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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}{{Short description|Type of diplomat}}
{{Short description|Type of diplomat}}
{{Use American English|date = February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}{{Use American English|date = February 2019}}
[[File:Indonesian Embasy host Aidilfitri Open House 02.jpg|thumb|Ambassador-at-large of [[Brunei]] [[Princess Masna Bolkiah]] greeting Indonesian delegations]]

An '''ambassador-at-large''' is a [[diplomat]], a [[secretary of state|secretary]], or a [[minister (government)|minister]] of the highest rank who is accredited to represent a country and its people internationally.
An '''ambassador-at-large''' is a [[diplomat]], a [[secretary of state|secretary]], or a [[minister (government)|minister]] of the highest rank who is accredited to represent a country and its people internationally.


Unlike an [[ambassador]]-in-residence, who is usually limited to a country or [[embassy]], the ambassador-at-large is entrusted to operate in several usually-neighboring countries, a region or sometimes hold a seat in an international organization like the [[United Nations]] and the [[European Union]]. In some cases, an ambassador-at-large may even be specifically assigned a role to advise and assist the state or a government in particular issues. Historically, presidents or prime ministers have designated special diplomatic envoys for specific assignments, primarily overseas but sometimes also within the country as an ambassador-at-large.
Unlike an [[ambassador]]-in-residence, who is usually limited to a country or [[embassy]], the ambassador-at-large is entrusted to operate in several usually neighboring countries, a region or sometimes hold a seat in an international organization like the [[United Nations]] and the other international organizations. In some cases, an ambassador-at-large may even be specifically assigned a role to advise and assist the state or a government in particular issues. Historically, presidents or prime ministers have designated special diplomatic envoys for specific assignments, primarily overseas but sometimes also within the country as an ambassador-at-large.


==Honorific title==
==Honorific title==
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* [[Coordinator for Counterterrorism]]
* [[Coordinator for Counterterrorism]]
⚫
* [[United States Ambassador-at-Large for Arctic Affairs]]
* [[United States Ambassador-at-Large for War Crimes Issues|United States Ambassador-at-Large for Global Criminal Justice]]
* [[United States Ambassador-at-Large for War Crimes Issues|United States Ambassador-at-Large for Global Criminal Justice]]
* [[United States Ambassador-at-Large for Global Women's Issues]]
* [[United States Ambassador-at-Large for Global Women's Issues]]
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==Notable ambassadors-at-large==
==Notable ambassadors-at-large==

* [[Charles Aznavour]], Franco-Armenian singer, Armenian Ambassador-at-Large to Switzerland, then to the [[United Nations Organization]]
=== Asia ===
⚫
* [[Masna Bolkiah|Princess Masna Bolkiah]], Brunei's Ambassador-at-Large and Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade

⚫
* [[Barbara Carrera]], former Ambassador-at-large for Nicaragua, appointed by then-president [[Arnoldo Alemán]]
⚫
* {{Flagicon|Brunei}} [[Masna Bolkiah|Princess Masna Bolkiah]], Brunei's Ambassador-at-Large and Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade
⚫
* [[Chan Heng Chee]], Ambassador-at-Large representing [[Singapore]] and former ambassador to the United States from 1996 to 2012<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lkycic.sutd.edu.sg/people/centre-leadership/chan-heng-chee|title=CHAN Heng Chee|date=9 October 2015}}</ref>
⚫
* {{Flagicon|Iran}} [[Mehdi Samii]], Iranian ambassador-at-large for Economic affairs and Advisor to the Prime Minister for International Financing (1971–1973)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Milani |first1=Abbas |title=Eminent Persians: The Men and Women who Made Modern Iran, 1941-1979 |date=2008 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |isbn=978-0815609070 |volume=1 |location=Syracuse, N.Y. |pages=766–767}}</ref>
⚫
*[[Suzan Johnson Cook]], former United States Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom
⚫
* {{Flagicon|Khmer Republic}} [[Lon Non]], Ambassador-at-Large for the Khmer Republic
⚫
* [[Henry A. Crumpton]], Coordinator for Counterterrorism at the Department of State<ref name="US Department of State Archives">{{cite web |title=Biography: Henry A. Crumpton |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/outofdate/bios/c/50493.htm |publisher=US Department of State Archives |access-date=3 March 2019 |date=3 August 2005}}</ref>
*[[Ahmet Davutoğlu]], Formerly Ambassador-at-Large of Turkey; he subsequently served as Foreign Minister and Prime Minister.
* {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Mohammad Ziauddin]], Ambassador-at-large of the [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh]]
⚫
* {{Flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Javed Malik]], Pakistan's Ambassador-at-Large to the Persian gulf Region
⚫
* [[Oscar de la Renta]], Ambassador-at-Large of the Dominican Republic<ref>{{cite book |last=Mower |first=Sarah |title=Oscar: The Style, Inspiration and Life of Oscar De La Renta |year=2002 |publisher=Assouline |location=New York |page=12}}</ref>
⚫
* {{Flagicon|Philippine}} [[Carlos P. Romulo]], President of the [[United Nations General Assembly]] (1949–1950), Secretary/Minister of Foreign Affairs and Ambassador-at-Large under three Philippine Presidents: [[Elpidio Quirino]] (1950–1952), [[Diosdado Macapagal]] (1963–1964) and [[Ferdinand Marcos]] (1968–1984)
⚫
* [[Eric Goosby]], United States Global AIDS Coordinator (Ambassador-at-Large for HIV and AIDS)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/125483.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715063155/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/125483.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 July 2009|title=Goosby, Eric|publisher=State|date=23 June 2009|access-date=8 January 2013}}</ref>
*[[León María Guerrero III]], Undersecretary for Foreign Affairs under [[Ramon Magsaysay]] (1953–1954) and Ambassador-at-Large under four Philippine Presidents: [[Ramon Magsaysay]] (1954–1957), [[Carlos P. Garcia]] (1957–1961), [[Diosdado Macapagal]] (1961–1965) and [[Ferdinand E. Marcos]] (1965–1980)
* {{Flagicon|Philippine}} [[León María Guerrero III]], Undersecretary for Foreign Affairs under [[Ramon Magsaysay]] (1953–1954) and Ambassador-at-Large under four Philippine Presidents: [[Ramon Magsaysay]] (1954–1957), [[Carlos P. Garcia]] (1957–1961), [[Diosdado Macapagal]] (1961–1965) and [[Ferdinand E. Marcos]] (1965–1980)
⚫
* {{Flagicon|Singapore}} [[Chan Heng Chee]], Ambassador-at-Large representing [[Singapore]] and former ambassador to the United States from 1996 to 2012<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2015 |title=CHAN Heng Chee |url=https://lkycic.sutd.edu.sg/people/centre-leadership/chan-heng-chee}}</ref>
⚫
*[[Georg von Habsburg]], Ambassador-at-Large of Hungary<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/15551306?story_id=15551306&fsrc=rss |title=The Habsburgs' new empire: The princess and the bear|publisher=The Economist|access-date=8 January 2013|date=20 February 2010}}</ref>
* [[John Hanford]], former United States Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom
* {{Flagicon|Singapore}} [[Tommy Koh]], Ambassador-at-Large of Singapore
⚫
* {{Flagicon|Singapore}} [[Ong Keng Yong]], Ambassador-at-Large at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Singapore and former Secretary-General of [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN)
⚫
* [[Philip Jessup]], United States Ambassador-at-large under President Harry S. Truman
⚫
* {{Flagicon|Singapore}} [[Gopinath Pillai]], former Ambassador-at-Large of Singapore<ref name="Live Mint">{{cite web |date=21 November 2013 |title=Live Mint |url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/VrX1qU1l4rkfOywZS9zK0L/Its-difficult-to-do-business-in-India-Gopinath-Pillai.html |access-date=December 12, 2014 |publisher=Live Mint}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Nicolas Kazadi]], Ambassador-at-Large for the Democratic Republic of the Congo
⚫
* {{Flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Loh I-cheng|Gene Loh]], Ambassador-at-Large of the Republic of China (Taiwan) from 1997 to 2001<ref name="TaipeiTimes20020418">{{cite news |last=Chu |first=Monique |date=18 April 2002 |title=Veteran diplomat tells it like it was |work=Taipei Times |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2002/04/18/0000132308 |access-date=27 October 2012}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Tommy Koh]], Ambassador-at-Large of Singapore
* {{Flagicon|Taiwan}} [[Audrey Tang]], Cyber Ambassador-at-Large of the Republic of China (Taiwan) and former Minister of Digital Affairs<ref name="TaiwanNews20241008">{{cite news |last=Scanlan |first=Sean |date=8 Oct 2024 |title=Taiwan President Lai Ching-te appoints new ambassadors-at-large |work=Taiwan News |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/news/5948658 |access-date=11 October 2024}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Stavros Lambrinidis]], Ambassador-at-Large of [[Hellenic Republic]], [[Vice President of the European Parliament]] and [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Greece)|Minister for Foreign Affairs]] of [[Greece]]
* {{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]], Formerly Ambassador-at-Large of Turkey; he subsequently served as Foreign Minister and Prime Minister
⚫
* [[Loh I-Cheng|Gene Loh]], Ambassador-at-Large of the Republic of China (Taiwan) from 1997 to 2001<ref name="TaipeiTimes20020418">{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2002/04/18/0000132308|first=Monique|last=Chu|title=Veteran diplomat tells it like it was|work=Taipei Times|date=18 April 2002|access-date=27 October 2012}}</ref>

⚫
* [[Javed Malik]], Pakistan's Ambassador-at-Large to the Persian gulf Region
=== Europe ===
⚫
* [[Amina Mohammed]], Ambassador-at-large representing Kenya
* [[Lon Non]], Ambassador-at-Large for the Khmer Republic
* {{Flagicon|Armenia}} [[Charles Aznavour]], Franco-Armenian singer, Armenian Ambassador-at-Large to Switzerland, then to the [[United Nations Organization]]
⚫
* {{Flagicon|Finland}} [[Petri Salo]], Finland's Roving Ambassador for the South Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia)<ref>{{cite web |date=18 October 2012 |title=Roving Ambassador for South Caucasus – |url=http://formin.finland.fi/Public/default.aspx?nodeid=16661&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |access-date=8 January 2013 |publisher=Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland |archive-date=23 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523034203/http://formin.finland.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=16661&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |url-status=dead }}</ref>
⚫
* [[Lineo Ntoane]], Kingdom of Lesotho Ambassador-at-large
⚫
* {{Flagicon|Greece}} [[Stavros Lambrinidis]], Ambassador-at-Large of [[Hellenic Republic]], [[Vice President of the European Parliament]] and [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Greece)|Minister for Foreign Affairs]] of [[Greece]]
⚫
* Dame [[Nuala O'Loan]], of Ireland. Roving Ambassador for Conflict Resolution and Special Envoy to Timor-Leste<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishembassy.nl/home/index.aspx?id=43535|title=New Roving Ambassador Nuala O' Loan to Travel to Timor|publisher=Irish embassy|date=10 March 2008|access-date=8 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216014840/http://www.irishembassy.nl/home/index.aspx?id=43535|archive-date=16 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
⚫
* {{Flagicon|Hungary}} [[Georg von Habsburg]], Ambassador-at-Large of Hungary<ref>{{cite news |date=20 February 2010 |title=The Habsburgs' new empire: The princess and the bear |publisher=The Economist |url=http://www.economist.com/node/15551306?story_id=15551306&fsrc=rss |access-date=8 January 2013}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Ong Keng Yong]], Ambassador-at-Large at the Ministry of Affairs, Singapore and former Secretary-General of [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN)
⚫
* {{Flagicon|Ireland}} Dame [[Nuala O'Loan]], of Ireland. Roving Ambassador for Conflict Resolution and Special Envoy to Timor-Leste<ref>{{cite web |date=10 March 2008 |title=New Roving Ambassador Nuala O' Loan to Travel to Timor |url=http://www.irishembassy.nl/home/index.aspx?id=43535 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216014840/http://www.irishembassy.nl/home/index.aspx?id=43535 |archive-date=16 February 2012 |access-date=8 January 2013 |publisher=Irish embassy |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[Jaroslaw Pijarowski]], Ambassador-at-Large of International Human Rights Organization for [[Poland]]<ref name="International Human Rights Organization">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABfOmxZXNFE&feature=youtu.be&fbclid=IwAR33-r0Eel3St87OR_q3_1rFumQ5XeSd4wqDl-imdyo1Cd4Jjm9JreHE3Hk |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/ABfOmxZXNFE |archive-date=2021-12-13 |url-status=live|title=International Human Rights Organization|date=18 November 2020|publisher=yt.com|access-date=November 18, 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Poland}} [[Jaroslaw Pijarowski]], Ambassador-at-Large of International Human Rights Organization for [[Poland]]<ref name="International Human Rights Organization">{{cite web |date=18 November 2020 |title=International Human Rights Organization |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABfOmxZXNFE&feature=youtu.be&fbclid=IwAR33-r0Eel3St87OR_q3_1rFumQ5XeSd4wqDl-imdyo1Cd4Jjm9JreHE3Hk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/ABfOmxZXNFE |archive-date=2021-12-13 |access-date=November 18, 2020 |publisher=yt.com}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
⚫
* [[Gopinath Pillai]], Ambassador-at-Large of Singapore<ref name="Live Mint">{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/VrX1qU1l4rkfOywZS9zK0L/Its-difficult-to-do-business-in-India-Gopinath-Pillai.html|title=Live Mint|date=21 November 2013|publisher=Live Mint|access-date=December 12, 2014}}</ref>

⚫
* [[Carlos P. Romulo]], President of the [[United Nations General Assembly]] (1949–1950), Secretary/Minister of Foreign Affairs and Ambassador-at-Large under three Philippine Presidents: [[Elpidio Quirino]] (1950–1952), [[Diosdado Macapagal]] (1963–1964) and [[Ferdinand Marcos]] (1968–1984)
=== Africa ===
⚫
* [[Petri Salo]], Finland's Roving Ambassador for the South Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://formin.finland.fi/Public/default.aspx?nodeid=16661&contentlan=2&culture=en-US|title=Roving Ambassador for South Caucasus –|publisher=Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland|date=18 October 2012|access-date=8 January 2013}}</ref>

⚫
* [[Mehdi Samii]], Iranian ambassador-at-large for Economic affairs and Advisor to the Prime Minister for International Financing (1971–1973)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Milani|first1=Abbas|title=Eminent Persians: The Men and Women who Made Modern Iran, 1941-1979|volume=1|date=2008|publisher=Syracuse University Press|location=Syracuse, N.Y.|isbn=978-0815609070|pages=766–767}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} [[Nicolas Kazadi]], Ambassador-at-Large for the Democratic Republic of the Congo
⚫
* [[Strobe Talbott]], US Ambassador-at-Large and Special Advisor to the Secretary on the New Independent States<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanacademy.de/home/person/strobe-talbott|title=Strobe Talbott: Richard von Weizsäcker Distinguished Visitor {{ndash}} Class of Spring 2009|website=[[American Academy in Berlin]]|access-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154850/http://www.americanacademy.de/home/person/strobe-talbott|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
⚫
* {{Flagicon|Kenya}} [[Amina Mohammed]], Ambassador-at-large representing Kenya
⚫
* {{Flagicon|Lesotho}} [[Lineo Ntoane]], Kingdom of Lesotho Ambassador-at-large
* {{Flagicon|Burundi}} [[Princess Esther Kamatari]], Ambassador-at-large representing Burundi

=== Americas ===
* {{Flagicon|Bahamas}} [[Buddy Hield|Chavano "Buddy" Hield]], Ambassador-at-Large for The Bahamas<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title=Chavano “Buddy” Hield Appointed Ambassador At-Large For Sports And Cultural Development |url=https://mofa.gov.bs/chavano-buddy-hield-appointed-ambassador-at-large-for-sports-and-cultural-development/ |website=mofa.gov.bs}}
</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Barbados}} [[Rihanna|Robyn Rihanna Fenty]], Ambassador-at-Large for Barbados<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-30 |title=Rihanna's officially titled 'right excellent,' named Barbados national hero |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/arts/rihannas-officially-titled-right-excellent-named-barbados-hero |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=PBS NewsHour |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Association |date=2018-09-22 |title=Rihanna appointed ambassador for her native Barbados |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/sep/22/rihanna-appointed-ambassador-for-her-native-barbados |access-date=2023-08-10 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Belize}} [[Attallah Shabazz]], Ambassador-at-Large for Belize
⚫
* {{Flagicon|Dominican Republic}} [[Oscar de la Renta]], Ambassador-at-Large of the Dominican Republic<ref>{{cite book |last=Mower |first=Sarah |title=Oscar: The Style, Inspiration and Life of Oscar De La Renta |publisher=Assouline |year=2002 |location=New York |page=12}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|Haiti}} [[Wyclef Jean]], Ambassador-at-Large for Haiti
⚫
* {{Flagicon|Nicaragua}} [[Barbara Carrera]], former Ambassador-at-large for Nicaragua, appointed by then-president [[Arnoldo Alemán]]
⚫
* {{Flagicon|United States}} [[Suzan Johnson Cook]], former United States Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom
⚫
* {{Flagicon|United States}} [[Henry A. Crumpton]], Coordinator for Counterterrorism at the Department of State<ref name="US Department of State Archives">{{cite web |title=Biography: Henry A. Crumpton |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/outofdate/bios/c/50493.htm |publisher=US Department of State Archives |access-date=3 March 2019 |date=3 August 2005}}</ref>
⚫
* {{Flagicon|United States}} [[Eric Goosby]], United States Global AIDS Coordinator (Ambassador-at-Large for HIV and AIDS)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/125483.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715063155/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/125483.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 July 2009|title=Goosby, Eric|publisher=State|date=23 June 2009|access-date=8 January 2013}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon|United States}} [[John Hanford]], former United States Ambassador-at-Large for International Religious Freedom
⚫
* {{Flagicon|United States}} [[Philip Jessup]], former United States Ambassador-at-large under President Harry S. Truman
⚫
* {{Flagicon|United States}} [[Strobe Talbott]], US Ambassador-at-Large and Special Advisor to the Secretary on the New Independent States<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanacademy.de/home/person/strobe-talbott|title=Strobe Talbott: Richard von Weizsäcker Distinguished Visitor {{ndash}} Class of Spring 2009|website=[[American Academy in Berlin]]|access-date=20 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154850/http://www.americanacademy.de/home/person/strobe-talbott|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 60: Line 79:
{{Diplomacy}}
{{Diplomacy}}


[[Category:Ambassadors]]
[[Category:Diplomats by role]]
[[Category:Diplomats by role]]

Latest revision as of 11:08, 11 October 2024

Ambassador-at-large of Brunei Princess Masna Bolkiah greeting Indonesian delegations

An ambassador-at-large is a diplomat, a secretary, or a minister of the highest rank who is accredited to represent a country and its people internationally.

Unlike an ambassador-in-residence, who is usually limited to a country or embassy, the ambassador-at-large is entrusted to operate in several usually neighboring countries, a region or sometimes hold a seat in an international organization like the United Nations and the other international organizations. In some cases, an ambassador-at-large may even be specifically assigned a role to advise and assist the state or a government in particular issues. Historically, presidents or prime ministers have designated special diplomatic envoys for specific assignments, primarily overseas but sometimes also within the country as an ambassador-at-large.

Honorific title

[edit]

According to international protocol, ambassadors and ambassadors-at-large are officially styled and addressed as His/Her Excellency, or Mister/Madam Ambassador. The title may be abbreviated in official correspondence as H.E.[1]

United States ambassadors-at-large

[edit]

The US president appointed the first official who specifically bore the title of ambassador-at-large on 12 March 1949 under the authority vested in Article II, Section 2 of the US Constitution to deal with specific foreign policy issues, which have been frequently spelled out in their commissions.

Ambassador-at-large positions in the diplomatic corps of the US State Department include:

Notable ambassadors-at-large

[edit]

Asia

[edit]

Europe

[edit]

Africa

[edit]

Americas

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ The Guide of the Modern Diplomatic Protocol
  2. ^ Milani, Abbas (2008). Eminent Persians: The Men and Women who Made Modern Iran, 1941-1979. Vol. 1. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. pp. 766–767. ISBN 978-0815609070.
  3. ^ "CHAN Heng Chee". 9 October 2015.
  4. ^ "Live Mint". Live Mint. 21 November 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
  5. ^ Chu, Monique (18 April 2002). "Veteran diplomat tells it like it was". Taipei Times. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
  6. ^ Scanlan, Sean (8 October 2024). "Taiwan President Lai Ching-te appoints new ambassadors-at-large". Taiwan News. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
  7. ^ "Roving Ambassador for South Caucasus –". Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. 18 October 2012. Archived from the original on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  8. ^ "The Habsburgs' new empire: The princess and the bear". The Economist. 20 February 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  9. ^ "New Roving Ambassador Nuala O' Loan to Travel to Timor". Irish embassy. 10 March 2008. Archived from the original on 16 February 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  10. ^ "International Human Rights Organization". yt.com. 18 November 2020. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  11. ^ "Chavano "Buddy" Hield Appointed Ambassador At-Large For Sports And Cultural Development". mofa.gov.bs. 16 February 2024.
  12. ^ "Rihanna's officially titled 'right excellent,' named Barbados national hero". PBS NewsHour. 30 November 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  13. ^ "Rihanna appointed ambassador for her native Barbados". The Guardian. Press Association. 22 September 2018. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  14. ^ Mower, Sarah (2002). Oscar: The Style, Inspiration and Life of Oscar De La Renta. New York: Assouline. p. 12.
  15. ^ "Biography: Henry A. Crumpton". US Department of State Archives. 3 August 2005. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
  16. ^ "Goosby, Eric". State. 23 June 2009. Archived from the original on 15 July 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  17. ^ "Strobe Talbott: Richard von Weizsäcker Distinguished Visitor – Class of Spring 2009". American Academy in Berlin. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
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