Jiaqing Emperor: Difference between revisions
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m Including Nurhaci and Hong Taji, the Jiaqing emperor is the seventh Qing Emperor. |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}} |
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{{Infobox royalty |
{{Infobox royalty |
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| name = Jiaqing Emperor<br/>{{nobold|嘉慶帝}} |
| name = Jiaqing Emperor<br/>{{nobold|嘉慶帝}} |
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| image = 清 佚名 《清仁宗嘉庆皇帝朝服像》.jpg |
| image = 清 佚名 《清仁宗嘉庆皇帝朝服像》.jpg |
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| image_size = 200px |
| image_size = 200px |
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| succession1 = Prince Jia of the First Rank |
| succession1 = Prince Jia of the First Rank |
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| reign1 = 1789 – 9 February 1796 |
| reign1 = 1789 – 9 February 1796 |
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| reign-type1 = Tenure |
| reign-type1 = Tenure |
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| succession = [[List of emperors of the Qing dynasty|Emperor of the Qing dynasty]] |
| succession = [[List of emperors of the Qing dynasty|Emperor of the Qing dynasty]] |
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| reign = 9 February 1796 – 2 September 1820 |
| reign = 9 February 1796 – 2 September 1820 |
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| predecessor = [[Qianlong Emperor]] |
| predecessor = [[Qianlong Emperor]] |
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| successor = [[Daoguang Emperor]] |
| successor = [[Daoguang Emperor]] |
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| regent = [[Qianlong Emperor]] (1796–1799) |
| regent = [[Qianlong Emperor]] (1796–1799) |
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| birth_name = Aisin Gioro Yongyan<br>(愛新覺羅·永琰) |
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| burial_place = Chang Mausoleum, [[Western Qing tombs]] |
| burial_place = Chang Mausoleum, [[Western Qing tombs]] |
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| spouse = {{plainlist| |
| spouse = {{plainlist| |
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* {{Marriage|[[Empress Xiaoshurui |
* {{Marriage|[[Empress Xiaoshurui]]|1774|1797|end=d}} |
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* {{Marriage|[[Empress Xiaoherui |
* {{Marriage|[[Empress Xiaoherui]]|1790}} |
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}} |
}} |
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| spouse-type = |
| spouse-type = Consorts |
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| issue = {{plainlist| |
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| issue = [[Daoguang Emperor]]<br>Miankai, [[Prince Dun|Prince Dunke of the First Rank]]<br>Mianxin, [[Prince Rui (瑞)|Prince Ruihuai of the First Rank]]<br>Mianyu, [[Prince Hui (first rank)|Prince Huiduan of the First Rank]]<br>Princess Zhuangjing of the Second Rank<br>Princess Zhuangjing of the First Rank |
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* [[Daoguang Emperor]] |
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* Miankai, [[Prince Dun|Prince Dunke of the First Rank]] |
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* Mianxin, [[Prince Rui (瑞)|Prince Ruihuai of the First Rank]] |
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* Mianyu, [[Prince Hui (first rank)|Prince Huiduan of the First Rank]] |
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* Princess Zhuangjing of the Second Rank |
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* Princess Zhuangjing of the First Rank |
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| ⚫ | | era dates = Jiaqing (嘉慶): 9 February 1796 – 2 February 1821<br>[[Manchu language|Manchu]]: Saicungga fengšen ({{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᠰᠠᡳᠴᡠᠩᡤᠠ ᡶᡝᠩᡧᡝᠨ|style=height:2em;word-wrap:not normal}})<br>[[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]: Сайшаалт ерөөлт ({{MongolUnicode|ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠰᠢᠶᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠢᠷᠦᠭᠡᠯᠲᠦ<!-- http://trans.mglip.com/ -->|style=height:2.1em;word-wrap:not normal}}) |
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}} |
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| ⚫ | | era dates = Jiaqing (嘉慶): 9 February 1796 – 2 February 1821<br>[[Manchu language|Manchu]]: Saicungga fengšen ({{ManchuSibeUnicode|lang=mnc|ᠰᠠᡳᠴᡠᠩᡤᠠ ᡶᡝᠩᡧᡝᠨ|style=height:2em;word-wrap:not normal}})<br>[[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]: Сайшаалт ерөөлт ({{MongolUnicode|ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠰᠢᠶᠠᠯᠲᠤ ᠢᠷᠦᠭᠡᠯᠲᠦ<!-- http://trans.mglip.com/ -->|style=height:2.1em;word-wrap:not normal}}) |
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| ⚫ | |||
| posthumous name = '''Emperor''' Shoutian Xingyun Fuhua Suiyou Chongwen Jingwu Guangyu Xiaogong Qinjian Duanmin Yingzhe '''Rui''' (受天興運敷化綏猷崇文經武光裕孝恭勤儉端敏英哲'''睿皇帝''')<br>[[Manchu language|Manchu]]: Sunggiyen hūwangdi ({{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠰᡠᠩᡤᡳᠶᡝᠨ <br>ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ}}) |
| posthumous name = '''Emperor''' Shoutian Xingyun Fuhua Suiyou Chongwen Jingwu Guangyu Xiaogong Qinjian Duanmin Yingzhe '''Rui''' (受天興運敷化綏猷崇文經武光裕孝恭勤儉端敏英哲'''睿皇帝''')<br>[[Manchu language|Manchu]]: Sunggiyen hūwangdi ({{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠰᡠᠩᡤᡳᠶᡝᠨ <br>ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ}}) |
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| temple name = Renzong (仁宗)<br>[[Manchu language|Manchu]]: Žindzung ({{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡰᡳᠨᡯᡠᠩ}}) |
| temple name = Renzong (仁宗)<br>[[Manchu language|Manchu]]: Žindzung ({{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᡰᡳᠨᡯᡠᠩ}}) |
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| house = [[House of Aisin-Gioro|Aisin |
| house = [[House of Aisin-Gioro|Aisin-Gioro]] |
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| dynasty = [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] |
| dynasty = [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] |
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| house-type = |
| house-type = |
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| father = [[Qianlong Emperor]] |
| father = [[Qianlong Emperor]] |
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| mother = [[Empress Xiaoyichun |
| mother = [[Empress Xiaoyichun]] |
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| religion = |
| religion = |
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| occupation = |
| occupation = |
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| signature_type = [[Seal (East Asia)|Seal]]{{Efn|''Chenhan'' ({{lang|zh-Hans-CN|[[wikt:宸翰|宸翰]]}}, ''Chénhàn'') seal used for calligraphy and handwritten works.}} |
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| signature_type = |
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| signature = |
| signature = Chenhan Seal of the Jiaqing Emperor.svg |
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| module = |
| module = |
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}} |
}} |
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{{Chinese |
{{Chinese |
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|t = 嘉慶帝 |
| t = 嘉慶帝 |
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|s = 嘉庆帝 |
| s = 嘉庆帝 |
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|p = Jiāqìng Dì |
| p = Jiāqìng Dì |
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|w = Chia<sup>1</sup>-ch'ing<sup>4</sup> Ti<sup>4</sup> |
| w = Chia<sup>1</sup>-ch'ing<sup>4</sup> Ti<sup>4</sup> |
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|mi = {{IPAc-cmn|j|ia|1|q|ing|4|-|d|i|4}} |
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|j|ia|1|q|ing|4|-|d|i|4}} |
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}} |
}} |
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{{Contains special characters|Manchu}} |
{{Contains special characters|Manchu}} |
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The '''Jiaqing Emperor''' (13 November 1760 – 2 September 1820), also known by his [[temple name]] '''Emperor Renzong of Qing''', personal name '''Yongyan''', was the |
The '''Jiaqing Emperor''' (13 November 1760 – 2 September 1820), also known by his [[temple name]] '''Emperor Renzong of Qing''', personal name '''Yongyan''', was the seventh [[Emperor of China|emperor]] of the [[Qing dynasty]] and the fifth Qing emperor to rule over [[China proper]]. He was the 15th son of the [[Qianlong Emperor]]. During his reign, he prosecuted [[Heshen]], the corrupt [[Favourite|favorite]] of his father and attempted to restore order within the empire while curbing the smuggling of [[opium]] into China. Assessments of his reign are mixed, either seen as the "beginning of the end" of the Qing dynasty, or as a period of moderate reform that presaged the intellectual movements of the 1860s.<ref>Ricarda Brosch, "The Jiaqing Emperor" in Jessica Harrison-Hall and Julia Lovell (eds) ''Creators of Modern China: 100 Lives from Empire to Republic 1796–1912'' (Thames & Hudson, 2023) pp14 -16</ref> |
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==Early years== |
==Early years== |
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[[File:弘历妃及童年顒琰像.jpg|thumb|Jiaqing as a Child with Empress Xiaoyichun]] |
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Yongyan was born in the [[Old Summer Palace]], 8 km (5 mi) northwest of the walls of [[Beijing]]. His personal name, "Yongyan" (永琰), was later changed to "Yongyan" (顒琰) when he became the emperor. The [[Chinese character]] for ''yong'' in his name was changed from the more common 永 to the less common 顒. This novelty was introduced by the Qianlong Emperor, who believed that it was not proper to have a commonly used Chinese character in an emperor's personal name due to the longstanding practice of [[naming taboo]] in the imperial family during ancient China period. |
Yongyan was born in the [[Old Summer Palace]], 8 km (5 mi) northwest of the walls of [[Beijing]]. His personal name, "Yongyan" (永琰), was later changed to "Yongyan" (顒琰) when he became the emperor. The [[Chinese character]] for ''yong'' in his name was changed from the more common 永 to the less common 顒. This novelty was introduced by the Qianlong Emperor, who believed that it was not proper to have a commonly used Chinese character in an emperor's personal name due to the longstanding practice of [[naming taboo]] in the imperial family during ancient China period. |
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==Accession to the throne== |
==Accession to the throne== |
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In October 1795, the 60th year of his reign, the Qianlong Emperor announced his intention to abdicate in favour of Prince Jia. He made this decision because he felt that it was disrespectful for him to rule longer than his grandfather, the [[Kangxi Emperor]], who was on the throne for 61 years. Prince Jia ascended the throne and adopted the [[Chinese era name|era name]] "Jiaqing" in February 1796, hence he is historically known as the Jiaqing Emperor. For the next three years, however, the Jiaqing Emperor was emperor in name and rite only because decisions were still made by his father, who became a ''[[Taishang Huang]]'' (emperor emeritus) after his abdication. |
In October 1795, the 60th year of his reign, the Qianlong Emperor announced his intention to abdicate in favour of Prince Jia. He made this decision because he felt that it was disrespectful for him to rule longer than his grandfather, the [[Kangxi Emperor]], who was on the throne for 61 years. Prince Jia ascended the throne and adopted the [[Chinese era name|era name]] "Jiaqing" in February 1796, hence he is historically known as the Jiaqing Emperor. For the next three years, however, the Jiaqing Emperor was emperor in name and rite only because decisions were still made by his father, who became a ''[[Taishang Huang]]'' (emperor emeritus) after his abdication. |
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After the death of the Qianlong Emperor in the beginning of February 1799, the Jiaqing Emperor took control of the government and prosecuted [[Heshen]], a [[favourite]] official of his father. Heshen was charged with corruption and abuse of power, stripped of his titles, had his property confiscated, and ordered to commit suicide. Heshen's daughter-in-law, Princess Hexiao, a half-sister of the Jiaqing Emperor, was spared from punishment and given a few properties from Heshen's estates. |
After the death of the Qianlong Emperor in the beginning of February 1799, the Jiaqing Emperor took control of the government and prosecuted [[Heshen]], a [[favourite]] official of his father. Heshen was charged with corruption and abuse of power, stripped of his titles, had his property confiscated, and ordered to commit suicide. Heshen's daughter-in-law, Princess Hexiao, a half-sister of the Jiaqing Emperor, was spared from punishment and given a few properties from Heshen's estates. The Jiaqing Emperor commuted the death sentence of the scholar [[Hong Liangji]] who had criticised the policies of the Qianlong Emperor and Heshen, instead exiling him to a remote part of northern China and pardoning him altogether in 1800.<ref>Jonathan Spence. ''The Search for Modern China'' (Norton, 1990), pp143-144</ref> |
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Heshen was described as the 'primary evil' effecting the Empire, and after his removal the Emperor pursued a series of reforms of the court, civil service and treasury.<ref>Ricarda Brosch, "The Jiaqing Emperor" in Jessica Harrison-Hall and Julia Lovell (eds) ''Creators of Modern China: 100 Lives from Empire to Republic 1796–1912'' (Thames & Hudson, 2023) pp14 -16</ref> He was a traditionalist in terms of his role as an ethnic Manchu leader, taking parts in imperial hunts, inspection tours, and upholding strict court protocol.<ref>Ricarda Brosch, "The Jiaqing Emperor" in Jessica Harrison-Hall and Julia Lovell (eds) ''Creators of Modern China: 100 Lives from Empire to Republic 1796–1912'' (Thames & Hudson, 2023) pp14 -16</ref> As part of this traditionalist approach, the Jiaqing Emperor promoted ministers on the basis of their commitment to a 'purist' approach to Confucian rule.<ref>Jonathan Spence. ''The Search for Modern China'' (Norton, 1990), p166 </ref> |
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| ⚫ | At the time, the Qing Empire faced internal disorder, most importantly the large-scale [[White Lotus Rebellion|White Lotus]] (1796–1804) and [[Miao Rebellion 1795-1806|Miao]] (1795–1806) rebellions, as well as an empty imperial treasury. The Jiaqing Emperor engaged in the pacification of the empire and the quelling of rebellions. He endeavored to bring China back to its 18th-century prosperity and power. |
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The impact of the Jiaqing Emperor's reforms are questionable, with the Emperor described by [[Jonathan D. Spence|Jonathan Spence]] as having 'relied on rhetoric more than specific policies to cleanse his empire', with Heshen's clique soon replaced by other bureaucratic factions.<ref>Jonathan Spence. ''The Search for Modern China'' (Norton, 1990), p166 </ref> |
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===Renaming Vietnam=== |
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| ⚫ | The Jiaqing Emperor refused the Vietnamese ruler [[Gia Long]]'s request to change his country's name to Nam Việt |
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| ⚫ | At the time, the Qing Empire faced internal disorder, most importantly the large-scale [[White Lotus Rebellion|White Lotus]] (1796–1804) and [[Miao Rebellion 1795-1806|Miao]] (1795–1806) rebellions, as well as an empty imperial treasury. The Jiaqing Emperor engaged in the pacification of the empire and the quelling of rebellions, although this came at a steep fiscal cost.<ref>Ricarda Brosch, "The Jiaqing Emperor" in Jessica Harrison-Hall and Julia Lovell (eds) ''Creators of Modern China: 100 Lives from Empire to Republic 1796–1912'' (Thames & Hudson, 2023) pp14 -16</ref> He endeavored to bring China back to its 18th-century prosperity and power. |
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In 1813, the Jiaqing Emperor also faced the threat of the [[Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813|Eight Trigrams uprising]], led by a millenarian Buddhist sect that launched a failed attack on the [[Forbidden City]], with the intention of assassinating the Emperor upon his return from a hunting trip. The Jiaqing Emperor was intrigued by the leader of the rising, Lin Qing, and summoned him to a private interrogation.<ref>Jonathan Spence. ''The Search for Modern China'' (Norton, 1990), p168</ref> Lin was later executed by slicing.<ref>Jonathan Spence. ''The Search for Modern China'' (Norton, 1990), p168 </ref> |
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===Foreign relations=== |
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In 1816, [[William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst]] was sent as ambassador extraordinary to the court, intending to establish more satisfactory commercial relations between China and Great Britain. The Amherst Embassy proved a failure as a result of Amherst's refusal to perform a kowtow to the Emperor, but would prove to have a significant impact on British views of China and the Qing dynasty.<ref>Gao Hao. “The Amherst Embassy and British Discoveries in China.” History, vol. 99, no. 4 (337), 2014, pp. 568–87, here p.568</ref> |
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| ⚫ | The Jiaqing Emperor refused the Vietnamese ruler [[Gia Long]]'s request to change his country's name to Nam Việt, but agreed that it could be changed to [[Names of Vietnam#Origin of Vietnam|Việt Nam]] instead.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0LgSI9UQNpwC&pg=PA120 Woodside 1971], p. 120.</ref> Gia Long's ''[[Đại Nam thực lục]]'' contains the diplomatic correspondence over the naming.<ref name="Kyong-McClainDu2013">{{cite book |author1=Jeff Kyong-McClain |author2=Yongtao Du |title = Chinese History in Geographical Perspective |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=j9OSLSLWzJUC&q=confucianism+in+vietnam+kelley&pg=PA67 |year=2013 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7391-7230-8 |pages=67– }}</ref> |
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===Opposition to Christianity=== |
===Opposition to Christianity=== |
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===Chinese nobility=== |
===Chinese nobility=== |
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The Jiaqing Emperor granted the title ''[[Four Books and Five Classics|Wujing]] Boshi'' ({{zh|t=五經博士|p=Wǔjīng Bóshì|labels=no}}) to the descendants of Tang essayist [[Han Yu]].<ref>{{cite book |title = Qin ding da Qing hui dian (Jiaqing chao) |year=1818 |page=1084 }}</ref><ref name="王士禎2014">{{cite book |author=王士禎 [Wang Shizhen] |title=池北偶談 [Chi Bei Ou Tan]|date=3 September 2014|publisher=朔雪寒 [Shuo Xue Han] |id=GGKEY:ESB6TEXXDCT}}</ref><ref name="徐錫麟錢泳2014">{{cite book|author1=徐錫麟 [Xu, Xilin]|author2=錢泳 [Qian, Yong]|title=熙朝新語 [Xi Chao Xin Yu]|date=10 September 2014|publisher=朔雪寒 [Shuo Xue Han] |id=GGKEY:J62ZFNAA1NF}}</ref><ref name="BrunnertHagelstrom2013">{{cite book|author1=Brunnert, H. S.|author2=Hagelstrom, V. V.|title=Present Day Political Organization of China|date=15 April 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-79795-9|pages=493–94}}</ref> |
The Jiaqing Emperor granted the title ''[[Four Books and Five Classics|Wujing]] Boshi'' ({{zh|t=五經博士|p=Wǔjīng Bóshì|labels=no}}) to the descendants of Tang essayist [[Han Yu]].<ref>{{cite book |title = Qin ding da Qing hui dian (Jiaqing chao) |year=1818 |page=1084 }}</ref><ref name="王士禎2014">{{cite book |author=王士禎 [Wang Shizhen] |title=池北偶談 [Chi Bei Ou Tan]|date=3 September 2014|publisher=朔雪寒 [Shuo Xue Han] |id=GGKEY:ESB6TEXXDCT}}</ref><ref name="徐錫麟錢泳2014">{{cite book|author1=徐錫麟 [Xu, Xilin]|author2=錢泳 [Qian, Yong]|title=熙朝新語 [Xi Chao Xin Yu]|date=10 September 2014|publisher=朔雪寒 [Shuo Xue Han] |id=GGKEY:J62ZFNAA1NF}}</ref><ref name="BrunnertHagelstrom2013">{{cite book|author1=Brunnert, H. S.|author2=Hagelstrom, V. V.|title=Present Day Political Organization of China|date=15 April 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-79795-9|pages=493–94}}</ref> |
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== Personal life and interests == |
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[[File:Emperor Jiaqing.jpg|thumb|Emperor Jiaqing in Court dress]] |
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The Jiaqing Emperor commissioned printed compendia of courtly collections, which are an important source for our present understanding of Qing court art.<ref>Ricarda Brosch, "The Jiaqing Emperor" in Jessica Harrison-Hall and Julia Lovell (eds) ''Creators of Modern China: 100 Lives from Empire to Republic 1796–1912'' (Thames & Hudson, 2023) pp14 -16</ref> He was a keen scholar of the Confucian classics (to which he devoted much of his time in the early years of his reign when the Qianlong Emperor remained ''de facto'' ruler), with 15,267 poems attributed to him.<ref>Ricarda Brosch, "The Jiaqing Emperor" in Jessica Harrison-Hall and Julia Lovell (eds) ''Creators of Modern China: 100 Lives from Empire to Republic 1796–1912'' (Thames & Hudson, 2023) pp14 -16</ref> |
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==Death and burial== |
==Death and burial== |
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On 2 September 1820, the Jiaqing Emperor died at the [[Chengde Mountain Resort|Rehe (Jehol) Traveling Palace]] (熱河行宫), 230 km (140 mi) northeast of [[Beijing]], where the imperial court was in summer quarters. The ''[[Draft History of Qing]]'' did not record a cause of death. Some have alleged that he died after being struck by lightning, but others prefer the theory that he died of a [[stroke]], as the emperor was quite obese. He was succeeded by his second son, Mianning, who became known as the [[Daoguang Emperor]]. |
On 2 September 1820, the Jiaqing Emperor died at the [[Chengde Mountain Resort|Rehe (Jehol) Traveling Palace]] (熱河行宫), 230 km (140 mi) northeast of [[Beijing]], where the imperial court was in summer quarters. The ''[[Draft History of Qing]]'' did not record a cause of death. Some have alleged that he died after being struck by lightning, but others prefer the theory that he died of a [[stroke]], as the emperor was quite obese. He was succeeded by his second son, Mianning, who became known as the [[Daoguang Emperor]]. |
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The Jiaqing Emperor was interred amidst the [[Western Qing Tombs]], 120 km (75 mi) southwest of [[Beijing]], in the Chang (昌; lit. "splendid") mausoleum complex. |
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==Family== |
==Family== |
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'''Empress''' |
'''Empress''' |
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* [[Empress Xiaoshurui]] (孝淑睿皇后) of the [[Hitara]] |
* '''[[Empress Xiaoshurui]]''' (孝淑睿皇后) of the [[Hitara|Hitara clan]] (喜塔臘氏; 2 October 1760 – 5 March 1797) |
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** Second daughter (2 June 1780 – 6 September 1783) |
** ''Second daughter'' (2 June 1780 – 6 September 1783) |
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** Minning ( |
** '''Minning''' (旻寧), the '''[[Daoguang Emperor]]''' (道光帝; 16 September 1782 – 26 February 1850), second son |
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** Princess Zhuangjing of the First Rank (莊靜固倫公主; 20 October 1784 – 27 June 1811), fourth daughter |
** Princess '''Zhuangjing''' of the First Rank (莊靜固倫公主; 20 October 1784 – 27 June 1811), fourth daughter |
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*** Married Manibadala (瑪尼巴達喇; |
*** Married Manibadala (瑪尼巴達喇; ? – 1832) of the Mongol [[Tumed]] [[Borjigin|Borjigin clan]] in November/December 1802 |
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** Miscarriage at three months (18 August 1785) |
** ''Miscarriage at three months'' (18 August 1785) |
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* [[Empress Xiaoherui]] (孝和睿皇后) of the [[Niohuru]] |
* '''[[Empress Xiaoherui]]''' (孝和睿皇后) of the [[Niohuru|Niohuru clan]] (鈕祜祿氏; 20 November 1776 – 23 January 1850) |
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** Seventh daughter (2 August 1793 – 16 July 1795) |
** ''Seventh daughter'' (2 August 1793 – 16 July 1795) |
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** [[Miankai]], [[Prince Dun|Prince Dunke of the First Rank]] (惇恪親王 |
** '''[[Miankai]]''' (綿愷), [[Prince Dun|Prince '''Dunke''' of the First Rank]] (惇恪親王; 6 August 1795 – 18 January 1838), third son |
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** [[Mianxin]], [[Prince Rui (瑞)|Prince Ruihuai of the First Rank]] (瑞懷親王 |
** '''[[Mianxin]]''' (綿忻), [[Prince Rui (瑞)|Prince '''Ruihuai''' of the First Rank]] (瑞懷親王; 9 March 1805 – 27 September 1828), fourth son |
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'''Imperial Noble Consort''' |
'''Imperial Noble Consort''' |
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* [[Imperial Noble Consort Heyu]] (和裕皇貴妃) of the Liugiya |
* '''[[Imperial Noble Consort Heyu]]''' (和裕皇貴妃) of the Liugiya clan (劉佳氏; 9 January 1761 – 27 April 1834) |
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** Prince Mu of the Second Rank (穆郡王; 4 February 1780 – 10 June 1780), first son |
** Prince '''Mu''' of the Second Rank (穆郡王; 4 February 1780 – 10 June 1780), first son |
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** Princess Zhuangjing of the Second Rank (莊敬和碩公主; 30 January 1782 – 4 April 1811), third daughter |
** Princess '''Zhuangjing''' of the Second Rank (莊敬和碩公主; 30 January 1782 – 4 April 1811), third daughter |
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*** Married Sodnamdorji (索特納木多布濟; |
*** Married Sodnamdorji (索特納木多布濟; ? – 1825) of the Mongol [[Khorchin Mongols|Khorchin]] [[Borjigin|Borjigin clan]] on 24 December 1801 and had issue (one daughter) |
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* [[Imperial Noble Consort Gongshun]] (恭順皇貴妃) of the [[Niohuru]] |
* '''[[Imperial Noble Consort Gongshun]]''' (恭順皇貴妃) of the [[Niohuru|Niohuru clan]] (鈕祜祿氏; 28 May 1787 – 23 April 1860) |
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** ''Eighth daughter'' (8 March 1805 – 14 January 1806) |
** ''Eighth daughter'' (8 March 1805 – 14 January 1806) |
||
** Princess Huimin of the First Rank (慧愍固倫公主; 18 February 1811 – 28 June 1815), ninth daughter |
** Princess '''Huimin''' of the First Rank (慧愍固倫公主; 18 February 1811 – 28 June 1815), ninth daughter |
||
** [[Mianyu]], [[Prince Hui (first rank)|Prince Huiduan of the First Rank]] (惠端親王 |
** '''[[Mianyu]]''' (綿愉), [[Prince Hui (first rank)|Prince '''Huiduan''' of the First Rank]] (惠端親王; 8 March 1814 – 9 January 1865), fifth son |
||
'''Consort''' |
'''Consort''' |
||
* Consort Shu (恕妃) of the [[Wanyan]] |
* '''Consort Shu''' (恕妃) of the [[Wanyan|Wanyan clan]] (完顏氏; ? – 1792) |
||
* [[Consort Hua]] (華妃) of the Hougiya |
* '''[[Consort Hua]]''' (華妃) of the Hougiya clan (侯佳氏; ? – 3 August 1808), personal name '''Liuniu''' (六妞) |
||
** ''Sixth daughter'' (2 August 1789 – June/July 1790) |
** ''Sixth daughter'' (2 August 1789 – June/July 1790) |
||
* [[Consort Zhuang (Jiaqing)|Consort Zhuang]] (莊妃) of the [[Wanyan|Wanggiya]] |
* [[Consort Zhuang (Jiaqing)|'''Consort Zhuang''']] (莊妃) of the [[Wanyan|Wanggiya clan]] (王佳氏; ? – 9 March 1811) |
||
* [[Consort Xin (Jiaqing)|Consort Xin]] (信妃) of the Liugiya |
* [[Consort Xin (Jiaqing)|'''Consort Xin''']] (信妃) of the Liugiya clan (劉佳氏; 26 April 1783 – 26 November 1822) |
||
''' |
'''Concubine''' |
||
* |
* '''Concubine Jian''' (簡嬪) of the [[Gūwalgiya|Guangiya clan]] (關佳氏; ? – 14 May 1780) |
||
** ''First daughter'' (14 May 1780 – 24 November 1783) |
** ''First daughter'' (14 May 1780 – 24 November 1783) |
||
* |
* '''Concubine Xun''' (遜嬪) of the Shen clan (沈氏; ? – 31 December 1786) |
||
** Princess Hui'an of the Second Rank (慧安和碩公主; 31 December 1786 – June/July 1795), fifth daughter |
** Princess '''Hui'an''' of the Second Rank (慧安和碩公主; 31 December 1786 – June/July 1795), fifth daughter |
||
* |
* '''Concubine Chun''' (淳嬪) of the Donggiya clan (董佳氏; ? – 30 November 1819) |
||
* |
* '''Concubine En''' (恩嬪) of the [[Uya|Uya clan]] (烏雅氏) |
||
* |
* '''Concubine Rong''' (榮嬪) of the Liang clan (梁氏) |
||
* |
* '''Concubine An''' (安嬪) of the [[Gūwalgiya|Gūwalgiya clan]] (瓜爾佳氏; 1 March 1785 – 29 July 1837) |
||
'''Noble Lady''' |
'''Noble Lady''' |
||
* Noble Lady Yun |
* '''Noble Lady Yun''' (芸贵人) |
||
* Noble Lady Yu |
* '''Noble Lady Yu''' (玉贵人) |
||
'''First Class |
'''First Class Attendant''' |
||
* First Class |
* '''First Class Attendant Hui''' (慧常在) |
||
==Ancestry== |
==Ancestry== |
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| 1 = Jiaqing Emperor (1760–1820) |
| 1 = Jiaqing Emperor (1760–1820) |
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| 2 = [[Qianlong Emperor]] (1711–1799) |
| 2 = [[Qianlong Emperor]] (1711–1799) |
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| 11 = Lady Peng |
| 11 = Lady Peng |
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| 12 = Jiuling |
| 12 = Jiuling |
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| 16 = [[Shunzhi Emperor]] (1638–1661) |
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| 17 = [[Empress Xiaokangzhang]] (1638–1663) |
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| 18 = Weiwu |
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| 19 = Lady Saiheli |
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| 20 = Wulu |
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| 21 = Lady Qiao |
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| 22 = Wugong |
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| 24 = Sixing |
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| 25 = Lady Chen |
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}} |
}} |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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* [[Chinese emperors family tree (late)]] |
* [[Chinese emperors family tree (late)]] |
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== Notes == |
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{{Notelist}} |
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== References == |
== References == |
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=== Sources === |
=== Sources === |
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{{refbegin}} |
{{refbegin|30em}} |
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* {{PD-old-text|title=China in the light of history|year=1897|author=Ernst Faber}} |
* {{PD-old-text|title=China in the light of history|year=1897|author=Ernst Faber}} |
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* {{PD-old-text|title=The Chinese recorder, Volume 27|year=1896}} |
* {{PD-old-text|title=The Chinese recorder, Volume 27|year=1896}} |
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[[Category:1760 births]] |
[[Category:1760 births]] |
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[[Category:1820 deaths]] |
[[Category:1820 deaths]] |
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[[Category:Qing dynasty |
[[Category:Emperors of the Qing dynasty]] |
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[[Category:18th-century Chinese monarchs]] |
[[Category:18th-century Chinese monarchs]] |
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[[Category:19th-century Chinese monarchs]] |
[[Category:19th-century Chinese monarchs]] |
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Latest revision as of 15:36, 24 October 2024
| Jiaqing Emperor 嘉慶帝 | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | |||||||||||||||||
| Emperor of the Qing dynasty | |||||||||||||||||
| Reign | 9 February 1796 – 2 September 1820 | ||||||||||||||||
| Predecessor | Qianlong Emperor | ||||||||||||||||
| Successor | Daoguang Emperor | ||||||||||||||||
| Regent | Qianlong Emperor (1796–1799) | ||||||||||||||||
| Prince Jia of the First Rank | |||||||||||||||||
| Tenure | 1789 – 9 February 1796 | ||||||||||||||||
| Born | 13 November 1760 (乾隆二十五年 十月 六日) Imperial Gardens, Beijing | ||||||||||||||||
| Died | 2 September 1820 (aged 59) (嘉慶二十五年 七月 二十五日) Mountain Estate, Jehol | ||||||||||||||||
| Burial | Chang Mausoleum, Western Qing tombs | ||||||||||||||||
| Consorts | |||||||||||||||||
| Issue |
| ||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
| House | Aisin-Gioro | ||||||||||||||||
| Dynasty | Qing | ||||||||||||||||
| Father | Qianlong Emperor | ||||||||||||||||
| Mother | Empress Xiaoyichun | ||||||||||||||||
| Seal[a] |  | ||||||||||||||||
| Jiaqing Emperor | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 嘉慶帝 | ||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 嘉庆帝 | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
The Jiaqing Emperor (13 November 1760 – 2 September 1820), also known by his temple name Emperor Renzong of Qing, personal name Yongyan, was the seventh emperor of the Qing dynasty and the fifth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. He was the 15th son of the Qianlong Emperor. During his reign, he prosecuted Heshen, the corrupt favorite of his father and attempted to restore order within the empire while curbing the smuggling of opium into China. Assessments of his reign are mixed, either seen as the "beginning of the end" of the Qing dynasty, or as a period of moderate reform that presaged the intellectual movements of the 1860s.[1]
Early years
[edit]
Yongyan was born in the Old Summer Palace, 8 km (5 mi) northwest of the walls of Beijing. His personal name, "Yongyan" (永琰), was later changed to "Yongyan" (顒琰) when he became the emperor. The Chinese character for yong in his name was changed from the more common 永 to the less common 顒. This novelty was introduced by the Qianlong Emperor, who believed that it was not proper to have a commonly used Chinese character in an emperor's personal name due to the longstanding practice of naming taboo in the imperial family during ancient China period.
Yongyan was the 15th son of the Qianlong Emperor. His mother was Noble Consort Ling, the daughter of Wei Qingtai (魏清泰), an ethnic Han Chinese official whose family had been long integrated into the Manchu Eight Banners as part of a Han Banner.
The Qianlong Emperor originally had two other sons in mind for succeeding him, but both of them died early from diseases, hence in December 1773 he secretly chose Yongyan as his successor. In 1789, the Qianlong Emperor instated Yongyan as "Prince Jia of the First Rank" (嘉親王; or simply "Prince Jia").
Accession to the throne
[edit]In October 1795, the 60th year of his reign, the Qianlong Emperor announced his intention to abdicate in favour of Prince Jia. He made this decision because he felt that it was disrespectful for him to rule longer than his grandfather, the Kangxi Emperor, who was on the throne for 61 years. Prince Jia ascended the throne and adopted the era name "Jiaqing" in February 1796, hence he is historically known as the Jiaqing Emperor. For the next three years, however, the Jiaqing Emperor was emperor in name and rite only because decisions were still made by his father, who became a Taishang Huang (emperor emeritus) after his abdication.
After the death of the Qianlong Emperor in the beginning of February 1799, the Jiaqing Emperor took control of the government and prosecuted Heshen, a favourite official of his father. Heshen was charged with corruption and abuse of power, stripped of his titles, had his property confiscated, and ordered to commit suicide. Heshen's daughter-in-law, Princess Hexiao, a half-sister of the Jiaqing Emperor, was spared from punishment and given a few properties from Heshen's estates. The Jiaqing Emperor commuted the death sentence of the scholar Hong Liangji who had criticised the policies of the Qianlong Emperor and Heshen, instead exiling him to a remote part of northern China and pardoning him altogether in 1800.[2]
Heshen was described as the 'primary evil' effecting the Empire, and after his removal the Emperor pursued a series of reforms of the court, civil service and treasury.[3] He was a traditionalist in terms of his role as an ethnic Manchu leader, taking parts in imperial hunts, inspection tours, and upholding strict court protocol.[4] As part of this traditionalist approach, the Jiaqing Emperor promoted ministers on the basis of their commitment to a 'purist' approach to Confucian rule.[5]
The impact of the Jiaqing Emperor's reforms are questionable, with the Emperor described by Jonathan Spence as having 'relied on rhetoric more than specific policies to cleanse his empire', with Heshen's clique soon replaced by other bureaucratic factions.[6]
At the time, the Qing Empire faced internal disorder, most importantly the large-scale White Lotus (1796–1804) and Miao (1795–1806) rebellions, as well as an empty imperial treasury. The Jiaqing Emperor engaged in the pacification of the empire and the quelling of rebellions, although this came at a steep fiscal cost.[7] He endeavored to bring China back to its 18th-century prosperity and power.
In 1813, the Jiaqing Emperor also faced the threat of the Eight Trigrams uprising, led by a millenarian Buddhist sect that launched a failed attack on the Forbidden City, with the intention of assassinating the Emperor upon his return from a hunting trip. The Jiaqing Emperor was intrigued by the leader of the rising, Lin Qing, and summoned him to a private interrogation.[8] Lin was later executed by slicing.[9]
Foreign relations
[edit]In 1816, William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst was sent as ambassador extraordinary to the court, intending to establish more satisfactory commercial relations between China and Great Britain. The Amherst Embassy proved a failure as a result of Amherst's refusal to perform a kowtow to the Emperor, but would prove to have a significant impact on British views of China and the Qing dynasty.[10]
The Jiaqing Emperor refused the Vietnamese ruler Gia Long's request to change his country's name to Nam Việt, but agreed that it could be changed to Việt Nam instead.[11] Gia Long's Đại Nam thực lục contains the diplomatic correspondence over the naming.[12]
Opposition to Christianity
[edit]The Great Qing Legal Code includes one statute titled "Prohibitions Concerning Sorcerers and Sorceresses" (禁止師巫邪術). In 1811, a clause was added to it with reference to Christianity. It was modified in 1815 and 1817, settled in its final form in 1839 under the Daoguang Emperor, and repealed in 1870 under the Tongzhi Emperor. It sentenced Europeans to death for spreading Catholicism among Han Chinese and Manchus. Christians who would not repent their conversion were sent to Muslim cities in Xinjiang, to be given as slaves to Muslim leaders and beys.[13]
Chinese nobility
[edit]The Jiaqing Emperor granted the title Wujing Boshi (五經博士; Wǔjīng Bóshì) to the descendants of Tang essayist Han Yu.[14][15][16][17]
Personal life and interests
[edit]
The Jiaqing Emperor commissioned printed compendia of courtly collections, which are an important source for our present understanding of Qing court art.[18] He was a keen scholar of the Confucian classics (to which he devoted much of his time in the early years of his reign when the Qianlong Emperor remained de facto ruler), with 15,267 poems attributed to him.[19]
Death and burial
[edit]On 2 September 1820, the Jiaqing Emperor died at the Rehe (Jehol) Traveling Palace (熱河行宫), 230 km (140 mi) northeast of Beijing, where the imperial court was in summer quarters. The Draft History of Qing did not record a cause of death. Some have alleged that he died after being struck by lightning, but others prefer the theory that he died of a stroke, as the emperor was quite obese. He was succeeded by his second son, Mianning, who became known as the Daoguang Emperor.
The Jiaqing Emperor was interred amidst the Western Qing Tombs, 120 km (75 mi) southwest of Beijing, in the Chang (昌; lit. "splendid") mausoleum complex.
Family
[edit]Empress
- Empress Xiaoshurui (孝淑睿皇后) of the Hitara clan (喜塔臘氏; 2 October 1760 – 5 March 1797)
- Second daughter (2 June 1780 – 6 September 1783)
- Minning (旻寧), the Daoguang Emperor (道光帝; 16 September 1782 – 26 February 1850), second son
- Princess Zhuangjing of the First Rank (莊靜固倫公主; 20 October 1784 – 27 June 1811), fourth daughter
- Married Manibadala (瑪尼巴達喇; ? – 1832) of the Mongol Tumed Borjigin clan in November/December 1802
- Miscarriage at three months (18 August 1785)
- Empress Xiaoherui (孝和睿皇后) of the Niohuru clan (鈕祜祿氏; 20 November 1776 – 23 January 1850)
- Seventh daughter (2 August 1793 – 16 July 1795)
- Miankai (綿愷), Prince Dunke of the First Rank (惇恪親王; 6 August 1795 – 18 January 1838), third son
- Mianxin (綿忻), Prince Ruihuai of the First Rank (瑞懷親王; 9 March 1805 – 27 September 1828), fourth son
Imperial Noble Consort
- Imperial Noble Consort Heyu (和裕皇貴妃) of the Liugiya clan (劉佳氏; 9 January 1761 – 27 April 1834)
- Prince Mu of the Second Rank (穆郡王; 4 February 1780 – 10 June 1780), first son
- Princess Zhuangjing of the Second Rank (莊敬和碩公主; 30 January 1782 – 4 April 1811), third daughter
- Married Sodnamdorji (索特納木多布濟; ? – 1825) of the Mongol Khorchin Borjigin clan on 24 December 1801 and had issue (one daughter)
- Imperial Noble Consort Gongshun (恭順皇貴妃) of the Niohuru clan (鈕祜祿氏; 28 May 1787 – 23 April 1860)
- Eighth daughter (8 March 1805 – 14 January 1806)
- Princess Huimin of the First Rank (慧愍固倫公主; 18 February 1811 – 28 June 1815), ninth daughter
- Mianyu (綿愉), Prince Huiduan of the First Rank (惠端親王; 8 March 1814 – 9 January 1865), fifth son
Consort
- Consort Shu (恕妃) of the Wanyan clan (完顏氏; ? – 1792)
- Consort Hua (華妃) of the Hougiya clan (侯佳氏; ? – 3 August 1808), personal name Liuniu (六妞)
- Sixth daughter (2 August 1789 – June/July 1790)
- Consort Zhuang (莊妃) of the Wanggiya clan (王佳氏; ? – 9 March 1811)
- Consort Xin (信妃) of the Liugiya clan (劉佳氏; 26 April 1783 – 26 November 1822)
Concubine
- Concubine Jian (簡嬪) of the Guangiya clan (關佳氏; ? – 14 May 1780)
- First daughter (14 May 1780 – 24 November 1783)
- Concubine Xun (遜嬪) of the Shen clan (沈氏; ? – 31 December 1786)
- Princess Hui'an of the Second Rank (慧安和碩公主; 31 December 1786 – June/July 1795), fifth daughter
- Concubine Chun (淳嬪) of the Donggiya clan (董佳氏; ? – 30 November 1819)
- Concubine En (恩嬪) of the Uya clan (烏雅氏)
- Concubine Rong (榮嬪) of the Liang clan (梁氏)
- Concubine An (安嬪) of the Gūwalgiya clan (瓜爾佳氏; 1 March 1785 – 29 July 1837)
Noble Lady
- Noble Lady Yun (芸贵人)
- Noble Lady Yu (玉贵人)
First Class Attendant
- First Class Attendant Hui (慧常在)
Ancestry
[edit]| Kangxi Emperor (1654–1722) | |||||||||||||||
| Yongzheng Emperor (1678–1735) | |||||||||||||||
| Empress Xiaogongren (1660–1723) | |||||||||||||||
| Qianlong Emperor (1711–1799) | |||||||||||||||
| Lingzhu (1664–1754) | |||||||||||||||
| Empress Xiaoshengxian (1692–1777) | |||||||||||||||
| Lady Peng | |||||||||||||||
| Jiaqing Emperor (1760–1820) | |||||||||||||||
| Jiuling | |||||||||||||||
| Qingtai | |||||||||||||||
| Empress Xiaoyichun (1727–1775) | |||||||||||||||
| Lady Yanggiya | |||||||||||||||
In fiction and popular culture
[edit]- Portrayed by Yu Yang in War and Beauty (2004)
- Portrayed by Xin Baiqing Legend of Jiaqing (2005)
- Portrayed by Shaun Tam in Succession War (2018)
- Portrayed by Tang Jiatong in Story of Yanxi Palace (2018)
- Portrayed in Throne of Jade (2006), a historical fantasy novel by Naomi Novik.
- Lord Jiaqing's Journey to Taiwan (Chinese: 嘉慶君遊臺灣), a Taiwanese folklore[20]
- Portrayed in Lord Jiaqing's Journey to Taiwan (1980)[21]
- Portrayed by Chen Ya Lan (Tân A-lân) in Lord Jiaqing and The Journey to Taiwan (2022)
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ Ricarda Brosch, "The Jiaqing Emperor" in Jessica Harrison-Hall and Julia Lovell (eds) Creators of Modern China: 100 Lives from Empire to Republic 1796–1912 (Thames & Hudson, 2023) pp14 -16
- ^ Jonathan Spence. The Search for Modern China (Norton, 1990), pp143-144
- ^ Ricarda Brosch, "The Jiaqing Emperor" in Jessica Harrison-Hall and Julia Lovell (eds) Creators of Modern China: 100 Lives from Empire to Republic 1796–1912 (Thames & Hudson, 2023) pp14 -16
- ^ Ricarda Brosch, "The Jiaqing Emperor" in Jessica Harrison-Hall and Julia Lovell (eds) Creators of Modern China: 100 Lives from Empire to Republic 1796–1912 (Thames & Hudson, 2023) pp14 -16
- ^ Jonathan Spence. The Search for Modern China (Norton, 1990), p166
- ^ Jonathan Spence. The Search for Modern China (Norton, 1990), p166
- ^ Ricarda Brosch, "The Jiaqing Emperor" in Jessica Harrison-Hall and Julia Lovell (eds) Creators of Modern China: 100 Lives from Empire to Republic 1796–1912 (Thames & Hudson, 2023) pp14 -16
- ^ Jonathan Spence. The Search for Modern China (Norton, 1990), p168
- ^ Jonathan Spence. The Search for Modern China (Norton, 1990), p168
- ^ Gao Hao. “The Amherst Embassy and British Discoveries in China.” History, vol. 99, no. 4 (337), 2014, pp. 568–87, here p.568
- ^ Woodside 1971, p. 120.
- ^ Jeff Kyong-McClain; Yongtao Du (2013). Chinese History in Geographical Perspective. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 67–. ISBN 978-0-7391-7230-8.
- ^ Robert Samuel Maclay (1861). Life among the Chinese: with characteristic sketches and incidents of missionary operations and prospects in China. Carlton & Porter. p. 336. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
mohammedan slaves to beys.
- ^ Qin ding da Qing hui dian (Jiaqing chao). 1818. p. 1084.
- ^ 王士禎 [Wang Shizhen] (3 September 2014). 池北偶談 [Chi Bei Ou Tan]. 朔雪寒 [Shuo Xue Han]. GGKEY:ESB6TEXXDCT.
- ^ 徐錫麟 [Xu, Xilin]; 錢泳 [Qian, Yong] (10 September 2014). 熙朝新語 [Xi Chao Xin Yu]. 朔雪寒 [Shuo Xue Han]. GGKEY:J62ZFNAA1NF.
- ^ Brunnert, H. S.; Hagelstrom, V. V. (15 April 2013). Present Day Political Organization of China. Routledge. pp. 493–94. ISBN 978-1-135-79795-9.
- ^ Ricarda Brosch, "The Jiaqing Emperor" in Jessica Harrison-Hall and Julia Lovell (eds) Creators of Modern China: 100 Lives from Empire to Republic 1796–1912 (Thames & Hudson, 2023) pp14 -16
- ^ Ricarda Brosch, "The Jiaqing Emperor" in Jessica Harrison-Hall and Julia Lovell (eds) Creators of Modern China: 100 Lives from Empire to Republic 1796–1912 (Thames & Hudson, 2023) pp14 -16
- ^ Lai, Shu Chuan (2005). 嘉慶君遊臺灣故事之研究. Taipei: Taipei Municipal University of Education. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
- ^ "臺語文學發展年表 (1980-1989)". 臺灣文學館線上資料平臺. National Museum of Taiwan Literature. Retrieved 1 September 2023.
Sources
[edit]
This article incorporates text from China in the light of history, by Ernst Faber, a publication from 1897, now in the public domain in the United States.- This article incorporates text from The Chinese recorder, Volume 27, a publication from 1896, now in the public domain in the United States.
- This article incorporates text from Life among the Chinese: with characteristic sketches and incidents of missionary operations and prospects in China, by Robert Samuel Maclay, a publication from 1861, now in the public domain in the United States.
Further reading
[edit]- Hummel, Arthur W. Sr., ed. (1943). . Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office.
External links
[edit]
Media related to Jiaqing Emperor at Wikimedia Commons
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