Sarkic">{{cite journal | last1=Sarkic | first1=Asja | last2=Stappen | first2=Iris | name-list-style = vanc | title=Essential oils and their single compounds in cosmetics: A critical review | journal=Cosmetics | volume=5 | issue=1 | pages=11 | date=12 January 2018 | issn=2079-9284 | doi=10.3390/cosmetics5010011 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Els">{{cite journal | vauthors = Elshafie HS, Camele I | title = An Overview of the Biological Effects of Some Mediterranean Essential Oils on Human Health | journal = BioMed Research International | volume = 2017 | pages = 9268468 | date = 5 November 2017 | pmid = 29230418 | pmc = 5694587 | doi = 10.1155/2017/9268468 | doi-access = free }}
Many essential oils, including lavender oil, can be poisonous if swallowed.<ref name="mlp">{{cite web | url = https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002711.htm|date=13 November 2021 | title = Lavender oil |publisher = MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine, US National Institutes of Health | access-date =9 January 2020 | quote = Poisonous ingredient: It is mainly the linalyl acetate and linalool in lavender oil that are poisonous.}}</ref><ref name="lee">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee KA, Harnett JE, Cairns R | title = Essential oil exposures in Australia: analysis of cases reported to the NSW Poisons Information Centre | journal = The Medical Journal of Australia | date = November 2019 | volume = 212 | issue = 3 | pages = 132–133 | pmid = 31709543 | doi = 10.5694/mja2.50403| s2cid = 207940224 |quote=We found that essential oil exposures are frequent in Australia, and that more than half involve children. ... severe toxicity can be caused by as little as 5 mL| doi-access = free }}</ref> In general, {{convert|5|ml|USfloz}} of a diluted essential oil may cause toxicity in adults, whereas {{convert|2|-|3|ml|USfloz}} can be toxic in children.<ref name="royal">{{cite web |url=https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/Essential_Oil_Poisoning/ |publisher=Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia |title=Essential oil poisoning |date=July 2021 |quote=Volumes of 5-15 mL are likely to cause toxicity in adults}}</ref> Over 2014-18 in [[New South Wales]], there were 271 reported cases of lavender oil poisoning {{ndash}} mostly in children {{ndash}} accounting for 6.1% of all essential oil poisoning cases.<ref name="lee" /> The main toxic constituents of lavender oil are [[linalyl acetate]] and [[linalool]].<ref name="mlp" /><ref name="Els">{{cite journal | vauthors = Elshafie HS, Camele I | title = An overview of the biological effects of some Mediterranean essential oils on human health | journal = BioMed Research International | volume = 2017 | pages = 9268468 | date = 5 November 2017 | pmid = 29230418 | pmc = 5694587 | doi = 10.1155/2017/9268468 | doi-access = free }}
</ref>
</ref>


Symptoms of lavender oil poisoning by ingestion include blurred vision, difficulty breathing, burning pain in the throat, burns to the eye, confusion, decreased level of consciousness, diarrhea, stomach pain, vomiting, and rash.<ref name=mlp/> [[Topical medication|Topical application]] of lavender oil may cause [[contact dermatitis]].<ref name=royal/>
⚫
Ingestion of lavender oil may cause [[drug interaction|interactions]] with [[prescription drug]]s, including [[anticoagulant]]s, [[statin]]s, and [[anticonvulsant]]s.<ref name=drugs/>


⚫
Ingestion of lavender oil may cause [[drug interaction|interactions]] with [[prescription drug]]s, including [[anticoagulant]]s, [[statin]]s, and [[anticonvulsant]]s.<ref name=drugs/>
== Environmental impact ==
A 2018 study by the [[National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences]] found four of the constituent chemicals ([[eucalyptol]], [[4-terpineol]], [[limonene]] and [[alpha-terpineol]]) are [[endocrine disruptor]]s, raising concerns of potential [[environmental health]] impact from the oil.<ref name=ecnew>{{cite web |publisher=Endocrine Society |title=Chemicals in lavender and tea tree oil appear to be hormone disruptors |date=19 March 2018 |url=https://www.endocrine.org/news-and-advocacy/news-room/2018/chemicals-in-lavender-and-tea-tree-oil-appear-to-be-hormone-disruptors}}</ref>


==Phytochemicals==
==Phytochemicals==
Line 33: Line 32:
The composition of lavender essential oil as obtained by [[chromatography]]:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Marincaş |first1=Olivian |last2=Feher |first2=Ioana |date=2018-12-01 |title=A new cost-effective approach for lavender essential oils quality assessment |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926669018308082 |journal=Industrial Crops and Products |language=en |volume=125 |pages=241–247 |doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.09.010 |s2cid=104553013 |issn=0926-6690}}</ref>
The composition of lavender essential oil as obtained by [[chromatography]]:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Marincaş |first1=Olivian |last2=Feher |first2=Ioana |date=2018-12-01 |title=A new cost-effective approach for lavender essential oils quality assessment |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926669018308082 |journal=Industrial Crops and Products |language=en |volume=125 |pages=241–247 |doi=10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.09.010 |s2cid=104553013 |issn=0926-6690}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! Family
! Family
Line 39: Line 38:
! Lavande officinale<br />''[[Lavandula angustifolia]]''
! Lavande officinale<br />''[[Lavandula angustifolia]]''
! Lavande aspic<br />''[[Lavandula latifolia]]''
! Lavande aspic<br />''[[Lavandula latifolia]]''
|-
|- align="center"
| rowspan="8" | [[Terpene]]s /<br />Monoterpenols
| rowspan="8" | [[Terpene]]s /<br />Monoterpenols
| [[File:Linalool skeletal.svg|150px]]<br />[[Linalool]] || align="right" | '''28.92 %'''
| [[File:Linalool skeletal.svg|150px]]<br />[[Linalool]] || align="right" | '''28.92 %'''
| align="right" | '''49.47 %'''
| align="right" | '''49.47 %'''
|-
|- align="center"
| [[α-Terpineol]] || align="right" | 0.90%
| [[α-Terpineol]] || align="right" | 0.90%
| align="right" | 1.08%
| align="right" | 1.08%
|-
|- align="center"
| [[γ-Terpineol]] || align="right" |
| [[γ-Terpineol]] || align="right" |
| align="right" | 0.09%
| align="right" | 0.09%
|-
|- align="center"
| [[Borneol]] || align="right" | || align="right" | 1.43%
| [[Borneol]] || align="right" | || align="right" | 1.43%
|-
|- align="center"
| [[Isoborneol]] || align="right" | || align="right" | 0.82%
| [[Isoborneol]] || align="right" | || align="right" | 0.82%
|-
|- align="center"
| [[Terpinen-4-ol]] || align="right" | 4.32%
| [[Terpinen-4-ol]] || align="right" | 4.32%
| align="right" |
| align="right" |
|-
|- align="center"
| [[Nerol]] || align="right" | 0.20% || align="right" |
| [[Nerol]] || align="right" | 0.20% || align="right" |
|-
|- align="center"
| [[Lavandulol]] || align="right" | 0.78%
| [[Lavandulol]] || align="right" | 0.78%
| align="right" |
| align="right" |
|-
|- align="center"
| rowspan="5" | [[Terpene]]s /<br />Terpene esters
| rowspan="5" | [[Terpene]]s /<br />Terpene esters
| <center>[[File:Linalyl acetate.svg|130px]]</center><center>[[Linalyl acetate]]</center> || align="right" | '''32.98 %'''
| [[File:Linalyl acetate.svg|130px]] [[Linalyl acetate]] || align="right" | '''32.98 %'''
|
|
|-
|- align="center"
| [[Geranyl acetate]] || align="right" | 0.60%
| [[Geranyl acetate]] || align="right" | 0.60%
|
|
|-
|- align="center"
| [[Neryl acetate]] || align="right" | 0.32%
| [[Neryl acetate]] || align="right" | 0.32%
|
|
|-
|- align="center"
| [[Octene-3-yl acetate]] || align="right" | 0.65%
| [[Octene-3-yl acetate]] || align="right" | 0.65%
|
|
|-
|- align="center"
| [[Lavandulyl acetate]] || align="right" | 4.52%
| [[Lavandulyl acetate]] || align="right" | 4.52%
|
|
|-
|- align="center"
| rowspan="7" | [[Terpene]]s /<br />[[Monoterpene]]s
| rowspan="7" | [[Terpene]]s /<br />[[Monoterpene]]s
| [[Myrcene]] || align="right" | 0.46% || align="right" | 0.41%
| [[Myrcene]] || align="right" | 0.46% || align="right" | 0.41%
|-
|- align="center"
| [[alpha-Pinene|α-Pinene]] || || align="right" | 0.54%
| [[alpha-Pinene|α-Pinene]] || || align="right" | 0.54%
|-
|- align="center"
| [[beta-Pinene|β-Pinene]] || || align="right" | 0.33%
| [[beta-Pinene|β-Pinene]] || || align="right" | 0.33%
|-
|- align="center"
| [[Camphene]] || || align="right" | 0.30%
| [[Camphene]] || || align="right" | 0.30%
|-
|- align="center"
| (''E'')-β-[[Ocimene]] || align="right" | 3.09%
| (''E'')-β-[[Ocimene]] || align="right" | 3.09%
|
|
|-
|- align="center"
| (''Z'')-β-Ocimene || align="right" | 4.44%
| (''Z'')-β-Ocimene || align="right" | 4.44%
|
|
|-
|- align="center"
| β-[[Phellandrene]] || align="right" | 0.12%
| β-[[Phellandrene]] || align="right" | 0.12%
|
|
|-
|- align="center"
| [[Terpene]]s /<br />Terpenoid oxides
| [[Terpene]]s /<br />Terpenoid oxides
| [[File:Eucalyptol.png|120px]]<br />[[Eucalyptol]]<br />(1,8-cineol) || || align="right" | '''25.91 %'''
| [[File:Eucalyptol.png|120px]]<br />[[Eucalyptol]]<br />(1,8-cineol) || || align="right" | '''25.91 %'''
|-
|- align="center"
| rowspan="4" | [[Terpene]]s /<br />Sesquiterpenes
| rowspan="4" | [[Terpene]]s /<br />Sesquiterpenes
| β-[[Caryophyllene]] || align="right" | 4.62%
| β-[[Caryophyllene]] || align="right" | 4.62%
| align="right" | 2.10%
| align="right" | 2.10%
|-
|- align="center"
| β-[[Farnesene]] || align="right" | 2.73%
| β-[[Farnesene]] || align="right" | 2.73%
|
|
|-
|- align="center"
| [[Germacrene]] || align="right" | 0.27%
| [[Germacrene]] || align="right" | 0.27%
|
|
|-
|- align="center"
| α-[[Humulene]] || || align="right" | 0.28%
| α-[[Humulene]] || || align="right" | 0.28%
|-
|-align="center"
| rowspan="3" | [[Ketone]]s || [[File:Camphor structure.png|60px]]<br />[[Camphor]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Ketone]]s || [[File:Camphor structure.png|60px]]<br />[[Camphor]]
| align="right" | 0.85% || align="right" | '''13.00 %'''
| align="right" | 0.85% || align="right" | '''13.00 %'''
|-
|- align="center"
| [[3-Octanone]] || align="right" | 0.72%
| [[3-Octanone]] || align="right" | 0.72%
|
|
|-
|- align="center"
| [[File:Cryptone.svg|120px]]<br />[[Cryptone]] || align="right" | 0.35% ||
| [[File:Cryptone.svg|120px]]<br />[[Cryptone]] || align="right" | 0.35% ||
|}
|}

Latest revision as of 22:12, 21 September 2024

A glass vial of lavender oil

Lavender oil is an essential oil obtained by distillation from the flower spikes of certain species of lavender. There are over 400 types of lavender worldwide with different scents and qualities. Two forms of lavender oil are distinguished, lavender flower oil, a colorless oil, insoluble in water, having a density of 0.885 g/mL; and lavender spike oil, a distillate from the herb Lavandula latifolia, having a density of 0.905 g/mL. Like all essential oils, it is not a pure compound; it is a complex mixture of phytochemicals, including linalool and linalyl acetate.

Production

[edit]

Pure lavender essential oil is produced through steam distillation.[1][2] This generates a greater amount of oil compared to other methods due to reduction of polar compound loss.[3] Harvest of lavender blooms is typically between late June and August.[4] The cut lavender flowers and stems are compacted into a lavender still. A boiler is then used to steam the bottom of the lavender flower filled still at a very low pressure.[1] The lavender flower pockets containing oil are broken from this heating process and a pipe of cold water is run through the center of the still.[1] The hot lavender oil vapor condenses on the cold pipe with the cold water and is collected into a holding tank where it is allowed to settle.[1] Due to polarity and densities of the water and oil, these two will separate in the holding tank whereupon the water is piped out, leaving just lavender essential oil.[5]

Lavender oil is produced around the world, with Bulgaria, France and China leading its production.[6][7]

Uses

[edit]

Lavender oil has been used as a perfume, aromatherapy, and skin application,[8]: 184–186  but these uses have no clinical benefit.[9] Lavender oil is used in massage therapy as a way of inducing relaxation through direct skin contact, although allergic reactions may occur.[9] There is no good evidence to support the use of lavender oil for treating dementia.[10]

A 2021 meta-analysis included five studies of people with anxiety disorders. All five studies were funded by the manufacturers of the lavender oil capsule used, four of them were conducted by one author of the meta-analysis,[11] and blinding was not clear.[12] In this analysis, an oral 80 mg dose of lavender oil per day was associated with reduced anxiety scores on the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale.[11] According to the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, the effectiveness of using oral lavender oil for treating anxiety remains undetermined due to the limitations of these studies.[9]

Oil of spike lavender was used as a solvent in oil painting, mainly before the use of distilled turpentine became common.[13]

Possible adverse effects

[edit]

Although lavender oil is generally recognized as safe for its intended uses,[14] it is a potential endocrine disruptor that may affect breast development in children.[15]

Many essential oils, including lavender oil, can be poisonous if swallowed.[16][17] In general, 5 millilitres (0.17 US fl oz) of a diluted essential oil may cause toxicity in adults, whereas 2–3 millilitres (0.068–0.101 US fl oz) can be toxic in children.[18] Over 2014-18 in New South Wales, there were 271 reported cases of lavender oil poisoning – mostly in children – accounting for 6.1% of all essential oil poisoning cases.[17] The main toxic constituents of lavender oil are linalyl acetate and linalool.[16][19]

Symptoms of lavender oil poisoning by ingestion include blurred vision, difficulty breathing, burning pain in the throat, burns to the eye, confusion, decreased level of consciousness, diarrhea, stomach pain, vomiting, and rash.[16] Topical application of lavender oil may cause contact dermatitis.[18]

Ingestion of lavender oil may cause interactions with prescription drugs, including anticoagulants, statins, and anticonvulsants.[20]

Phytochemicals

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The phytochemical composition of lavender oil varies from species to species (table), consisting primarily of monoterpeneoid and sesquiterpeneoid alcohols.[20] Linalool (20-35%) and linalyl acetate (30-55%) dominate, with moderate levels of lavandulyl acetate, terpinen-4-ol and lavandulol, 1,8-cineole, camphor, limonene, and tannins.[20] Lavender oil typically contains more than 100 compounds, although many of these are at negligible concentrations.[20][21]

The composition of lavender essential oil as obtained by chromatography:[22]

Family Composition Lavande officinale
Lavandula angustifolia 		Lavande aspic
Lavandula latifolia
Terpenes /
Monoterpenols
Linalool		 28.92 % 49.47 %
α-Terpineol 0.90% 1.08%
γ-Terpineol 0.09%
Borneol 1.43%
Isoborneol 0.82%
Terpinen-4-ol 4.32%
Nerol 0.20%
Lavandulol 0.78%
Terpenes /
Terpene esters 		Linalyl acetate 32.98 %
Geranyl acetate 0.60%
Neryl acetate 0.32%
Octene-3-yl acetate 0.65%
Lavandulyl acetate 4.52%
Terpenes /
Monoterpenes 		Myrcene 0.46% 0.41%
α-Pinene 0.54%
β-Pinene 0.33%
Camphene 0.30%
(E)-β-Ocimene 3.09%
(Z)-β-Ocimene 4.44%
β-Phellandrene 0.12%
Terpenes /
Terpenoid oxides
Eucalyptol
(1,8-cineol)		 25.91 %
Terpenes /
Sesquiterpenes 		β-Caryophyllene 4.62% 2.10%
β-Farnesene 2.73%
Germacrene 0.27%
α-Humulene 0.28%
Ketones
Camphor 		0.85% 13.00 %
3-Octanone 0.72%

Cryptone		 0.35%

References

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  1. ^ a b c d Lis-Balchin, Maria (August 2002). Lavender: The Genus Lavandula. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-203-21652-1.
  2. ^ Health (U.S.), National Institute of (1919). Digest of Comments on The Pharmacopœia of the United States of America and on the National Formulary for the Calendar Year ... 1905-1922. U.S. Government Printing Office.
  3. ^ Masango P (2005-06-01). "Cleaner production of essential oils by steam distillation". Journal of Cleaner Production. 13 (8): 833–839. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.02.039. ISSN 0959-6526.
  4. ^ Simmons, Adelma Grenier (1989). Country wreaths from Caprilands: the legend, lore, and design of traditional herbal wreaths. Rodale Press. ISBN 978-0-87857-792-7.
  5. ^ Chanamai R, Horn G, McClements DJ (March 2002). "Influence of oil polarity on droplet growth in oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by a weakly adsorbing biopolymer or a nonionic surfactant". Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 247 (1): 167–76. Bibcode:2002JCIS..247..167C. doi:10.1006/jcis.2001.8110. PMID 16290453.
  6. ^ Mihala, Lorelei (2020-07-30). "Bulgarian lavender: The sweet smell of success". BBC News. Retrieved 2020-08-03.
  7. ^ Giray, Handan (November 2018). "An Analysis of World Lavender Oil Markets and Lessons for Turkey". Journal of Essential Oil-bearing Plants. 21 (6): 1612–1623. doi:10.1080/0972060X.2019.1574612. S2CID 107300743.
  8. ^ Groom N (1997). The New Perfume Handbook (2nd ed.). Blackie Academic & Professional. ISBN 978-0-7514-0403-6.
  9. ^ a b c "Lavender". National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. 1 August 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  10. ^ Ball EL, Owen-Booth B, Gray A, Shenkin SD, Hewitt J, McCleery J (August 2020). "Aromatherapy for dementia". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Meta-analysis). 2020 (8): CD003150. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003150.pub3. PMC 7437395. PMID 32813272.
  11. ^ a b von Känel, Roland; Kasper, Siegfried; Bondolfi, Guido; et al. (2021-04-11). "Therapeutic effects of Silexan on somatic symptoms and physical health in patients with anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis". Brain and Behavior. 11 (4): e01997. doi:10.1002/brb3.1997. ISSN 2162-3279. PMC 8035468. PMID 33638614.
  12. ^ Generoso, Marcelo B.; Soares, Amanda; Taiar, Ivan T.; Cordeiro, Quirino; Shiozawa, Pedro (2017). "Lavender Oil Preparation (Silexan) for Treating Anxiety". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 37 (1): 115–117. doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000000615. ISSN 1533-712X. PMID 27861196. S2CID 42697028.
  13. ^ Ward GW, ed. (2008). The Grove encyclopedia of materials and techniques in art. Oxford University Press. pp. 605–606. ISBN 978-0-19-531391-8.
  14. ^ "Sec. 182.20 Essential oils, oleoresins (solvent-free), and natural extractives (including distillates)". FDA. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
  15. ^ "Endocrine disruptors". National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, US National Institutes of Health. 2 June 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  16. ^ a b c "Lavender oil". MedlinePlus, National Library of Medicine, US National Institutes of Health. 13 November 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2020. Poisonous ingredient: It is mainly the linalyl acetate and linalool in lavender oil that are poisonous.
  17. ^ a b Lee KA, Harnett JE, Cairns R (November 2019). "Essential oil exposures in Australia: analysis of cases reported to the NSW Poisons Information Centre". The Medical Journal of Australia. 212 (3): 132–133. doi:10.5694/mja2.50403. PMID 31709543. S2CID 207940224. We found that essential oil exposures are frequent in Australia, and that more than half involve children. ... severe toxicity can be caused by as little as 5 mL
  18. ^ a b "Essential oil poisoning". Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. July 2021. Volumes of 5-15 mL are likely to cause toxicity in adults
  19. ^ Elshafie HS, Camele I (5 November 2017). "An overview of the biological effects of some Mediterranean essential oils on human health". BioMed Research International. 2017: 9268468. doi:10.1155/2017/9268468. PMC 5694587. PMID 29230418.
  20. ^ a b c d "Lavender". Drugs.com. 22 October 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  21. ^ Shellie R, Mondello L, Marriott P, Dugo G (September 2002). "Characterisation of lavender essential oils by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with correlation of linear retention indices and comparison with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography". Journal of Chromatography A. 970 (1–2): 225–34. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(02)00653-2. PMID 12350096.
  22. ^ Marincaş, Olivian; Feher, Ioana (2018-12-01). "A new cost-effective approach for lavender essential oils quality assessment". Industrial Crops and Products. 125: 241–247. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.09.010. ISSN 0926-6690. S2CID 104553013.
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