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Coordinates: 50°56′N 17°18′E / 50.933°N 17.300°E / 50.933; 17.300
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{{Redirect|Ohlau}}
{{Redirect|Ohlau}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Oława
| name = Oława
|image_flag = POL Oława flag.svg
| image_flag = POL Oława flag.svg
|image_shield = POL Oława COA.svg
| image_shield = POL Oława COA.svg
|image_skyline = SM Oława PlacZamkowy15 (11).jpg
| image_skyline = SM Oława PlacZamkowy15 (11).jpg
|image_caption = Castle Square in Oława with the [[Oława Castle|Sobieski Castle]]
| image_caption = Castle Square in Oława with the [[Oława Castle|Sobieski Castle]]
|pushpin_map = Poland#Poland Lower Silesian Voivodeship
| pushpin_map = Poland
|pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
|subdivision_type = [[Countries of the World|Country]]
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{POL}}
| subdivision_name = {{POL}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Lower Silesian Voivodeship|Lower Silesian]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Lower Silesian Voivodeship|Lower Silesian]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Powiat|County]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Powiat|County]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Oława County|Oława]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Oława County|Oława]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[Gmina]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Gmina]]
|subdivision_name3 = Oława <small>(urban gmina)</small>
| subdivision_name3 = Oława <small>(urban gmina)</small>
|leader_title = Mayor
| leader_title = Mayor
|leader_name = Tomasz Frischmann
| leader_name = Tomasz Frischmann
|established_title = Established
| established_title = Established
|established_date = 11th or 12th century
| established_date = 11th or 12th century
|established_title2 = First mentioned
| established_title2 = First mentioned
|established_date2 = 1149
| established_date2 = 1149
|established_title3 = Town rights
| established_title3 = Town rights
|established_date3 = 1234
| established_date3 = 1234
|area_total_km2 = 27.34
| area_total_km2 = 27.34
|population_as_of = 2019-06-30<ref>{{cite web |title=Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2019. As of 30th June|url=https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/population/population/population-size-and-structure-and-vital-statistics-in-poland-by-territorial-division-in-2019-as-of-30th-june,3,26.html|website=stat.gov.pl|publisher=Statistics Poland|date=2019-10-15|access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2019-06-30<ref>{{cite web |title=Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2019. As of 30th June|url=https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/population/population/population-size-and-structure-and-vital-statistics-in-poland-by-territorial-division-in-2019-as-of-30th-june,3,26.html|website=stat.gov.pl|publisher=Statistics Poland|date=2019-10-15|access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref>
|population_total = 33029
| population_total = 33029
|population_density_km2 = 1194.2
| population_density_km2 = 1194.2
|timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
|utc_offset = +1
| utc_offset = +1
|timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
|utc_offset_DST = +2
| utc_offset_DST = +2
|coordinates = {{coord|50|56|N|17|18|E|region:PL|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|50|56|N|17|18|E|region:PL|display=title,inline}}
|elevation_m = 122
| elevation_m = 122
|postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code_type = Postal code
|postal_code = 55-200
| postal_code = 55-200
|blank_name = [[Polish car number plates|Car plates]]
| blank_name = [[Polish car number plates|Car plates]]
|blank_info = DOA
| blank_info = DOA
|website = http://www.um.olawa.pl
| website = http://www.um.olawa.pl
}}
}}
⚫
'''Oława''' ({{IPA|pl|ɔˈwava|audio=LL-Q809 (pol)-Olaf-Oława.wav}}, {{Langx|de|Ohlau}}, {{IPA|de|ˈoːlaʊ||audio=De-Ohlau.ogg}}, {{langx|szl|Oława}}) is a historic town in south-western [[Poland]] with 33,029 inhabitants (2019). It is situated in [[Lower Silesian Voivodeship]], within the [[Wrocław metropolitan area]]. It is the seat of [[Oława County]] and of the smaller administrative district of [[Gmina Oława]] (although it is not part of the territory of the latter, as the town is an urban [[gmina]] in its own right).


==Etymology==
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'''Oława''' (<small>pronounced</small> {{respell|O|wava}} {{IPAc-pl|o|'|ł|a|w|a}}, {{Audio-de|Ohlau|De-Ohlau.ogg}}, {{lang-szl|Oława}}) is a historic town in south-western [[Poland]] with 33,029 inhabitants (2019). It is situated in [[Lower Silesian Voivodeship]] (from 1975&ndash;1998 it was in the former [[Wrocław Voivodeship]]), within the [[Wrocław metropolitan area]]. It is the seat of [[Oława County]] and of the smaller administrative district of [[Gmina Oława]] (although it is not part of the territory of the latter, as the town is an urban [[gmina]] in its own right).
⚫
The name of the city comes from the Polish word root el-, ol-, which in Polish lands took also the form of oła-, meaning "water". The association with water refers to the location of the settlement between two rivers: the Oder and the Oława, which are close to each other, but only connect in Wrocław, which is 27&nbsp;km away. The location of the city between rivers, pools and forests, and at the same time in the place of crossing the Oder River, favored the creation of a market settlement of Ślęża, and later a stronghold, a town.


⚫
The locality was mentioned in the Old Polish, Latinized form of Oleva in a Latin document issued on August 12, 1201, by the chancellery of [[Pope Innocent III]] in [[Segni]]. In a document written in Latin by [[Henry I the Bearded]] from 1214, the city is mentioned under the name Olaua in the fragment Olauam et Odriczam. In a Latin document issued in Wrocław in 1269, signed by the Silesian duke Władysław of Wrocław, the town is mentioned under two names: Olawa oraz Olauia. Latin language contain much less lettres and sounds that Polish, that's why many distorted versions of Polish, Slavic words, toponyms across Europe in various documents.
⚫
==History==
⚫
The name of the city comes from the Polish word root el-, ol-, which in Polish lands took also the form of oła-, meaning "water". The association with water refers to the location of the settlement between two rivers: the Oder and the Oława, which are close to each other, but only connect in Wrocław, which is 27 km away. The location of the city between rivers, pools and forests, and at the same time in the place of crossing the Oder River, favored the creation of a market settlement of Ślęża, and later a stronghold, a town.

⚫
The locality was mentioned in the Old Polish, Latinized form of Oleva in a Latin document issued on August 12, 1201 by the chancellery of Pope Innocent III in Segni. In a document written in Latin by Henry I the Bearded from 1214, the city is mentioned under the name Olaua in the fragment Olauam et Odriczam. In a Latin document issued in Wrocław in 1269, signed by the Silesian prince Władysław of Wrocław, the town is mentioned under two names: Olawa oraz Olauia. Latin language contain much less lettres and sounds that Polish, that's why many distorted versions of Polish, Slavic words, toponyms across Europe in various documents.
In the Latin book Liber fundationis episcopatus Vratislaviensis (Polish Book of Emoluments of the Bishopric of Wrocław) written in the times of Bishop Henry of Wierzbno in the years 1295–1305, the town is mentioned in the Latinized form Olavia. The town was mentioned in a Latin document from 1310, where the town was recorded as "civitati Olavia versus Nyzam".
In the Latin book Liber fundationis episcopatus Vratislaviensis (Polish Book of Emoluments of the Bishopric of Wrocław) written in the times of Bishop Henry of Wierzbno in the years 1295–1305, the town is mentioned in the Latinized form Olavia. The town was mentioned in a Latin document from 1310, where the town was recorded as "civitati Olavia versus Nyzam".
In 1613, the Polish regionalist from the region of [[Śląsk]] and historian Mikołaj Henel mentioned the town in his Latin work on the geography of Śląsk (also known by the Latinized as "Silesia"), entitled Silesiographia giving two names Olavia and Olawa/Olaw.
In 1613, the Polish regionalist from the region of Silesia and historian Mikołaj Henel mentioned the town in his Latin work on the geography of Śląsk (also known by the Latinized as "Silesia"), entitled Silesiographia giving two names Olavia and Olawa/Olaw.


⚫
==History==
⚫
Oława began to develop during the 11th or early 12th century at a site that was protected by the rivers [[Oder]] and [[Oława (river)|Oława]], when it was part of the [[Piast dynasty|Piast]]-ruled [[Kingdom of Poland]]. It was first mentioned as ''Oloua'' in a document of 1149 confirming [[Piotr Włostowic]]'s donation to the abbey of St. Vincent in [[Wrocław]].<ref name="OL" /> In 1206 Oława became one of the residential towns of the dukes of the Silesian branch of the [[Piast dynasty]], who also granted Oława the status of a town in 1234. As a result of the fragmentation of Poland, Oława at various times formed part of the duchies of [[Duchy of Silesia|Silesia]], [[Duchy of Legnica|Legnica]] and [[Duchy of Brzeg|Brzeg]].
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[[File:Friedrich Bernhard Werner Zamek w Oławie.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Oława Castle|Sobieski Castle]] in the 18th century]]


⚫
During its history Oława was destroyed completely three times. In 1241 it was destroyed during the [[first Mongol invasion of Poland]], in 1448 by the [[Hussites]], and again in 1634 during the [[Thirty Years' War]]. After the Polish King [[Casimir III of Poland|Casimir III]] had renounced his rights on [[Silesia]] with the [[Treaty of Trenčín]] in 1335, Silesia became until 1806 a part of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] as a [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemian]] fief, although the town remained under the rule of the Polish [[Piast dynasty]] as part of the [[Duchy of Legnica]] until 1675. In 1526, when the [[Habsburg]]s gained the [[Bohemia]]n crown, Silesia came under [[Habsburg monarchy|Austrian]] suzerainty. In 1527 with the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]] High German language came in use and with it the first usage of the version of the town's name ''Ohlau'' is reported. Following the death of the last Silesian Piast duke [[George IV William of Legnica]] in 1675, Oława ceased to be a residence town. In spite of Habsburg political influence, in the 17th century, the town was still part of the territory dominated by the [[Polish language]].<ref>Dorota Borowicz, ''Mapy narodowościowe Górnego Śląska od połowy XIX wieku do II Wojny Światowej'', Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, Wrocław, 2004, p. 33</ref> Oława found itself again under Polish rule, when Polish prince [[James Louis Sobieski]], son of King [[John III Sobieski]], became duke of Oława in years 1691–1737. Together with most of Silesia, the town became part of the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] in 1742.
⚫
Oława began to develop during the 11th or early 12th century at a site that was protected by the rivers [[Oder]] and [[Oława (river)|Oława]], when it was part of the [[Piast dynasty|Piast]]-ruled [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Kingdom of Poland]]. It was first mentioned as ''Oloua'' in a document of 1149 confirming [[Piotr Włostowic]]'s donation to the abbey of St. Vincent in [[Wrocław]].<ref name="OL" /> In 1206 Oława became one of the residential towns of the dukes of the Silesian [[Piast|Piast dynasty]], who also granted Oława the status of a town in 1234. As a result of the fragmentation of Poland, Oława at various times formed part of the duchies of [[Duchy of Silesia|Silesia]], [[Duchy of Legnica|Legnica]] and [[Duchy of Brzeg|Brzeg]].
⚫
[[File:Friedrich Bernhard Werner Zamek w Oławie.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Oława Castle|Sobieski Castle]] in the 18th century]]


⚫
The 18th and 19th centuries were a period of economic growth and Oława (then as ''Ohlau'') became well known as a centre of tobacco-growing. In 1842 a railroad between Ohlau and [[Wrocław]], the first in Silesia, was opened. Ethnic Polish traditions and population remained strong in the area. Poles smuggled large amounts of gunpowder through the town to the [[Russian Partition]] of Poland during the [[January Uprising]] in 1863.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pater|first=Mieczysław|year=1963|title=Wrocławskie echa powstania styczniowego|journal=Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka|language=pl|issue=4|page=418}}</ref> Folkorist [[Julius Roger]] noted local Polish folk songs in his 1863 work,<ref>{{cite book|last=Roger|first=Julius|author-link=Julius Roger|title=Pieśni ludu polskiego w Górnym Szląsku|year=1863|location=Wrocław|language=pl|pages=166–167}}</ref> and a substantial concentration of Poles in and around the town was still noted in 1896.<ref>{{cite book|last=Partsch|first=Joseph|author-link=Joseph Partsch|title=Schlesien. Eine Landeskunde für das deutsche Volk|volume=I|year=1896|language=de|page=364}}</ref>
⚫
During its history Oława was destroyed completely three times. In 1241 it was destroyed during the [[First Mongol invasion of Poland]], in 1448 by the [[Hussites]], and again in 1634 during the [[Thirty Years' War]]. After the Polish King [[Casimir III of Poland|Casimir III]] had renounced his rights on [[Silesia]] with the contract of [[Trenčín]] in 1335, Silesia became until 1806 a part of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] as a [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemian]] fief, although the town remained under the rule of the Polish [[Piast dynasty]] as part of the [[Duchy of Legnica]] until 1675. In 1526, when the [[Habsburg]]s gained the [[Bohemia]]n crown, Silesia came under [[Habsburg monarchy|Austrian]] suzerainty. In 1527 with the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]] High German language came in use and with it the first usage of the version of the town's name ''Ohlau'' is reported. Following the death of the last Silesian Piast duke [[George IV William of Legnica]] in 1675, Oława ceased to be a residence town. In spite of Habsburg political influence, in the 17th century, the town was still part of the territory dominated by the [[Polish language]].<ref>Dorota Borowicz, ''Mapy narodowościowe Górnego Śląska od połowy XIX wieku do II Wojny Światowej'', Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, Wrocław, 2004, p. 33</ref> Oława found itself again under Polish rule, when Polish prince [[James Louis Sobieski]], son of King [[John III Sobieski]], became duke of Oława in years 1691–1737. Together with most of Silesia, the town became part of the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] in 1742.


⚫
The historic town of Ohlau did not suffer any damage during [[World War I]], however, in [[World War II]] about 60% of the buildings were destroyed. On 2 September 1939, a Polish [[PZL.23 Karaś]] bomber (scout) plane bombed a German factory in the city in the first attack on German territory after the German [[invasion of Poland]] and the outbreak of World War II the day before. During the war, the Germans established and operated two labour subcamps of the [[Stalag VIII-B|Stalag VIII-B/344]] [[German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II|prisoner-of-war camp]] in the town.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029103834/https://www.lamsdorf.com/working-parties.html|title=Working Parties|website=Lamsdorf: Stalag VIIIB 344 Prisoner of War Camp 1940 - 1945|access-date=22 November 2020}}</ref> At least five [[Polish resistance movement in World War II|Polish resistance]] members were sentenced to death in the city by a German court in 1942.<ref>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Encyklopedia konspiracji Wielkopolskiej 1939–1945|year=1998|location=Poznań|language=pl|publisher=Instytut Zachodni|pages=184, 517, 583, 599, 655|isbn=83-85003-97-5}}</ref> After [[Nazi Germany]]'s defeat in the war, the town became again part of Poland. After the war, a sizeable group of [[Armenians in Poland|Polish Armenians]] displaced from [[Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union|Soviet-annexed eastern Poland]] settled in the town, and the first post-war mayor was Polish-Armenian Jakub Axentowicz.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Etnolodzy w Oławie|magazine=Awedis|issue=36|year=2018|language=pl|page=2}}</ref> Oława also became a garrison town of the Soviet [[Red Army]] [[Northern Group of Forces]] and remained so until 1992.
⚫
The 18th and 19th centuries were a period of economic growth and Oława (then as ''Ohlau'') became well known as a centre of tobacco-growing. Ethnic Polish traditions and population also remained strong in the area, with a large influx of people from nearby [[Congress Poland]]. In 1842 a railroad between Ohlau and [[Wrocław]], the first in Silesia, was opened. Poles smuggled large amounts of gunpowder through the town to the [[Russian Partition]] of Poland during the [[January Uprising]] in 1863.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pater|first=Mieczysław|year=1963|title=Wrocławskie echa powstania styczniowego|journal=Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka|language=pl|issue=4|page=418}}</ref>


From 1975 to 1998, it was administratively located in the [[Wrocław Voivodeship]].
⚫
The historic town of Ohlau did not suffer any damage during [[World War I]], however, in [[World War II]] about 60% of the buildings were destroyed. On 2 September 1939, a Polish [[PZL.23 Karaś]] bomber (scout) plane bombed a German factory in the city in the first attack on German territory after the German [[invasion of Poland]] and the outbreak of World War II the day before. During the war, the Germans established and operated two labour subcamps of the [[Stalag VIII-B|Stalag VIII-B/344]] [[prisoner-of-war camp]] in the town.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029103834/https://www.lamsdorf.com/working-parties.html|title=Working Parties|website=Lamsdorf: Stalag VIIIB 344 Prisoner of War Camp 1940 - 1945|access-date=22 November 2020}}</ref> After [[Nazi Germany]]'s defeat in the war, the town became again part of Poland. Oława also became a garrison town of the Soviet [[Red Army]] [[Northern Group of Forces]] and remained so until 1992.


==Flag and Coat of Arms==
==Flag and coat of arms==
[[File:SM Oława Rynek1 Ratusz (7) ID 596566.jpg|thumb|220px|Town hall in Oława]]
[[File:SM Oława Rynek1 Ratusz (7) ID 596566.jpg|thumb|Town hall in Oława]]
The flag of Oława presents the Coat of Arms of Oława, on a diagonally divided white-red background.<ref>{{cite web|title=Index|url=http://www.um.olawa.pl/index.php?n=herb|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130503221113/http://www.um.olawa.pl/index.php?n=herb|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 May 2013|website=Urząd Miasta Oława|access-date=29 April 2015}}</ref>
The flag of Oława presents the coat of arms of Oława, on a diagonally divided white-red background.<ref>{{cite web|title=Index|url=http://www.um.olawa.pl/index.php?n=herb|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130503221113/http://www.um.olawa.pl/index.php?n=herb|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 May 2013|website=Urząd Miasta Oława|access-date=29 April 2015}}</ref>


The Coat of Arms presents a white [[rooster]] on a red-shield background, looking to the left. There are two traditional hypotheses for the origin of the Coat of Arms:
The coat of arms presents a white [[rooster]] on a red-shield background, looking to the left. There are two traditional hypotheses for the origin of the coat of arms:


#The symbol links in with [[Walloons|Walloonian]] [[weaving|weaver]]s; historically located in Oława's land - and the Coat of Arms of [[Wallonia]] - a red [[rooster]] on a yellow background.
#The symbol links in with [[Walloons|Walloonian]] [[weaving|weaver]]s; historically located in Oława's land - and the coat of arms of [[Wallonia]] - a red [[rooster]] on a yellow background.
#The shield originates from the town Coat of Arms of the [[Czech people|Czech]] knight family of Olav.<ref name=OL>{{cite web|title=Historia Miasta Oława|url=http://www.olawa24.pl/strony/historia_miasta|website=Oława 24|access-date=29 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526131237/http://www.olawa24.pl/strony/historia_miasta|archive-date=26 May 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
#The shield originates from the town coat of arms of the [[Czech people|Czech]] knight family of Olav.<ref name=OL>{{cite web|title=Historia Miasta Oława|url=http://www.olawa24.pl/strony/historia_miasta|website=Oława 24|access-date=29 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526131237/http://www.olawa24.pl/strony/historia_miasta|archive-date=26 May 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>


Neither hypothesis explains the look of the Coat of Arms in relation to Oława.
Neither hypothesis explains the look of the coat of arms in relation to Oława.
The Coat of Arms of Oława is identical on the basis and content of the [[Kur coat of arms]].<ref name=OL/>
The coat of arms of Oława is identical on the basis and content of the [[Kur coat of arms]].<ref name=OL/>


On the basis that the Coat of Arms of Oława is in relation to the [[Kur coat of arms]], such hypothesis can be deemed highly agreeable. The Kur coat of arms can be linked to Jan of Kur, a knight of [[Konrad I, Duke of Głogów|Konrad I of Głogów]], being the owner of the village of [[Kurów Wielki]] in 1266, in the [[Polkowice County]]. The coat of arms can also be also traced back to the personage of Szyban von Der - the court [[adjudicator]] of [[Henry III, Duke of Głogów|Henry III of Głogów]] - erroneously equated to Szaban Tader, a [[castellan]] of the [[Świny Castle]], mentioned in Franciszek Piekosiński's book - ''Heraldyka polska wieków średnich'' - (''Heraldry of Polish Middle Ages'') published in [[Kraków]], in 1899;<ref>{{cite web|title=Heraldyka polska wieków średnich|url=http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=1355|website=Wielkopolska Bibloteka Cyfrowa|access-date=29 April 2015}}</ref> where the document is sealed with the town's Coat of Arms from 1300.<ref name=OL/>
On the basis that the coat of arms of Oława is in relation to the [[Kur coat of arms]], such hypothesis can be deemed highly agreeable. The Kur coat of arms can be linked to Jan of Kur, a knight of [[Konrad I, Duke of Głogów|Konrad I of Głogów]], being the owner of the village of [[Kurów Wielki]] in 1266, in the [[Polkowice County]]. The coat of arms can also be also traced back to the personage of Szyban von Der - the court [[adjudicator]] of [[Henry III, Duke of Głogów|Henry III of Głogów]] - erroneously equated to Szaban Tader, a [[castellan]] of the [[Świny Castle]], mentioned in Franciszek Piekosiński's book - ''Heraldyka polska wieków średnich'' - (''Heraldry of Polish Middle Ages'') published in [[Kraków]], in 1899;<ref>{{cite web|title=Heraldyka polska wieków średnich|url=http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=1355|website=Wielkopolska Bibloteka Cyfrowa|access-date=29 April 2015}}</ref> where the document is sealed with the town's coat of arms from 1300.<ref name=OL/>


==Economy==
==Economy==
[[File:Oława, Zwierzyniecka, průmyslový objekt.jpg|thumb|220px|Ergis S.A.]]
[[File:Oława, Zwierzyniecka, průmyslový objekt.jpg|thumb|Ergis S.A.]]
[[File:Oława city budget income sources, 2015.png|thumb|220px|Oława city budget income sources as of 2015.]]
[[File:Oława city budget income sources, 2015.png|thumb|Oława city budget income sources as of 2015.]]


Oława is the centre for industry and production in the [[Oława County]]. The town's industries include the production of electronics (namely Electrolux Poland and Nardi Appliances), furniture and car parts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Oława » mapy, nieruchomości, GUS, szkoły, kody pocztowe, wynagrodzenie, bezrobocie, zarobki, edukacja, tabele|url=http://www.polskawliczbach.pl/Olawa#finanse-publiczne|website=www.polskawliczbach.pl|access-date=30 January 2017|language=pl}}</ref>
Oława is the centre for industry and production in the [[Oława County]]. The town's industries include the production of electronics (namely Electrolux Poland and Nardi Appliances), furniture and car parts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Oława » mapy, nieruchomości, GUS, szkoły, kody pocztowe, wynagrodzenie, bezrobocie, zarobki, edukacja, tabele|url=http://www.polskawliczbach.pl/Olawa#finanse-publiczne|website=www.polskawliczbach.pl|access-date=30 January 2017|language=pl}}</ref>
Line 88: Line 89:
* The Lorenz Bahlsen Snack-World Sp. z o.o. – food production
* The Lorenz Bahlsen Snack-World Sp. z o.o. – food production
* [[Ergis (company)|Ergis SA]] – packaging production
* [[Ergis (company)|Ergis SA]] – packaging production
* MetalErg – furniture processing and packaging
* MetalErg – processing of metals and plastics
* Tabex – car parts production
* Tabex – car parts production
* ZNTK Oława Sp. z o.o. – train repair department
* ZNTK Oława Sp. z o.o. – train repair department
Line 104: Line 105:


==Sports==
==Sports==
The local [[Association football|football]] team is {{illm|Moto Jelcz Oława|pl|display=1}}. It competes in the lower leagues.
The local [[Association football|football]] team is {{interlanguage link|Moto Jelcz Oława|pl|display=1}}. It competes in the lower leagues.


==Notable people==
==Notable people==
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{{Authority control}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Olawa}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Lower Silesian Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Lower Silesian Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Oława County]]
[[Category:Oława County]]
[[Category:Populated riverside places in Poland]]
[[Category:Cities in Silesia]]
[[Category:Cities in Silesia]]

Latest revision as of 16:19, 13 October 2024

"Ohlau" redirects here. For other uses, see Ohlau (disambiguation).
Oława
Castle Square in Oława with the Sobieski Castle
Castle Square in Oława with the Sobieski Castle
Flag of Oława
Flag
Coat of arms of Oława
Coat of arms
Oława is located in Poland
Oława
Oława
Coordinates: 50°56′N 17°18′E / 50.933°N 17.300°E / 50.933; 17.300
Country Poland
VoivodeshipLower Silesian
CountyOława
GminaOława (urban gmina)
Established11th or 12th century
First mentioned1149
Town rights1234
Government
 • MayorTomasz Frischmann
Area
 • Total
27.34 km2 (10.56 sq mi)
Elevation
122 m (400 ft)
Population
 (2019-06-30[1])
 • Total
33,029
 • Density1,194.2/km2 (3,093/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
55-200
Car platesDOA
Websitehttp://www.um.olawa.pl

Oława (Polish pronunciation: [ɔˈwava] ⓘ, German: Ohlau, [ˈoːlaʊ] ⓘ, Silesian: Oława) is a historic town in south-western Poland with 33,029 inhabitants (2019). It is situated in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, within the Wrocław metropolitan area. It is the seat of Oława County and of the smaller administrative district of Gmina Oława (although it is not part of the territory of the latter, as the town is an urban gmina in its own right).

Etymology

[edit]

The name of the city comes from the Polish word root el-, ol-, which in Polish lands took also the form of oła-, meaning "water". The association with water refers to the location of the settlement between two rivers: the Oder and the Oława, which are close to each other, but only connect in Wrocław, which is 27 km away. The location of the city between rivers, pools and forests, and at the same time in the place of crossing the Oder River, favored the creation of a market settlement of Ślęża, and later a stronghold, a town.

The locality was mentioned in the Old Polish, Latinized form of Oleva in a Latin document issued on August 12, 1201, by the chancellery of Pope Innocent III in Segni. In a document written in Latin by Henry I the Bearded from 1214, the city is mentioned under the name Olaua in the fragment Olauam et Odriczam. In a Latin document issued in Wrocław in 1269, signed by the Silesian duke Władysław of Wrocław, the town is mentioned under two names: Olawa oraz Olauia. Latin language contain much less lettres and sounds that Polish, that's why many distorted versions of Polish, Slavic words, toponyms across Europe in various documents. In the Latin book Liber fundationis episcopatus Vratislaviensis (Polish Book of Emoluments of the Bishopric of Wrocław) written in the times of Bishop Henry of Wierzbno in the years 1295–1305, the town is mentioned in the Latinized form Olavia. The town was mentioned in a Latin document from 1310, where the town was recorded as "civitati Olavia versus Nyzam". In 1613, the Polish regionalist from the region of Silesia and historian Mikołaj Henel mentioned the town in his Latin work on the geography of Śląsk (also known by the Latinized as "Silesia"), entitled Silesiographia giving two names Olavia and Olawa/Olaw.

History

[edit]

Oława began to develop during the 11th or early 12th century at a site that was protected by the rivers Oder and Oława, when it was part of the Piast-ruled Kingdom of Poland. It was first mentioned as Oloua in a document of 1149 confirming Piotr Włostowic's donation to the abbey of St. Vincent in Wrocław.[2] In 1206 Oława became one of the residential towns of the dukes of the Silesian branch of the Piast dynasty, who also granted Oława the status of a town in 1234. As a result of the fragmentation of Poland, Oława at various times formed part of the duchies of Silesia, Legnica and Brzeg.

The Sobieski Castle in the 18th century

During its history Oława was destroyed completely three times. In 1241 it was destroyed during the first Mongol invasion of Poland, in 1448 by the Hussites, and again in 1634 during the Thirty Years' War. After the Polish King Casimir III had renounced his rights on Silesia with the Treaty of Trenčín in 1335, Silesia became until 1806 a part of the Holy Roman Empire as a Bohemian fief, although the town remained under the rule of the Polish Piast dynasty as part of the Duchy of Legnica until 1675. In 1526, when the Habsburgs gained the Bohemian crown, Silesia came under Austrian suzerainty. In 1527 with the Reformation High German language came in use and with it the first usage of the version of the town's name Ohlau is reported. Following the death of the last Silesian Piast duke George IV William of Legnica in 1675, Oława ceased to be a residence town. In spite of Habsburg political influence, in the 17th century, the town was still part of the territory dominated by the Polish language.[3] Oława found itself again under Polish rule, when Polish prince James Louis Sobieski, son of King John III Sobieski, became duke of Oława in years 1691–1737. Together with most of Silesia, the town became part of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1742.

The 18th and 19th centuries were a period of economic growth and Oława (then as Ohlau) became well known as a centre of tobacco-growing. In 1842 a railroad between Ohlau and Wrocław, the first in Silesia, was opened. Ethnic Polish traditions and population remained strong in the area. Poles smuggled large amounts of gunpowder through the town to the Russian Partition of Poland during the January Uprising in 1863.[4] Folkorist Julius Roger noted local Polish folk songs in his 1863 work,[5] and a substantial concentration of Poles in and around the town was still noted in 1896.[6]

The historic town of Ohlau did not suffer any damage during World War I, however, in World War II about 60% of the buildings were destroyed. On 2 September 1939, a Polish PZL.23 Karaś bomber (scout) plane bombed a German factory in the city in the first attack on German territory after the German invasion of Poland and the outbreak of World War II the day before. During the war, the Germans established and operated two labour subcamps of the Stalag VIII-B/344 prisoner-of-war camp in the town.[7] At least five Polish resistance members were sentenced to death in the city by a German court in 1942.[8] After Nazi Germany's defeat in the war, the town became again part of Poland. After the war, a sizeable group of Polish Armenians displaced from Soviet-annexed eastern Poland settled in the town, and the first post-war mayor was Polish-Armenian Jakub Axentowicz.[9] Oława also became a garrison town of the Soviet Red Army Northern Group of Forces and remained so until 1992.

From 1975 to 1998, it was administratively located in the Wrocław Voivodeship.

Flag and coat of arms

[edit]
Town hall in Oława

The flag of Oława presents the coat of arms of Oława, on a diagonally divided white-red background.[10]

The coat of arms presents a white rooster on a red-shield background, looking to the left. There are two traditional hypotheses for the origin of the coat of arms:

  1. The symbol links in with Walloonian weavers; historically located in Oława's land - and the coat of arms of Wallonia - a red rooster on a yellow background.
  2. The shield originates from the town coat of arms of the Czech knight family of Olav.[2]

Neither hypothesis explains the look of the coat of arms in relation to Oława. The coat of arms of Oława is identical on the basis and content of the Kur coat of arms.[2]

On the basis that the coat of arms of Oława is in relation to the Kur coat of arms, such hypothesis can be deemed highly agreeable. The Kur coat of arms can be linked to Jan of Kur, a knight of Konrad I of Głogów, being the owner of the village of Kurów Wielki in 1266, in the Polkowice County. The coat of arms can also be also traced back to the personage of Szyban von Der - the court adjudicator of Henry III of Głogów - erroneously equated to Szaban Tader, a castellan of the Świny Castle, mentioned in Franciszek Piekosiński's book - Heraldyka polska wieków średnich - (Heraldry of Polish Middle Ages) published in Kraków, in 1899;[11] where the document is sealed with the town's coat of arms from 1300.[2]

Economy

[edit]
Ergis S.A.
Oława city budget income sources as of 2015.

Oława is the centre for industry and production in the Oława County. The town's industries include the production of electronics (namely Electrolux Poland and Nardi Appliances), furniture and car parts.[12]

Largest industries include:

  • Zm Silesia SA (formerly Huta Oława S.A.) – production of zinc oxide, lead oxide and cadmium oxide
  • SCA Hygiene Products – production of nappies for toddlers and adults
  • DS Smith – packaging production
  • Autoliv Poland – production of seat belts and car airbags
  • Centrozłom Wrocław PPZM – branch of metal recycling
  • The Lorenz Bahlsen Snack-World Sp. z o.o. – food production
  • Ergis SA – packaging production
  • MetalErg – processing of metals and plastics
  • Tabex – car parts production
  • ZNTK Oława Sp. z o.o. – train repair department
  • Zakpol – architrave production
  • Marco – plastic materials production
  • Formtech – plastic materials production
  • Rotex – plastic materials production
  • Atex Sp. z o.o. – muffler and petrol tank production
  • Electrolux Poland – electronics
  • Nardi Appliances Poland – electronics
  • Standis Polska Sp. z o.o. - shop furniture production
  • Bama Europa Sp. z o.o. - confectionery production
Saints Peter and Paul church and monument of Pope John Paul II

Sports

[edit]

The local football team is Moto Jelcz Oława [pl]. It competes in the lower leagues.

Notable people

[edit]
The Oława Castle was the residence of local Piast and Sobieski dukes
Registry office

Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

Oława is twinned with:[13]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2019. As of 30th June". stat.gov.pl. Statistics Poland. 2019-10-15. Retrieved 2020-02-14.
  2. ^ a b c d "Historia Miasta Oława". Oława 24. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
  3. ^ Dorota Borowicz, Mapy narodowościowe Górnego Śląska od połowy XIX wieku do II Wojny Światowej, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, Wrocław, 2004, p. 33
  4. ^ Pater, Mieczysław (1963). "Wrocławskie echa powstania styczniowego". Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka (in Polish) (4): 418.
  5. ^ Roger, Julius (1863). Pieśni ludu polskiego w Górnym Szląsku (in Polish). Wrocław. pp. 166–167.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. ^ Partsch, Joseph (1896). Schlesien. Eine Landeskunde für das deutsche Volk (in German). Vol. I. p. 364.
  7. ^ "Working Parties". Lamsdorf: Stalag VIIIB 344 Prisoner of War Camp 1940 - 1945. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  8. ^ Encyklopedia konspiracji Wielkopolskiej 1939–1945 (in Polish). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. 1998. pp. 184, 517, 583, 599, 655. ISBN 83-85003-97-5.
  9. ^ "Etnolodzy w Oławie". Awedis (in Polish). No. 36. 2018. p. 2.
  10. ^ "Index". Urząd Miasta Oława. Archived from the original on 3 May 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
  11. ^ "Heraldyka polska wieków średnich". Wielkopolska Bibloteka Cyfrowa. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
  12. ^ "Oława » mapy, nieruchomości, GUS, szkoły, kody pocztowe, wynagrodzenie, bezrobocie, zarobki, edukacja, tabele". www.polskawliczbach.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  13. ^ "Miasta partnerskie". um.olawa.pl (in Polish). Oława. Retrieved 2020-02-03.
[edit]
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