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Coordinates: 36°22′34″N 33°55′56″E / 36.37611°N 33.93222°E / 36.37611; 33.93222
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{{Infobox Turkey place
{{More citations needed|date=December 2021}}
| type = metro district
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name = Silifke
| name = Silifke
| image_skyline = Göksu in Silifke.jpg
| image_skyline = Göksu in Silifke.jpg
| image_caption = Göksu river in Silifke
| image_caption = [[Göksu River]] at Silifke
| image_shield =
| image_map = Mersin location Silifke.svg
| map_caption = Map showing Silifke District in Mersin Province
| pushpin_map = Turkey
| coordinates = {{coord|36|22|34|N|33|55|56|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|36|22|34|N|33|55|56|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| province = Mersin
| leader_party = CHP
| subdivision_name = {{Flag|Turkey}}
| leader_name = Mustafa Turgut
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Turkey|Province]]
| leader_name1 =
| subdivision_name1 = [[Mersin Province|Mersin]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| area_total_km2 = 2692
| subdivision_name2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=tuik/>
| leader_title = Mayor
| population_total = 132665
| leader_name = Sadık Altunok ([[Nationalist Movement Party|MHP]])
| leader_title1 = [[Kaymakam]]
| population_as_of = 2022
| leader_name1 = Abdullah Aslaner
| postal_code =
| area_code = 0324
| area_footnotes = {{Turkey district areas|SOURCE}}
| website = {{url|https://www.silifke.bel.tr/}}
| area_blank1_title = District
| area_blank1_km2 = {{Turkey district areas|Mersin|Silifke}}
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes = {{Turkey district populations|SOURCE|Mersin}}
| population_urban = {{Turkey district populations|Mersin|Silifke|şehir}}
| population_as_of = {{Turkey district populations|YEAR}}
| population_blank1_title = District
| population_blank1 = {{Turkey district populations|Mersin|Silifke|toplam}}
| population_density_blank1_km2 = auto
| timezone = [[Time in Turkey|TRT]]
| utc_offset = +3
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| website = {{URL|https://silifke.bel.tr/|silifke.bel.tr/}}
{{URL|http://www.silifke.gov.tr/|www.silifke.gov.tr/}}
| official_name =
}}
}}
'''Silifke''' ({{lang-grc-gre|Σελεύκεια}}, ''Seleukeia'', {{lang-la|Seleucia ad Calycadnum}}) is a town and district in south-central [[Mersin Province]], [[Turkey]], {{convert|80|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} west of the city of [[Mersin]], on the west end of [[Çukurova]].


'''Silifke''', anciently '''Seleucia''' ([[Greek language|Greek]]: Σελευκεία)''',''' is a municipality and [[Districts of Turkey|district]] of [[Mersin Province]], [[Turkey]].<ref>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx Büyükşehir İlçe Belediyesi], Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.</ref> Its area is 2,692&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.harita.gov.tr/uploads/files-folder/il_ilce_alanlari.xlsx|title=İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri|publisher=General Directorate of Mapping|access-date=12 July 2023}}</ref> and its population is 132,665 (2022).<ref name=tuik>{{Cite web |title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports|url=https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en |access-date=12 July 2023|publisher=[[TÜİK]]|language=en|format=XLS}}</ref> It is {{convert|80|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} west of the city of [[Mersin]], on the west end of the [[Çukurova]] plain.
Silifke is near the [[Mediterranean]] coast, on the banks of the [[Göksu]] River, which flows from the nearby [[Taurus Mountains]], surrounded by attractive countryside along the river banks.


Silifke lies on the [[Göksu River]], the ancient Calycadnus, near its outlet into the [[Mediterranean]]. The river flows from the nearby [[Taurus Mountains]] and the city is surrounded by attractive countryside along its banks.
==Etymology==

Silifke was formerly called ''Seleucia on the [[Calycadnus]]'' &mdash; variously cited over the centuries as ''Seleucia'' [in] ''Cilicia'', ''Seleucia'' [in, of] ''Isauria'', ''Seleucia Trachea'', and ''Seleucia Tracheotis'' &mdash;. The city took its name from its founder, King [[Seleucus I Nicator]].<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Seleucia |volume=24 |page=603}}</ref> The ancient city of [[Olba (ancient city)|Olba]] ({{lang-tr|Oura}}) was also within the boundaries of modern-day Silifke. The modern name is derived from the Greek ''Σελεύκεια'', which is pronounced ''Selefkia'' in [[Modern Greek|Greek]].
{{anchor|Etymology|Toponymy|Name}}
==Names==
[[Turkish language|Turkish]] {{lang|tr|Silifke}} ({{IPA|tr|siˈlifce|lang}}) derives from [[Byzantine Greek language|Greek]] ''Seléfkeia'' ({{lang|el|Σελεύκεια}}, {{IPA|el|seˈlefci.a|label=modern pronunciation:}}), the late medieval and modern form of [[ancient Greek language|ancient Greek]] ''Seleúkeia'' ({{lang|grc|{{linktext|Σελεύκεια}}}}; {{langx|la|Seleucia}}), named for its founder [[Seleucus I Nicator]], [[kings of the Seleucid Empire|king]] of the [[Seleucid Empire]]. It was distinguished from the [[Seleucia (disambiguation)|many other places of that name]] as '''Seleucia on the [[Calycadnus]]''' ({{lang|la|Seleucia ad Calycadnum}}), '''Seleucia in [[Cilicia]]''', '''Seleucia in [[Isauria]]''', '''Seleucia [[Cilicia Trachea|Trachea]]''', and '''Seleucia [[Cilicia Trachea|Tracheotis]]'''.<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Seleucia |volume=24 |page=603}}</ref>

The site of the ancient city of [[Olba (ancient city)|Olba]] ({{langx|tr|Oura|links=no}}) is also within the boundaries of modern-day Silifke.


==History==
==History==
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Located a few miles from the mouth of the [[Göksu]] River, Seleucia was founded by [[Seleucus I Nicator]] in the early 3rd century BC, one of several cities he named after himself. It is probable that there were already towns called [[Olba (ancient city)|Olbia (or Olba)]] and [[Hyria (Silicia)|Hyria]] and that Seleucus I merely united them giving them his name. The city grew to include the nearby settlement of [[Holmi]] (in modern-day [[Taşucu]]) which had been established earlier as an [[Ionia]]n colony but being on the coast was vulnerable to raiders and pirates.<ref>[[Stephanus of Byzantium]]; [[Strabo]], XIV, 670)</ref> The new city up river was doubtless seen as safer against attacks from the sea so Seleucia achieved considerable commercial prosperity as a port for this corner of [[Cilicia]] (later named [[Isauria]]), and was even a rival of [[Tarsus (city)|Tarsus]].<ref name=EB1911/>
Located a few miles from the mouth of the [[Göksu]] River, Seleucia was founded by [[Seleucus I Nicator]] in the early 3rd century BC, one of several cities he named after himself. It is probable that there were already towns called [[Olba (ancient city)|Olbia (or Olba)]] and [[Hyria (Silicia)|Hyria]] and that Seleucus I merely united them giving them his name. The city grew to include the nearby settlement of [[Holmi]] (in modern-day [[Taşucu]]) which had been established earlier as an [[Ionia]]n colony but being on the coast was vulnerable to raiders and pirates.<ref>[[Stephanus of Byzantium]]; [[Strabo]], XIV, 670)</ref> The new city up river was doubtless seen as safer against attacks from the sea so Seleucia achieved considerable commercial prosperity as a port for this corner of [[Cilicia]] (later named [[Isauria]]), and was even a rival of [[Tarsus (city)|Tarsus]].<ref name=EB1911/>


Cilicia thrived as a province of the [[Roman Empire|Romans]], and Seleucia became a religious center with a renowned 2nd century [[Temple]] of [[Jupiter (god)|Jupiter]]. It was also the site of a noted school of [[philosophy]] and [[literature]], the birthplace of [[Peripatetic school|peripatetic]]s [[Athenaeus of Seleucia|Athenaeus]] and [[Xenarchus of Seleucia|Xenarchus]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ancientlibrary.com/gazetteer/0314.html |title=Classical Gazetteer, page 312<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2006-02-26 |archive-date=2012-12-04 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20121204190829/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/gazetteer/0314.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Silifke Bridge|stone bridge]] was built by the governor L. Octavius Memor in 77 AD. Around 300 AD [[Isauria]] was established as an independent state with Seleucia as the capital.
Cilicia thrived as a province of the [[Roman Empire|Romans]], and Seleucia became a religious center with a renowned 2nd century [[Temple]] of [[Jupiter (god)|Jupiter]]. It was also the site of a noted school of [[philosophy]] and [[literature]], the birthplace of [[Peripatetic school|peripatetic]]s [[Athenaeus of Seleucia|Athenaeus]] and [[Xenarchus of Seleucia|Xenarchus]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ancientlibrary.com/gazetteer/0314.html |title=Classical Gazetteer, page 312<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2006-02-26 |archive-date=2012-12-04 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121204190829/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/gazetteer/0314.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Silifke Bridge|stone bridge]] was built by the governor L. Octavius Memor in 77 AD. Around 300 AD [[Isauria]] was established as an independent state with Seleucia as the capital.


===Christianity===
===Christianity===
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In the 11th century, the city was captured by the [[Seljuk Turks]]; they met with resistance and in 1137, Seleucia was besieged by [[Leo I, Prince of Armenia|Leon]] of [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|Cilician Armenia]]. During this period of struggle between Armenians, Byzantines, Crusaders, and Turks, a stronghold was built on the heights overlooking the city. On June 10, 1190, the Emperor [[Frederick Barbarossa]] was drowned trying to cross the Calycadnus,<ref name=EB1911/> near Seleucia during the [[Third Crusade]].
In the 11th century, the city was captured by the [[Seljuk Turks]]; they met with resistance and in 1137, Seleucia was besieged by [[Leo I, Prince of Armenia|Leon]] of [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|Cilician Armenia]]. During this period of struggle between Armenians, Byzantines, Crusaders, and Turks, a stronghold was built on the heights overlooking the city. On June 10, 1190, the Emperor [[Frederick Barbarossa]] was drowned trying to cross the Calycadnus,<ref name=EB1911/> near Seleucia during the [[Third Crusade]].


In the 13th century Seleucia was in the possession of the [[Knights Hospitaller|Hospitallers]], who lost it to the [[Karamanids|Karamanid]] Principality in the second half of the 13th century, and then it ended up in the hands of the [[Ottomans]] under general [[Gedik Ahmet Pasha]] in 1471.
In the 13th century Seleucia was in the possession of the [[Knights Hospitaller|Hospitallers]], who lost it to the [[Karamanids|Karamanid]] Principality in the second half of the 13th century, and then it ended up in the hands of the [[Ottoman Turks|Ottomans]] under general [[Gedik Ahmet Pasha]] in 1471.


Until 1933, Silifke was the capital of İçel Province, but then, [[Mersin Province|İçel and Mersin provinces]] were merged. The merged province took the name of İçel but with its administrative centre at [[Mersin]]. Finally in 2002 the name of İçel was replaced with that of Mersin.
Until 1933, Silifke was the capital of İçel Province, but then, [[Mersin Province|İçel and Mersin provinces]] were merged. The merged province took the name of İçel but with its administrative centre at [[Mersin]]. Finally in 2002 the name of İçel was replaced with that of Mersin.


==Economy==
==Economy==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2024}}
The economy of the district depends on agriculture, tourism and raising livestock. The town of Silifke is as a market for the coastal plain, which produces beans, peanuts, sesame, banana, orange, lemon, cotton, grapes, lentils, olives, tobacco, and canned fruits and vegetables. An irrigation project located at Silifke supplies the fertile Göksu delta. In recent years there has been a large investment in glasshouses for producing strawberries and other fruit and vegetables in the winter season.
The economy of the district depends on agriculture, tourism and raising livestock. The town of Silifke is as a market for the coastal plain, which produces beans, peanuts, sesame, banana, orange, lemon, cotton, grapes, lentils, olives, tobacco, and canned fruits and vegetables. An irrigation project located at Silifke supplies the fertile [[Göksu Delta]]. In recent years there has been a large investment in glasshouses for producing strawberries and other fruit and vegetables in the winter season.


Silifke is also an industrial town, well-connected with other urban areas and producing beverages, chemicals, clothes, footwear, glass, plastics, pottery, and textiles.
Silifke is also an industrial town, well-connected with other urban areas and producing beverages, chemicals, clothes, footwear, glass, plastics, pottery, and textiles.
Line 74: Line 64:
Silifke has a [[hot-summer Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Csa'') with hot and dry summers and mild and wet winters.
Silifke has a [[hot-summer Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Csa'') with hot and dry summers and mild and wet winters.


{{Weather box
{{Weather box |metric first= Yes |single line= Yes |location= Silifke
|Jan high C= 14
| width = auto
|Feb high C= 15
| collapsed = yes
| metric first = yes
|Mar high C= 18
|Apr high C= 23
| single line = yes
| location = Silifke (1991–2020)
|May high C= 26
|Jun high C= 30
| Jan high C = 14.9
|Jul high C= 32
| Feb high C = 16.4
|Aug high C= 33
| Mar high C = 19.7
|Sep high C= 31
| Apr high C = 23.4
|Oct high C= 27
| May high C = 27.4
|Nov high C= 23
| Jun high C = 31.0
|Dec high C= 16
| Jul high C = 33.6
|Jan low C= 6
| Aug high C = 34.2
|Feb low C= 7
| Sep high C = 32.2
|Mar low C= 8
| Oct high C = 28.7
|Apr low C= 12
| Nov high C = 22.3
|May low C= 15
| Dec high C = 16.8
|Jun low C= 19
| year high C = 25.1
|Jul low C= 21
| Jan mean C = 10.5
|Aug low C= 22
| Feb mean C = 11.5
|Sep low C= 20
| Mar mean C = 14.6
|Oct low C= 16
| Apr mean C = 18.1
|Nov low C= 13
| May mean C = 22.2
|Dec low C= 8
| Jun mean C = 26.0
| Jul mean C = 28.8
|Jan precipitation mm = 170
| Aug mean C = 29.3
|Feb precipitation mm = 70
| Sep mean C = 26.7
|Mar precipitation mm = 50
| Oct mean C = 22.8
|Apr precipitation mm = 60
| Nov mean C = 16.8
|May precipitation mm = 30
| Dec mean C = 12.2
|Jun precipitation mm = 0
|Jul precipitation mm = 0
| year mean C = 20.0
| Jan low C = 7.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 0
|Sep precipitation mm = 0
| Feb low C = 8.0
|Oct precipitation mm = 10
| Mar low C = 10.3
| Apr low C = 13.3
|Nov precipitation mm = 70
| May low C = 17.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 170
| Jun low C = 21.1
|Jan rain days= 9
| Jul low C = 24.1
|Feb rain days= 5
| Aug low C = 24.6
|Mar rain days= 4
| Sep low C = 21.7
|Apr rain days= 4
| Oct low C = 18.4
|May rain days= 2
| Nov low C = 13.2
|Jun rain days= 0
| Dec low C = 9.1
|Jul rain days= 0
| year low C = 15.7
|Aug rain days= 0
| precipitation colour = green
|Sep rain days= 0
| Jan precipitation mm = 109.79
|Oct rain days= 1
| Feb precipitation mm = 74.4
|Nov rain days= 4
| Mar precipitation mm = 46.96
|Dec rain days= 9
| Apr precipitation mm = 26.87
|Jan humidity = 62
| May precipitation mm = 26.79
|Feb humidity = 65
| Jun precipitation mm = 5.26
|Mar humidity = 62
| Jul precipitation mm = 1.54
|Apr humidity = 62
| Aug precipitation mm = 2.06
|May humidity = 67
| Sep precipitation mm = 8.96
|Jun humidity = 65
| Oct precipitation mm = 34.18
|Jul humidity = 67
| Nov precipitation mm = 86.53
|Aug humidity = 66
| Dec precipitation mm = 131.65
|Sep humidity = 58
| year precipitation mm = 554.99
|Oct humidity = 55

|Nov humidity = 61
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Dec humidity = 65
| Jan precipitation days = 8.4
|source 1= Weatherbase<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=3371&refer=&units=metric&cityname=Silifke-Turkey|title = Silifke, Turkey Travel Weather Averages (Weatherbase)}}</ref>
| Feb precipitation days = 6.8
|date=June 2011
| Mar precipitation days = 4.9
| Apr precipitation days = 3.9
| May precipitation days = 3
| Jun precipitation days = 1.4
| Jul precipitation days = 1.2
| Aug precipitation days = 1
| Sep precipitation days = 1.6
| Oct precipitation days = 3.6
| Nov precipitation days = 4.6
| Dec precipitation days = 8.2
| year precipitation days = 48.6

| Jan humidity = 59.2
| Feb humidity = 58.6
| Mar humidity = 59.4
| Apr humidity = 62.3
| May humidity = 64.2
| Jun humidity = 64.7
| Jul humidity = 65.3
| Aug humidity = 63.7
| Sep humidity = 57.9
| Oct humidity = 53.8
| Nov humidity = 54.0
| Dec humidity = 58.9
| year humidity = 60.2
| Jan sun = 146.1
| Feb sun = 162.5
| Mar sun = 221.5
| Apr sun = 244.9
| May sun = 282.5
| Jun sun = 312.5
| Jul sun = 333.9
| Aug sun = 323.2
| Sep sun = 288.5
| Oct sun = 238.7
| Nov sun = 181.6
| Dec sun = 140.3
| year sun = 2876.2

| source = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name="WMONormals">{{cite web
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Turkiye/CSV/Silifke_17330.csv
|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Silifke
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = January 17, 2024}}</ref>
}}
}}


==Composition==
==Administrative structure==
There are 88 [[mahalle|neighbourhoods]] in Silifke District:<ref>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx Mahalle], Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.</ref>
===Towns===
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* [[Akdere, Silifke|Akdere]]
* [[Akdere, Silifke|Akdere]]
* [[Arkum, Silifke|Arkum]]
* [[Arkum]]
* [[Atakent, Silifke|Atakent]]
* [[Atakent]]
* [[Atayurt, Silifke|Atayurt]]
* [[Atayurt]]
* Atik
* [[Narlıkuyu, Silifke|Narlıkuyu]]
* [[Ayaştürkmenli]]
* '''Silifke'''
* [[Taşucu, Silifke|Taşucu]]
* [[Uzuncaburç, Silifke|Uzuncaburç]]
* [[Yeşilovacık, Silifke|Yeşilovacık]]

===Villages===
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* [[Ayaştürkmenli, Silifke|Ayaştürkmenli]]
* [[Bahçe, Silifke|Bahçe]]
* [[Bahçe, Silifke|Bahçe]]
* [[Bahçederesi, Silifke|Bahçederesi]]
* [[Bahçederesi]]
* [[Balandız, Silifke|Balandız]]
* [[Balandız]]
* [[Bayındır, Silifke|Bayındır]]
* [[Bayındır, Silifke|Bayındır]]
* [[Bolacalıkoyuncu, Silifke|Bolacalıkoyuncu]]
* [[Bolacalıkoyuncu]]
* Bucaklı
* [[Burunucu, Silifke|Burunucu]]
* [[Bükdeğirmeni, Silifke|Bükdeğirmeni]]
* [[Bükdeğirmeni, Silifke|Bükdeğirmeni]]
* [[Burunucu]]
* [[Canbazlı, Silifke|Cambazlı]]
* [[Çadırlı, Silifke|Çadırlı]]
* [[Çaltıbozkır]]
* [[Cambazlı]]
* Camikebir
* [[Çamlıbel, Silifke|Çamlıbel]]
* [[Çamlıca, Silifke|Çamlıca]]
* [[Çatak, Silifke|Çatak]]
* [[Çeltikçi, Silifke|Çeltikçi]]
* [[Cılbayır, Silifke|Cılbayır]]
* [[Cılbayır, Silifke|Cılbayır]]
* [[Demircili, Silifke|Demircili]]
* [[Demircili, Silifke|Demircili]]
* [[Ekşiler, Silifke|Ekşiler]]
* [[Ekşiler, Silifke|Ekşiler]]
* [[Evkafçiftliği, Silifke|Evkafçiftliği]]
* [[Evkafçiftliği]]
* Gazi
* [[Gedikpınarı, Silifke|Gedikpınarı]]
* [[Gedikpınarı, Silifke|Gedikpınarı]]
* [[Gökbelen, Silifke|Gökbelen]]
* [[Gökbelen]]
* Göksu
* [[Gülümpaşalı, Silifke|Gülümpaşalı]]
* [[Gülümpaşalı]]
* [[Gündüzler, Silifke|Gündüzler]]
* [[Gündüzler, Silifke|Gündüzler]]
* [[Hırmanlı]]
* [[Hüseyinler, Silifke|Hüseyinler]]
* [[Hüseyinler, Silifke|Hüseyinler]]
* [[Hırmanlı, Silifke|Hırmanlı]]
* [[İmambekirli, Silifke|İmambekirli]]
* [[İmamlı, Silifke|İmamlı]]
* [[İmamuşağı]]
* [[Işıklı, Silifke|Işıklı]]
* [[Işıklı, Silifke|Işıklı]]
* Kabasakallı
* [[Karahacılı, Silifke|Karahacılı]]
* [[Karahacılı, Silifke|Karahacılı]]
* [[Karakaya, Silifke|Karakaya]]
* [[Karakaya, Silifke|Karakaya]]
* [[Kargıcak, Silifke|Kargıcak]]
* [[Kargıcak]]
* [[Kavak, Silifke|Kavak]]
* [[Kavak, Silifke|Kavak]]
* [[Keben, Silifke|Keben]]
* [[Keben]]
* [[Kepez, Silifke|Kepez]]
* [[Kepez, Silifke|Kepez]]
* [[Keşlitürkmenli, Silifke|Keşlitürkmenli]]
* [[Keşlitürkmenli, Silifke|Keşlitürkmenli]]
* [[Kocaoluk, Silifke|Kocaoluk]]
* [[Kocapınar, Silifke|Kocapınar]]
* [[Kurtuluş, Silifke|Kurtuluş]]
* [[Kıca, Silifke|Kıca]]
* [[Kıca, Silifke|Kıca]]
* [[Kırtıl, Silifke|Kırtıl]]
* [[Kırtıl, Silifke|Kırtıl]]
* [[Kızılgeçit, Silifke|Kızılgeçit]]
* [[Kızılgeçit]]
* [[Kocaoluk]]
* [[Mağara, Silifke|Mağara]]
* [[Kocapınar, Silifke|Kocapınar]]
* [[Kurtuluş, Silifke|Kurtuluş]]
* [[Mara, Silifke|Mara]]
* Mukaddem
* [[Narlıkuyu]]
* [[Nasrullah, Silifke|Nasrullah]]
* [[Nasrullah, Silifke|Nasrullah]]
* [[Nuru, Silifke|Nuru]]
* [[Nuru, Silifke|Nuru]]
* [[Ören, Silifke|Ören]]
* [[Ortaören, Silifke|Ortaören]]
* [[Ortaören, Silifke|Ortaören]]
* [[Ovacık, Silifke|Ovacık]]
* [[Ovacık, Silifke|Ovacık]]
* [[Özboynuinceli]]
* [[Öztürkmenli]]
* Pazarkaşı
* [[Pelitpınarı, Silifke|Pelitpınarı]]
* [[Pelitpınarı, Silifke|Pelitpınarı]]
* [[Sabak, Silifke|Sabak]]
* [[Sabak, Silifke|Sabak]]
* [[Şahmurlu]]
* [[Sarıaydın, Silifke|Sarıaydın]]
* Saray
* [[Sarıaydın]]
* Sarıcalar
* Say
* Sayağzı
* [[Senir, Silifke|Senir]]
* [[Senir, Silifke|Senir]]
* [[Seydili, Silifke|Seydili]]
* [[Seydili, Silifke|Seydili]]
Line 199: Line 252:
* [[Sökün, Silifke|Sökün]]
* [[Sökün, Silifke|Sökün]]
* [[Sömek, Silifke|Sömek]]
* [[Sömek, Silifke|Sömek]]
* [[Taşucu]]
* [[Tosmurlu, Silifke|Tosmurlu]]
* Toros
* [[Tosmurlu]]
* [[Türkmenuşağı, Silifke|Türkmenuşağı]]
* [[Türkmenuşağı, Silifke|Türkmenuşağı]]
* [[Ulugöz, Silifke|Ulugöz]]
* [[Ulugöz, Silifke|Ulugöz]]
* [[Uşakpınarı, Silifke|Uşakpınarı]]
* [[Uşakpınarı, Silifke|Uşakpınarı]]
* [[Uzuncaburç]]
* [[Yeğenli, Silifke|Yeğenli]]
* [[Yenibahçe, Silifke|Yenibahçe]]
* [[Yenibahçe, Silifke|Yenibahçe]]
* Yenimahalle
* [[Yenisu, Silifke|Yenisu]]
* [[Yenisu, Silifke|Yenisu]]
* [[Yeşilovacık]]
* [[Yeğenli, Silifke|Yeğenli]]
{{div col end}}
* [[Çadırlı, Silifke|Çadırlı]]
* [[Çaltıbozkır, Silifke|Çaltıbozkır]]
* [[Çamlıbel, Silifke|Çamlıbel]]
* [[Çamlıca, Silifke|Çamlıca]]
* [[Çatak, Silifke|Çatak]]
* [[Çeltikçi, Silifke|Çeltikçi]]
* [[Ören, Silifke|Ören]]
* [[Özboynuinceli, Silifke|Özboynuinceli]]
* [[Öztürkmenli, Silifke|Öztürkmenli]]
* [[İmambekirli, Silifke|İmambekirli]]
* [[İmamlı, Silifke|İmamlı]]
* [[İmamuşağı, Silifke|İmamuşağı]]
* [[Şahmurlu, Silifke|Şahmurlu]]
}}


==Main sights==
==Main sights==
The town of Silifke has many interesting sites including:
* The prominent remains of the [[Silifke Castle]] high on a rock above the town,
* The city walls,
* A large water tank ([[Tekir ambarı]]) cut into the rock,
* An extensive necropolis of rock-cut tombs with inscriptions.
* [[Aya Tekla Church]]
* [[Silifke Museum]]
* [[Cyprus Memorial Forest in Silifke]]

Other notable sites outside the town are:
* The caves of "Heaven and Hell" ('Cennet ve Cehennem'), which have collapsed in two places revealing deep holes in the ground.
* The caves of "Heaven and Hell" ('Cennet ve Cehennem'), which have collapsed in two places revealing deep holes in the ground.
*''Narlıkuyu'' is an attractive village, where people from [[Mersin]] come to eat fish and enjoy the seaside.
* [[Narlıkuyu]] is an attractive village, where people from [[Mersin]] come to eat fish and enjoy the seaside.
* [[Dana Island]]
* The town of Silifke has many well preserved ancient ruins including:
* The archaeological sites [[Işıkkale]], [[Karakabaklı]], [[Gökkale]], [[Meydan Castle]], [[Sinekkale]], [[Olba (ancient city)|Olba]]
** The prominent remains of the castle high on a rock above the town,

** The city walls,
** A large water tank ([[Tekir ambarı]]) cut into the rock,
** An extensive necropolis of rock-cut tombs with inscriptions.
<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Silifke castle walls.jpg|Outer walls of the castle of Silifke
Image:Silifke castle walls.jpg|Outer walls of the castle of Silifke
Line 239: Line 292:


==Life and culture==
==Life and culture==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2024}}
The [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] community of Silifke has a strong tradition of folk music and dance including songs such as ''The Yogurt of Silifke'' (where the dancers imitate the actions of making [[yogurt]]) and another one where they wave wooden spoons about as they dance.
The [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] community of Silifke has a strong tradition of folk music and dance including songs such as ''The Yogurt of Silifke'' (where the dancers imitate the actions of making [[yogurt]]) and another one where they wave wooden spoons about as they dance.


Line 245: Line 299:
==See also==
==See also==
*[[Seleucia (disambiguation)|Other Seleucias]]
*[[Seleucia (disambiguation)|Other Seleucias]]
*[[Acacius of Caesarea]]
*[[Assyrian Church of the East]]
*[[Aya Tekla Church]]
*[[Council of Rimini]]
*[[Cyprus Memorial Cemetery in Silifke]]
*[[Çukurova]]
*[[Dana Adası]]
*[[Eudoxius of Antioch]]
*[[Işıkkale]]
*[[Karakabaklı]]
*[[Gökkale]]
*[[Meydankale]]
*[[Narlıkuyu]]
*[[Seleucid Empire]]
*[[Silifke Museum]]
*[[Sinekkale]]
*[[Uzuncaburç]]
*[[Silifke Castle]]
*[[Silifke Göksu Anadolu Lisesi]]


==References==
==References==
Line 277: Line 312:
* [http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/silifke Extensive photo site of Silifke, the temple and nearby sights]
* [http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/silifke Extensive photo site of Silifke, the temple and nearby sights]
* [https://charlvarchive.org/Site/17 Carefully documented photographic survey and plan of Silifke Castle]
* [https://charlvarchive.org/Site/17 Carefully documented photographic survey and plan of Silifke Castle]

{{Districts of Turkey|provname=Mersin}}
{{Districts of Turkey|provname=Mersin}}
{{Mersin Province}}
{{Mersin Province}}
{{Silifke District}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


Latest revision as of 06:00, 25 October 2024

Silifke
District and municipality
Göksu River at Silifke
Göksu River at Silifke
Map showing Silifke District in Mersin Province
Map showing Silifke District in Mersin Province
Silifke is located in Turkey
Silifke
Silifke
Location in Turkey
Coordinates: 36°22′34″N 33°55′56″E / 36.37611°N 33.93222°E / 36.37611; 33.93222
CountryTurkey
ProvinceMersin
Government
 • MayorMustafa Turgut (CHP)
Area
2,692 km2 (1,039 sq mi)
Population
 (2022)[1]
132,665
 • Density49/km2 (130/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+3 (TRT)
Area code0324
Websitewww.silifke.bel.tr

Silifke, anciently Seleucia (Greek: Σελευκεία), is a municipality and district of Mersin Province, Turkey.[2] Its area is 2,692 km2,[3] and its population is 132,665 (2022).[1] It is 80 km (50 mi) west of the city of Mersin, on the west end of the Çukurova plain.

Silifke lies on the Göksu River, the ancient Calycadnus, near its outlet into the Mediterranean. The river flows from the nearby Taurus Mountains and the city is surrounded by attractive countryside along its banks.

Names

[edit]

Turkish Silifke (Turkish: [siˈlifce]) derives from Greek Seléfkeia (Σελεύκεια, modern pronunciation: [seˈlefci.a]), the late medieval and modern form of ancient Greek Seleúkeia (Σελεύκεια; Latin: Seleucia), named for its founder Seleucus I Nicator, king of the Seleucid Empire. It was distinguished from the many other places of that name as Seleucia on the Calycadnus (Seleucia ad Calycadnum), Seleucia in Cilicia, Seleucia in Isauria, Seleucia Trachea, and Seleucia Tracheotis.[4]

The site of the ancient city of Olba (Turkish: Oura) is also within the boundaries of modern-day Silifke.

History

[edit]

Antiquity

[edit]

Located a few miles from the mouth of the Göksu River, Seleucia was founded by Seleucus I Nicator in the early 3rd century BC, one of several cities he named after himself. It is probable that there were already towns called Olbia (or Olba) and Hyria and that Seleucus I merely united them giving them his name. The city grew to include the nearby settlement of Holmi (in modern-day Taşucu) which had been established earlier as an Ionian colony but being on the coast was vulnerable to raiders and pirates.[5] The new city up river was doubtless seen as safer against attacks from the sea so Seleucia achieved considerable commercial prosperity as a port for this corner of Cilicia (later named Isauria), and was even a rival of Tarsus.[4]

Cilicia thrived as a province of the Romans, and Seleucia became a religious center with a renowned 2nd century Temple of Jupiter. It was also the site of a noted school of philosophy and literature, the birthplace of peripatetics Athenaeus and Xenarchus.[6] The stone bridge was built by the governor L. Octavius Memor in 77 AD. Around 300 AD Isauria was established as an independent state with Seleucia as the capital.

Christianity

[edit]

Early Christian bishops held a Council of Seleucia in[7] 325, 359, and 410. Seleucia was famous for the tomb of the virgin Saint Thecla of Iconium, converted by Saint Paul, who died at Seleucia,[8] the tomb was one of the most celebrated in the Christian world and was restored several times, among others by the Emperor Zeno in the 5th century, and today the ruins of the tomb and sanctuary are called Meriamlik.[9] In the 5th century the imperial governor (comes Isauriae) in residence at Seleucia had two legions at his disposal, the Legio II Isaura and the Legio III Isaura. From this period, and perhaps later, dates the Christian necropolis, west of the town, which contains many tombs of Christian soldiers.[10] According to the Notitia Episcopatuum of the Patriarchate of Antioch, in the 6th century, the Metropolitan of Seleucia had twenty-four suffragan sees.[11]

Lead seal of Paul, Metropolitan of Seleucia (8th/9th century)

In 705 Seleucia was captured by the Arab armies of Islam and was recovered by the Byzantines. Thus by 732 nearly all the ecclesiastical province of Isauria was incorporated into the Patriarchate of Constantinople; henceforth the province figures in the Notitiae of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, but under the name of Pamphylia.

In the Notitiae of Leo VI the Wise (ca. 900) Seleucia had 22 suffragan bishoprics;[12] in that of Constantine Porphyrogenitus (ca 940) it had 23.[13] In 968 Antioch again fell into the power of the Byzantines, and with the Province of Isauria, Seleucia was allocated to the Patriarchate of Antioch.[14] We know of several metropolitans of this see, the first of whom, Agapetus, attended the Council of Nicaea in 325; Neonas was at the Council of Seleucia in 359; Symposius at the Council of Constantinople in 381; Dexianus at the Council of Ephesus in 431; Basil, a celebrated orator and writer, whose conduct was rather ambiguous at the Second Council of Ephesus and at the beginning of the Council of Chalcedon in 451; Theodore was at the Fifth Ecumenical Council in 553; Macrobius at the Sixth Ecumenical Council and the Council in Trullo in 692.

No longer a residential see, Seleucia in Isauria has been included in the list of titular sees of the Catholic Church, which has made no new appointments of a titular bishop to this eastern see since the Second Vatican Council.[15]

Turkish period

[edit]

In the 11th century, the city was captured by the Seljuk Turks; they met with resistance and in 1137, Seleucia was besieged by Leon of Cilician Armenia. During this period of struggle between Armenians, Byzantines, Crusaders, and Turks, a stronghold was built on the heights overlooking the city. On June 10, 1190, the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa was drowned trying to cross the Calycadnus,[4] near Seleucia during the Third Crusade.

In the 13th century Seleucia was in the possession of the Hospitallers, who lost it to the Karamanid Principality in the second half of the 13th century, and then it ended up in the hands of the Ottomans under general Gedik Ahmet Pasha in 1471.

Until 1933, Silifke was the capital of İçel Province, but then, İçel and Mersin provinces were merged. The merged province took the name of İçel but with its administrative centre at Mersin. Finally in 2002 the name of İçel was replaced with that of Mersin.

Economy

[edit]

The economy of the district depends on agriculture, tourism and raising livestock. The town of Silifke is as a market for the coastal plain, which produces beans, peanuts, sesame, banana, orange, lemon, cotton, grapes, lentils, olives, tobacco, and canned fruits and vegetables. An irrigation project located at Silifke supplies the fertile Göksu Delta. In recent years there has been a large investment in glasshouses for producing strawberries and other fruit and vegetables in the winter season.

Silifke is also an industrial town, well-connected with other urban areas and producing beverages, chemicals, clothes, footwear, glass, plastics, pottery, and textiles.

Climate

[edit]

Silifke has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa) with hot and dry summers and mild and wet winters.

Climate data for Silifke (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 14.9
(58.8) 		16.4
(61.5) 		19.7
(67.5) 		23.4
(74.1) 		27.4
(81.3) 		31.0
(87.8) 		33.6
(92.5) 		34.2
(93.6) 		32.2
(90.0) 		28.7
(83.7) 		22.3
(72.1) 		16.8
(62.2) 		25.1
(77.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 10.5
(50.9) 		11.5
(52.7) 		14.6
(58.3) 		18.1
(64.6) 		22.2
(72.0) 		26.0
(78.8) 		28.8
(83.8) 		29.3
(84.7) 		26.7
(80.1) 		22.8
(73.0) 		16.8
(62.2) 		12.2
(54.0) 		20.0
(68.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 7.4
(45.3) 		8.0
(46.4) 		10.3
(50.5) 		13.3
(55.9) 		17.2
(63.0) 		21.1
(70.0) 		24.1
(75.4) 		24.6
(76.3) 		21.7
(71.1) 		18.4
(65.1) 		13.2
(55.8) 		9.1
(48.4) 		15.7
(60.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 109.79
(4.32) 		74.4
(2.93) 		46.96
(1.85) 		26.87
(1.06) 		26.79
(1.05) 		5.26
(0.21) 		1.54
(0.06) 		2.06
(0.08) 		8.96
(0.35) 		34.18
(1.35) 		86.53
(3.41) 		131.65
(5.18) 		554.99
(21.85)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 8.4 6.8 4.9 3.9 3 1.4 1.2 1 1.6 3.6 4.6 8.2 48.6
Average relative humidity (%) 59.2 58.6 59.4 62.3 64.2 64.7 65.3 63.7 57.9 53.8 54.0 58.9 60.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 146.1 162.5 221.5 244.9 282.5 312.5 333.9 323.2 288.5 238.7 181.6 140.3 2,876.2
Source: NOAA[16]

Composition

[edit]

There are 88 neighbourhoods in Silifke District:[17]

Main sights

[edit]

The town of Silifke has many interesting sites including:

Other notable sites outside the town are:

  • Outer walls of the castle of Silifke
    Outer walls of the castle of Silifke
  • Silifke castle
    Silifke castle
  • Bar next to the castle of Silifke
    Bar next to the castle of Silifke
  • Touristic panel describing the castle of Silifke
    Touristic panel describing the castle of Silifke
  • Aya Tekla Church
    Aya Tekla Church
  • Tekir ambarı cistern
    Tekir ambarı cistern

Life and culture

[edit]

The Turkmen community of Silifke has a strong tradition of folk music and dance including songs such as The Yogurt of Silifke (where the dancers imitate the actions of making yogurt) and another one where they wave wooden spoons about as they dance.

The cuisine includes breakfast of leaves of unleavened bread (bazlama) with a dry sour cottage cheese (çökelek) or fried meats. Many other dishes feature bulgur wheat. The annual Silifke Yoghurt Festival takes place in May.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  2. ^ Büyükşehir İlçe Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  3. ^ "İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri". General Directorate of Mapping. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  4. ^ a b c Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Seleucia" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 603.
  5. ^ Stephanus of Byzantium; Strabo, XIV, 670)
  6. ^ "Classical Gazetteer, page 312". Archived from the original on 2012-12-04. Retrieved 2006-02-26.
  7. ^ (variously cited)
  8. ^ Acta Pauli et Theclae, an apocryphal work of the 2nd century
  9. ^ (Denkschriften der k. Akadem. der Wissenschaft. philos.-histor. Klasse, Vienna, XLIV, 6, 105-08)
  10. ^ Edwards, Robert W., "Seleukeia (Cilicia)" (2016). The Eerdmans Encyclopedia of Early Christian Art and Archaeology, ed., Paul Corby Finney. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 491. ISBN 978-0-8028-9017-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ (Echoes d'Orient, X, 145)
  12. ^ Heinrich Gelzer, Ungedruckte . . . Texte der Notitiae episcopatuum, 557.
  13. ^ (Georgii Cyprii descriptio orbis romani, ed. Gelzer, 76)
  14. ^ (Gelzer, op. cit., 573)
  15. ^ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2013, ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 968.
  16. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Silifke". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 17, 2024.
  17. ^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
[edit]
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