Yaroslav Stetsko: Difference between revisions

Yaroslav Stetsko
Yaroslav Stetsko
Ярослав Стецько
	Stetsko before 1936
Leader of the OUN-B
	In office; 1968–1986
Preceded by	Stepan Lenkavskyi
Succeeded by	Vasyl Oleskiv
Prime Minister of the Ukrainian National Government
	In office; 30 June 1941 – 12 July 1941
Preceded by	Government established
Succeeded by	Government disestablished
Chairman of the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations
	In office; 1945/1946–July 5, 1986
Preceded by	Alfred Rosenberg (unofficial, until 1944)
Succeeded by	Slava Stetsko
Personal details
Born	19 January 1912; Tarnopol, Austria-Hungary (now Ternopil, Ukraine)
Died	5 July 1986 (aged 74); Munich, West Germany
Political party	OUN-B
Spouse	Slava Stetsko
Occupation	Politician

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Yaroslav Semenovych Stetsko (Ukrainian: Ярослав Семенович Стецько; 19 January 1912 – 5 July 1986) was a Ukrainian politician, writer and ideologist who served as the leader of Stepan Bandera's faction of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, the OUN-B, from 1941 until his death. During the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, he was named the temporary head of an independent Ukrainian government which was declared in the act of restoration of the Ukrainian state. From 1942 to 1944, he was imprisoned in Sachsenhausen concentration camp. After World War II, Stetsko was the head of the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations until his death in 1986.

Early life

Stetsko was born on 19 January 1912 in Tarnopol, Austria-Hungary (now Ternopil, Ukraine) into a Ukrainian Catholic priest's family.^[1]^[2] His father, Semen, and his mother, Teodoziya, née Chubaty, encouraged him to pursue a higher education. Yaroslav not only graduated from high school in Ternopil, but later studied law and philosophy at the Kraków and Lwów Universities, graduating in 1934.^[3]

Yaroslav Stetsko was active in Ukrainian nationalist organizations from an early age. He was a member of three separate organizations: "Ukrayinska Natsionalistychna Molod'" (Ukrainian Nationalist Youth; Ukrainian: Українська Націоналістична Молодь) where he became a member of the National Executive in 1932, Ukrainian Military Organization (UVO) (Ukrainian: Українська Військова Організація) and eventually the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) (Ukrainian: Організація Українських Націоналістів).^{[citation needed]}

Because of his anti-Polish activities and the recent assassination of Bronisław Pieracki by Ukrainian nationalists, Stetsko was arrested by Polish authorities in 1934 and sentenced to a 5-year term.^[3] This sentence was reduced, and Stetsko was released in 1937 in a general amnesty.

World War II

Nazis and the OUN

According to the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine^{[citation needed]} and other sources^{[by whom?]}, OUN leaders had meetings with the heads of Nazi Germany's intelligence, regarding the formation of "Nachtigall" and "Roland" Battalions. In spring^[when?] the OUN received 2.5 million marks for subversive activities inside the USSR.^[4]^[5]

Operation Barbarossa

On 30 June 1941, Stetsko declared in Lviv the formation of a Ukrainian National Government which "will closely cooperate with the National-Socialist Greater Germany, under the leadership of its leader Adolf Hitler which is forming a new order in Europe and the world" – as stated in the text of the "Act of Proclamation of Ukrainian Statehood"^[5] Gestapo and Abwehr officials protected Bandera followers, as both organizations intended to use them for their own purposes.^[6]

On 3 July 1941 Stetsko wrote a letter to Adolf Hitler in which he expressed his gratitude and admiration for the German army, and wished the war with the USSR to end with a quick victory. This letter was not included in the list of documents of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine "OUN in 1941".^[7]

The fait accompli presented by the Restoration was received negatively by the Germans, a report of the Chief of the SD in Berlin, dated July 2 1941 reads: "Additional measures against the Bandera group, in particular against Bandera himself, are being planned. They will be implemented as soon as possible. EK 4a and EK 4b have also arrived in Lviv with their staff".^[8]

In Cracow, a special commission headed by Under Secretary of the Third Reich, Kundt, questioned those involved in the Restoration.^[8] In "Discussion with members of the Ukrainian National Committee and Stepan Bandera" dated July 3 1941, Kundt stresses to those questioned "Only Adolf Hitler can determine what will happen there", referring to Ukraine.^[8]

After being placed under house arrest on 2 July, Bandera was arrested on July 5 and deported to Berlin.^[8] In the meantime Stetsko continued to form his government.^[8] The composition of Stetsko's cabinet draw the ire of the SD in Berlin, who in a reported dated July 4 1941 lists "The present composition: Head of the Government - Stetsko; Minister of Health -Dr. Panchyshyn" and "Ministry of War - Riko Yaryi married to a Jew". Stetsko was arrested with Roman Ilnytskyi on July 9 and deported to Berlin.^[8]

In Berlin, Stetsko was pressed to explain the circumstances of the proclamation, and that he acted without German approval, in "A Statement by the Head of the Ukrainian Government" dated 15 July 1941, Stetsko reaffirms "I did not arrange the Proclamation of the Ukrainian Government with any of the German administrative authorities".^[8]

Professor Hans Koch, a Captain in the Abwehr who had been present at the "National Assembly in Lviv" was questioned numerous times about his prior knowledge of the proclamation.^[8] He clarified he warned against this "irrational step" and refused to shake hands with Stetsko.^[8] In a "Report by Gr. Baum to Grosskopf" dated 21 July 1941, it is clarified that Koch "strongly reproached Mr. Stetsko for his disloyalty and left the assembly room with the other representatives of the Wehrmacht".^[8]

Prior to the Restoration of the Ukrainian State on 30 June 1941, OUN-B leadership issued the 'Memorandum of the OUN on the Resolution of the Ukrainian Question' dated 15 June and delivered to the Reich Chancellery on 23 June.^[8] The memorandum was received negatively in Berlin, in a Report to the Reichsminister for Foreign Affairs, dated July 1 1941, the Grosskopf writes: "With regard to the future, it warns Germany, sometimes with a threatening tone, that the reorganisation of Eastern Europe can only be maintained by the creation of an independent Ukrainian state and not by a lasting, determined military occupation. This Ukrainian state must also be economically independent and must not have its economic centre in Berlin".^[8]

Bandera and Stetsko were held in the central Berlin prison at Spandau from 15 September 1941 until January 1942, when they were transferred to Sachsenhausen concentration camp's special barrack for high-profile political prisoners, Zellenbau.^[9]

In April 1944 Stepan Bandera and his deputy Yaroslav Stetsko were approached by Otto Skorzeny to discuss plans for diversions and sabotage against the Soviet Army.^[10]

In September 1944 Stetsko and Stepan Bandera were released by the German authorities in the hope that he would rouse the native populace to fight the advancing Soviet Army. With German consent, Bandera set up headquarters in Berlin.^[11] The Germans supplied the OUN-B and the UIA by air with arms and equipment. Assigned German personnel and agents trained to conduct terrorist and intelligence activities behind Soviet lines, as well as some OUN-B leaders, were also transported by air until early 1945.^[12]^[10]

In April 1945 Stetsko was seriously injured during an Allied air-attack on a Nazi military convoy in Bohemia.^[13]

Antisemitism

In August 1941 Stetsko allegedly wrote his autobiography. It was addressed to the German authorities, and contained several notable antisemitic passages; in particular he stated that he considered Marxism a product of Jewish thought, that was put into practice by the Muscovite-Asiatic people with Jewish assistance, and that Moscow and the Jews are the carriers of the international ideas of the Bolsheviks. He stated that although he considered Moscow rather than the Jews to be the main enemy of imprisoned Ukraine, he absolutely endorsed the idea of the indubitably harmful role of Jews in the enslavement of Ukraine by Moscow. He finally stated that he absolutely endorsed the extermination of the Jews, and the rationality of the German methods of extermination of Jews, instead of assimilating them.^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]

In the second half of the 1950s, Yaroslav Stetsko collaborated with Haviv Shyber, who represented the Israeli organization Anti-Communist Voice of Jerusalem, to form a world anti-communist organization.^[19]

After the war

Stetsko continued to be very active politically after World War II. In 1968 he became the head of the OUN-B.^[20] He also became a board member of the World Anti-Communist League.

Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations

In 1946, Stetsko spearheaded the creation of a new anti-Soviet organization, the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations (ABN). He was president of this organization until his death.^[21]

In 1983 he was received at the United States Capitol and, later, at the White House, where President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George H. W. Bush received him as the "last premier of a free Ukrainian State".^[22]

Death

Memorial plaque for Yaroslav Stetsko and his wife in Munich, Zeppelinstrasse

On 5 July 1986, Yaroslav Stetsko died in Munich, Germany. He was 74 years old. Stetsko was buried in the Munich Waldfriedhof.

Legacy

Stetsko's book "Two Revolutions" (1951) is the ideological cornerstone of the ultranationalist party All-Ukrainian Union "Svoboda".^[23]^[24] The essence of his doctrine is contained in a 1938 work by Stetsko entitled "Without National Revolution There Is No Social One",

"the revolution will not end with the establishment of the Ukrainian state, but will go on to establish equal opportunities for all people to create and share material and spiritual values and in this respect the national revolution is also a social one".^[23]

In 2010, at the initiative of Viktor Yushchenko, a plaque for Stetsko was mounted at his home in Zeppelinstraße 67 in Munich.^[25]

A decoration of Ukraine's Ternopil province, the Badge "for Merits to Ternopil Oblast" is named after Stetsko.^[26]

References

^ Стецько Ярослав Семенович / О. Й. Стасюк // Енциклопедія Сучасної України [Електронний ресурс] / Редкол. : І. М. Дзюба, А. І. Жуковський, М. Г. Железняк [та ін.] ; НАН України, НТШ, К. : Інститут енциклопедичних досліджень НАН України, 2024.
^ John Armstrong (1963). Ukrainian Nationalism. New York: Columbia University Press, pg. 54
^ ^a ^b "Конгрес Українських Націоналістів - Ярослав Стецько: "Не за мир, а за тріюмф правди"". Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 26 June 2009.
^ "Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія. Інститут історії НАН України.2004р Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія" (PDF). History.org.uk. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2011.(Archived 2 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine)
^ ^a ^b І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940—1942 роках. – Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004 (No ISBN)
^ p.15 ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х ч Ін-т історії України НАН України К. 2006 ISBN 966-02-2535-0 – У владних структурах рейху знайшлися сили яки з прагматичних міркувань стали на захист бандерівців. Керівники гестапо сподівалися використовувати їх у власних цілях а керівники абверу а радянському тилу.
^ Cherniavsky, Sergei. "АКТ «30 ИЮНЯ 1941 ГОДА» И МИФ ОБ «АНТИНАЦИЗМЕ» БАНДЕРОВЦЕВ" (PDF). shron1.chtyvo.org.ua.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Kusyk, Wolodymyr (1991). The Third Reich and the Ukrainian Question. ISBN 0 902322 39 7.
^ Berkhoff, K.C. and M. Carynnyk 'The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and Its Attitude toward Germans and Jews: Iaroslav Stets'ko's 1941 Zhyttiepys' in: Harvard Ukrainian Studies, vol. 23 (1999), nr. 3/4, pp. 149—184 .
^ ^a ^b D.Vyedeneyev; O.Lysenko (2009). "Завдання підривної діяльності проти Червоної армії обговорювалося на нараді під Берліном у квітні того ж року (1944) між керівником таємних операцій вермахту О.Скорцені й лідерами українських націоналістів С.бандерою та Я.Стецьком»" (PDF). Ukrainian Historical Magazine. 3: 137. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2012. OUN and foreign intelligence services 1920s–1950s ()
^ "West Germany: The Partisan," Time magazine (Monday, 2 November 1959).
^ Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, p.338 (Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine)
^ Вєдєнєєв Д. Проблеми історії України: факти, судження, пошуки. – Київ: Інститут історії України НАН України, 2003. – №10. ISSN 0869-2556 – page .405
^ "Тому я підтримую знищення жидів та доцільність впровадження німецьких методів винищення жидівства в Україні, а не лише їхню асиміляцію і тому подібне". Istpravada.com.au (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 21 August 2016.
^ John A. Armstrong, Ukrainian Nationalism, 2nd ed. (Littleton, CO.: Ukrainian Academic Press, 1980) 77–84.
^ (in Ukrainian) Orest Dzuban "Українське державотворення. Акт 30 червня 1931. Збірник документів і матеріалів" (Львів-Київ: Піраміда, 2001) p.153
^ (in Ukrainian) "Події на західноукраїнських землях (інтерв’ю з доцентом др. Г.І.Байєром)", Краківські вісті, 6 липня 1941.
^ Karel C. Berkhoff; Marco Carynnyk (1999). The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and Its Attitude toward Germans and Jews. Harvard Ukrainian Studies. p. 171.
^ "Вулиця “Антикомунізм”: спільна боротьба євреїв та українців". Istpravada.com.au (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 11 December 2022.
^ "1912, народився Ярослав Стецько" [Yaroslav Stetsko was born in 1912]. Ukrainian Institute of National Memory (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 10 August 2023.
^ Stetsko, Yaroslav, in: Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Volume 5. St - Z. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993, p.55
^ Rossolinski, Grzegorz (2014). Stepan Bandera: The Life and Afterlife of a Ukrainian Nationalist : Fascism, Genocide, and Cult. Columbia University Press. p. 552. ISBN 978-3-8382-0684-4.
^ ^a ^b Mridula Ghosh (October 2012). "The Extreme Right in Ukraine" (PDF). Library.fes.de. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
^ Україна (22 September 2011). "Історія ВО "Свобода"". Svoboda.org.ua. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
^ "Gedenktafel für Nazi-Kollaborateur und Antisemiten – wer ist verantwortlich?" (PDF). Ris-muenchen.de (in German). Retrieved 21 August 2016.
^ Morgun, Iryna (19 March 2024). "Тернопільська облрада нагородила Ярослава Гуньку, через якого пішов у відставку спікер парламенту Канади" [The Ternopil Regional Council awarded Yaroslav Hunka, because of whom the Speaker of the Canadian Parliament had resigned]. Suspilne Novyny (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 19 March 2024.

[1] Стецько Ярослав Семенович / О. Й. Стасюк // Енциклопедія Сучасної України [Електронний ресурс] / Редкол. : І. М. Дзюба, А. І. Жуковський, М. Г. Железняк [та ін.] ; НАН України, НТШ, К. : Інститут енциклопедичних досліджень НАН України, 2024.

[2] John Armstrong (1963). Ukrainian Nationalism. New York: Columbia University Press, pg. 54

[cun.org.ua-3] "Конгрес Українських Націоналістів - Ярослав Стецько: "Не за мир, а за тріюмф правди"". Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 26 June 2009.

[history.org.ua-4] "Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія. Інститут історії НАН України.2004р Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія" (PDF). History.org.uk. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2011.(Archived 2 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine)

[autogenerated1940-5] І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940—1942 роках. – Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004 (No ISBN)

[6] .15 ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х ч Ін-т історії України НАН України К. 2006 ISBN 966-02-2535-0 – У владних структурах рейху знайшлися сили яки з прагматичних міркувань стали на захист бандерівців. Керівники гестапо сподівалися використовувати їх у власних цілях а керівники абверу а радянському тилу.

[7] Cherniavsky, Sergei. "АКТ «30 ИЮНЯ 1941 ГОДА» И МИФ ОБ «АНТИНАЦИЗМЕ» БАНДЕРОВЦЕВ" (PDF). shron1.chtyvo.org.ua.

[:0-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Kusyk, Wolodymyr (1991). The Third Reich and the Ukrainian Question. ISBN 0 902322 39 7.

[Berkhoff,_K.C_1999_pp._149-9] Berkhoff, K.C. and M. Carynnyk 'The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and Its Attitude toward Germans and Jews: Iaroslav Stets'ko's 1941 Zhyttiepys' in: Harvard Ukrainian Studies, vol. 23 (1999), nr. 3/4, pp. 149—184 .

[history137-10] D.Vyedeneyev; O.Lysenko (2009). "Завдання підривної діяльності проти Червоної армії обговорювалося на нараді під Берліном у квітні того ж року (1944) між керівником таємних операцій вермахту О.Скорцені й лідерами українських націоналістів С.бандерою та Я.Стецьком»" (PDF). Ukrainian Historical Magazine. 3: 137. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2012. OUN and foreign intelligence services 1920s–1950s ()

[time.com-11] "West Germany: The Partisan," Time magazine (Monday, 2 November 1959).

[Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army_p.338-12] Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, p.338 (Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine)

[13] Вєдєнєєв Д. Проблеми історії України: факти, судження, пошуки. – Київ: Інститут історії України НАН України, 2003. – №10. ISSN 0869-2556 – page .405

[14] "Тому я підтримую знищення жидів та доцільність впровадження німецьких методів винищення жидівства в Україні, а не лише їхню асиміляцію і тому подібне". Istpravada.com.au (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 21 August 2016.

[15] John A. Armstrong, Ukrainian Nationalism, 2nd ed. (Littleton, CO.: Ukrainian Academic Press, 1980) 77–84.

[16] (in Ukrainian) Orest Dzuban "Українське державотворення. Акт 30 червня 1931. Збірник документів і матеріалів" (Львів-Київ: Піраміда, 2001) p.153

[17] (in Ukrainian) "Події на західноукраїнських землях (інтерв’ю з доцентом др. Г.І.Байєром)", Краківські вісті, 6 липня 1941.

[18] Karel C. Berkhoff; Marco Carynnyk (1999). The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and Its Attitude toward Germans and Jews. Harvard Ukrainian Studies. p. 171.

[19] "Вулиця “Антикомунізм”: спільна боротьба євреїв та українців". Istpravada.com.au (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 11 December 2022.

[20] "1912, народився Ярослав Стецько" [Yaroslav Stetsko was born in 1912]. Ukrainian Institute of National Memory (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 10 August 2023.

[21] Stetsko, Yaroslav, in: Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Volume 5. St - Z. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993, p.55

[22] Rossolinski, Grzegorz (2014). Stepan Bandera: The Life and Afterlife of a Ukrainian Nationalist : Fascism, Genocide, and Cult. Columbia University Press. p. 552. ISBN 978-3-8382-0684-4.

[MridulaGhoshSvobodaOctober2012-23] Mridula Ghosh (October 2012). "The Extreme Right in Ukraine" (PDF). Library.fes.de. Retrieved 21 August 2016.

[24] Україна (22 September 2011). "Історія ВО "Свобода"". Svoboda.org.ua. Retrieved 21 August 2016.

[25] "Gedenktafel für Nazi-Kollaborateur und Antisemiten – wer ist verantwortlich?" (PDF). Ris-muenchen.de (in German). Retrieved 21 August 2016.

[26] Morgun, Iryna (19 March 2024). "Тернопільська облрада нагородила Ярослава Гуньку, через якого пішов у відставку спікер парламенту Канади" [The Ternopil Regional Council awarded Yaroslav Hunka, because of whom the Speaker of the Canadian Parliament had resigned]. Suspilne Novyny (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 19 March 2024.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{short description|Ukrainian politician and leader of the OUN-B (1912–1986)}}
 {{use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
-{{family name hatnote|Semenovich|Stetsko|lang=Eastern Slavic}}
+{{family name hatnote|Semenovych|Stetsko|lang=Eastern Slavic}}
 {{Infobox officeholder
-| honorific-prefix    =
+| honorific-prefix =
-| name                = Yaroslav Stetsko<br />Ярослав Стецько
+| name             = Yaroslav Stetsko
+| native_name      = {{nobold|Ярослав Стецько}}
+| native_name_lang = uk
-| honorific-suffix    =
-| image               = Stecko.jpg
+| image            = Stecko.jpg
-| imagesize           = 200px
+| imagesize        = 200px
-| smallimage          =
+| smallimage       =
-| caption             = Yaroslav Stetsko
+| caption          = Stetsko before 1936
-| birth_date          = {{birth date|df=yes|1912|01|19}}
+| birth_date       = {{birth date|df=yes|1912|01|19}}
-| birth_place         = [[Ternopil|Tarnopol]], [[Austria-Hungary]]
+| birth_place      = [[Ternopil|Tarnopol]], [[Austria-Hungary]] (now Ternopil, Ukraine)
-| death_date          = {{death date and age|df=yes|1986|07|05|1912|01|19}}
+| death_date       = {{death date and age|df=yes|1986|07|05|1912|01|19}}
-| death_place         = [[Munich]], [[West Germany]]
+| death_place      = [[Munich]], [[West Germany]]
-| order               =
+| office           = Leader of the [[OUN-B]]
-| office              = Leader of the [[OUN-B]]
+| term_start       = 1968
-| term_start          = 1968
+| term_end         = 1986
-| term_end            = 1986
+| predecessor      = [[Stepan Lenkavskyi]]
-| nationality         = [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]]
+| successor        = [[Vasyl Oleskiv]]
-| spouse              = [[Slava Stetsko]]
+| spouse           = [[Slava Stetsko]]
-| party               = OUN-B
+| party            = OUN-B
-| children            =
+| children         =
-| residence           =
+| residence        =
-| occupation          = Politician
+| occupation       = Politician
-| footnotes           =
+| footnotes        =
-| office3             = Prime Minister, [[Ukrainian National Government]]
+| office3          = Prime Minister of the [[Ukrainian national government (1941)|Ukrainian National Government]]
-| term3               = June 30, 1941–July 12, 1941
+| term_start3      = 30 June 1941
-| predecessor3        = ''Government established''
+| term_end3        = 12 July 1941
-| successor3          = ''Government disestablished''
+| predecessor3     = ''Government established''
+| successor3       = ''Government disestablished''
-| office4             = Chairman of the [[Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations]]
-| term4               = 1945/1946–July 5, 1986
+| office4          = Chairman of the [[Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations]]
+| term4            = 1945/1946–July 5, 1986
-| predecessor4        = [[Alfred Rosenberg]] (''unofficial, until 1944'')
+| predecessor4     = [[Alfred Rosenberg]] (''unofficial, until 1944'')
-| successor4          = [[Slava Stetsko]]
+| successor4       = [[Slava Stetsko]]
 }}
-'''Yaroslav Semenovich Stetsko''' ({{Lang-uk|Ярослав Стецько}}; 19 January 1912 – 5 July 1986) was a [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] politician, writer and [[Nazi collaboration|Nazi collaborator]], who served as the leader of [[Stepan Bandera|Stepan Bandera's]] [[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]] (OUN), from 1968 until his death.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Rosenberg|first1=Paul H.|last2=Focus|first2=Foreign Policy In|date=2014-03-28|title=Seven Decades of Nazi Collaboration: America's Dirty Little Ukraine Secret|journal=The Nation|language=en-US|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/seven-decades-nazi-collaboration-americas-dirty-little-ukraine-secret/|access-date=2020-10-27|issn=0027-8378}}</ref> During [[Operation Barbarossa]], the Nazi German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, he was self-proclaimed temporary head of an independent [[Proclamation of Ukrainian statehood, 1941|Ukrainian government]] declared by [[Stepan Bandera|Bandera]]. Stetsko was the head of the [[Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations]] until 1986, the year of his death.
+'''Yaroslav Semenovych Stetsko''' ({{Langx|uk|Ярослав Семенович Стецько}}; 19 January 1912 – 5 July 1986) was a Ukrainian politician, writer and [[Ideology|ideologist]] who served as the leader of [[Stepan Bandera]]'s faction of the [[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]], the OUN-B, from 1941 until his death. During the [[Operation Barbarossa|German invasion of the Soviet Union]] in 1941, he was named the temporary head of an independent [[Ukrainian national government (1941)|Ukrainian government]] which was declared in the [[act of restoration of the Ukrainian state]]. From 1942 to 1944, he was imprisoned in [[Sachsenhausen concentration camp|Sachsenhausen]] concentration camp. After [[World War II]], Stetsko was the head of the [[Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations]] until his death in 1986.
-==Biography==
+==Early life==
+Stetsko was born on 19 January 1912 in [[Ternopil|Tarnopol]], [[Austria-Hungary]] (now Ternopil, [[Ukraine]]) into a [[Western Ukrainian Clergy|Ukrainian Catholic priest's family]].<ref>[https://esu.com.ua/article-884618 Стецько Ярослав Семенович] / О. Й. Стасюк // Енциклопедія Сучасної України [Електронний ресурс] / Редкол. : І. М. Дзюба, А. І. Жуковський, М. Г. Железняк [та ін.] ; НАН України, НТШ, К. : Інститут енциклопедичних досліджень НАН України, 2024.</ref><ref>John Armstrong (1963). ''Ukrainian Nationalism''. New York: Columbia University Press, pg. 54</ref> His father, Semen, and his mother, Teodoziya, née Chubaty, encouraged him to pursue a higher education. Yaroslav not only graduated from high school in Ternopil, but later studied law and philosophy at the [[Kraków]] and [[Lwów]] Universities, graduating in 1934.<ref name="cun.org.ua">{{cite web |url=http://cun.org.ua/ukr/content/view/1513/31/ |title=Конгрес Українських Націоналістів - Ярослав Стецько: "Не за мир, а за тріюмф правди" |access-date=2009-06-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609085824/http://cun.org.ua/ukr/content/view/1513/31/ |archive-date=9 June 2008}}</ref>
-===Childhood===
-Stetsko was born on 19 January 1912 in [[Ternopil|Tarnopol]], [[Austria-Hungary]] (now Ternopil, [[Ukraine]]) into a [[Western Ukrainian Clergy|Ukrainian Catholic priest's family]].<ref>John Armstrong (1963). ''Ukrainian Nationalism''.  New York: Columbia University Press, pg. 54</ref> His father, Semen, and his mother, Teodoziya, née Chubaty, encouraged him to pursue a higher education. Yaroslav not only graduated high school in Ternopil, but later studied law and philosophy at the [[Kraków]] and [[Lwów]] Universities, graduating in 1934.<ref name="cun.org.ua">{{cite web |url=http://cun.org.ua/ukr/content/view/1513/31/ |title=Конгрес Українських Націоналістів - Ярослав Стецько: "Не за мир, а за тріюмф правди" |access-date=2009-06-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609085824/http://cun.org.ua/ukr/content/view/1513/31/ |archive-date=9 June 2008}}</ref>
+Yaroslav Stetsko was active in Ukrainian nationalist organizations from an early age. He was a member of three separate organizations: "Ukrayinska Natsionalistychna Molod'" (Ukrainian Nationalist Youth; {{langx|uk|Українська Націоналістична Молодь}}) where he became a member of the National Executive in 1932, Ukrainian Military Organization ([[Ukrainian Military Organization|UVO]]) ({{langx|uk|Українська Військова Організація}}) and eventually the [[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]] (OUN) ({{langx|uk|Організація Українських Націоналістів}}).{{Citation needed|date=December 2013}}
-===Youth activities===
-Yaroslav Stetsko was active in Ukrainian nationalist organizations from an early age. He was a member of three separate organizations: "Ukrayinska Natsionalistychna Molod'" (Ukrainian Nationalist Youth; {{lang-uk|Українська Націоналістична Молодь}}) where he became a member of the National Executive in 1932, Ukrainian Military Organization ([[Ukrainian Military Organization|UVO]]) ({{lang-uk|Українська Військова Організація}}) and eventually the [[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]] (OUN) ({{lang-uk|Організація Українських Націоналістів}}).{{Citation needed|date=December 2013}}
-Because of his anti-Polish activities and the recent assassination of [[:pl:Bronisław Pieracki|Bronislaw Piernacki (Polish)]] by Ukrainian nationalists, Stetsko was arrested by Polish authorities in 1934 and sentenced to a 5-year term.<ref name="cun.org.ua"/> This sentence was reduced, and Stetsko was released in 1937 in a general amnesty.
+Because of his anti-Polish activities and the recent assassination of [[Bronisław Pieracki]] by Ukrainian nationalists, Stetsko was arrested by Polish authorities in 1934 and sentenced to a 5-year term.<ref name="cun.org.ua"/> This sentence was reduced, and Stetsko was released in 1937 in a general amnesty.
 ==World War II==
 ===Nazis and the OUN===
-According to the [[National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine]]{{Citation needed|date=December 2013}}  and other sources{{By whom|date=December 2013}}, OUN leaders had meetings with the heads of Nazi Germany's intelligence, regarding the formation of "[[Nachtigall Battalion|Nachtigall]]" and "[[Roland Battalion|Roland]]" Battalions.  In spring{{when|date=May 2015}} the OUN received 2.5 million marks for subversive activities inside the USSR.<ref name="history.org.ua">{{cite web|title=Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія. Інститут історії НАН України.2004р Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія |page=1 |url=http://www.history.org.ua/LiberUA/Book/Upa/1.pdf|website=History.org.uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717124952/http://www.history.org.ua/LiberUA/Book/Upa/1.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2011}}({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202153517/http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/Book/Upa/1.pdf |date=2 December 2012 }})</ref><ref name="autogenerated1940">І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940—1942 роках. – Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004 (No ISBN)</ref>
+According to the [[National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine]]{{Citation needed|date=December 2013}} and other sources{{By whom|date=December 2013}}, OUN leaders had meetings with the heads of Nazi Germany's intelligence, regarding the formation of "[[Nachtigall Battalion|Nachtigall]]" and "[[Roland Battalion|Roland]]" Battalions. In spring{{when|date=May 2015}} the OUN received 2.5 million marks for subversive activities inside the USSR.<ref name="history.org.ua">{{cite web|title=Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія. Інститут історії НАН України.2004р Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія |page=1 |url=http://www.history.org.ua/LiberUA/Book/Upa/1.pdf|website=History.org.uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717124952/http://www.history.org.ua/LiberUA/Book/Upa/1.pdf |archive-date=17 July 2011}}({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202153517/http://history.org.ua/LiberUA/Book/Upa/1.pdf |date=2 December 2012 }})</ref><ref name="autogenerated1940">І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940—1942 роках. – Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004 (No ISBN)</ref>
 ===Operation Barbarossa===
 On 30 June 1941, Stetsko declared in [[Lviv]] the formation of a [[Ukrainian national government (1941)|Ukrainian National Government]] which "will closely cooperate with the [[Nazi Germany|National-Socialist Greater Germany]], under the leadership of its leader [[Adolf Hitler]] which is forming a [[New Order (political system)|new order in Europe and the world]]" – as stated in the text of the "Act of Proclamation of Ukrainian Statehood"<ref name="autogenerated1940"/>
-[[Gestapo]] and [[Abwehr]] officials protected Bandera followers, as both organizations intended to use them for their own purposes.<ref>p.15 ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х ч Ін-т історії України НАН України К. 2006 {{ISBN|966-02-2535-0}}  – У владних структурах рейху знайшлися сили яки з прагматичних міркувань стали на захист бандерівців. Керівники гестапо сподівалися використовувати їх у власних цілях а керівники абверу а радянському тилу.</ref>
+[[Gestapo]] and [[Abwehr]] officials protected Bandera followers, as both organizations intended to use them for their own purposes.<ref>p.15 ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х ч Ін-т історії України НАН України К. 2006 {{ISBN|966-02-2535-0}} – У владних структурах рейху знайшлися сили яки з прагматичних міркувань стали на захист бандерівців. Керівники гестапо сподівалися використовувати їх у власних цілях а керівники абверу а радянському тилу.</ref>
 On 3 July 1941 Stetsko wrote a letter to [[Adolf Hitler]] in which he expressed his gratitude and admiration for the German army, and wished the war with the USSR to end with a quick victory. This letter was not included in the list of documents of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine "OUN in 1941".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/Cherniavskyi_Serhii_Viktorovych/Akt_30_yiunia_1941_hoda_y_myf_ob_antynatsyzme__banderovtsev_ros.pdf?PHPSESSID=qs86c75t9n388vspbkiib9up84 |title=АКТ «30 ИЮНЯ 1941 ГОДА» И МИФ ОБ «АНТИНАЦИЗМЕ» БАНДЕРОВЦЕВ |website=shron1.chtyvo.org.ua |last=Cherniavsky |first=Sergei}}</ref>
+The fait accompli presented by the Restoration was received negatively by the Germans, a report of the Chief of the SD in Berlin, dated July 2 1941 reads: "Additional measures against the Bandera group, in particular against Bandera himself, are being planned. They will be implemented as soon as possible. EK 4a and EK 4b have also arrived in Lviv with their staff".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kusyk |first=Wolodymyr |title=The Third Reich and the Ukrainian Question |date=1991 |isbn=0 902322 39 7}}</ref>
-On 5 July, OUN-B leader Bandera was placed under honorary arrest ({{lang-lat|custodia honesta}}) in Kraków, and transported to Berlin the next day. On 14 July he was released, but required to stay in Berlin.  On 12 July 1941 he was joined in Berlin by his deputy Yaroslav Stetsko, whom the Germans had moved from Lviv after an unsuccessful attempt by unknown persons to assassinate him.<ref>Після проголошення держави й уряду наложили на нього дня 5.7. почесний арешт (Еренгафт) та перевезли його до Берліна. Дня 14.7 провідника організації звільнено із забороною опускати Берлін. p.420 ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х ч Ін-т історії України НАН України К. 2006 {{ISBN|966-02-2535-0}}</ref> During July–August both of them submitted dozens of proposals for cooperation to different Nazi institutions ([[OKW]], [[RSHA]] etc.) and freely communicate with their followers.
-<ref>p.16 Голова уряду Я.Стецько майже до кінця серпня вільно проживав у Берліні і закидав посланнями відомства Розенберга, Ріббентропа,Гіммлера і Кейтеля) ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х ч Ін-т історії України НАН України К. 2006 {{ISBN|966-02-2535-0}}</ref>
+In Cracow, a special commission headed by Under Secretary of the Third Reich, Kundt, questioned those involved in the Restoration.<ref name=":0" /> In "Discussion with members of the Ukrainian National Committee and Stepan Bandera" dated July 3 1941, Kundt stresses to those questioned "Only Adolf Hitler can determine what will happen there", referring to Ukraine.<ref name=":0" />
-<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Stetskoberlinag1941.jpg|thumb|Yaroslav Stetsko Message from Berlin to the Bandera's OUN regional leaders at the [[Reichskommissariat Ukraine]]. 4 August 1941 Berlin [[Nazi Germany]]
-]] -->
+After being placed under house arrest on 2 July, Bandera was arrested on July 5 and deported to Berlin.<ref name=":0" />  In the meantime Stetsko continued to form his government.<ref name=":0" /> The composition of Stetsko's cabinet draw the ire of the SD in Berlin, who in a reported dated July 4 1941 lists "The present composition: Head of the Government - Stetsko; Minister of Health -Dr. Panchyshyn" and "Ministry of War - Riko Yaryi married to a Jew". Stetsko was arrested with Roman Ilnytskyi on July 9 and deported to Berlin.<ref name=":0" />
-After the assassination of two key members of the Melnyk OUN, said to have been carried out by members of the OUN-B, Bandera and Stetsko were held in the central Berlin prison at Spandau from 15 September 1941 until January 1942, when they were transferred to [[Sachsenhausen concentration camp]]'s special barrack for high-profile political prisoners, Zellenbau.<ref name="Berkhoff, K.C 1999 pp. 149">Berkhoff, K.C. and M. Carynnyk 'The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and Its Attitude toward Germans and Jews: Iaroslav Stets'ko's 1941 Zhyttiepys' in: Harvard Ukrainian Studies, vol. 23 (1999), nr. 3/4, pp. 149—184 .</ref>
+In Berlin, Stetsko was pressed to explain the circumstances of the proclamation, and that he acted without German approval, in "A Statement by the Head of the Ukrainian Government" dated 15 July 1941, Stetsko reaffirms "I did not arrange the Proclamation of the Ukrainian Government with any of the German administrative authorities".<ref name=":0" />
+Professor Hans Koch, a Captain in the Abwehr who had been present at the "National Assembly in Lviv" was questioned numerous times about his prior knowledge of the proclamation.<ref name=":0" /> He clarified he warned against this "irrational step" and refused to shake hands with Stetsko.<ref name=":0" /> In a "Report by Gr. Baum to Grosskopf" dated 21 July 1941, it is clarified that Koch "strongly reproached Mr. Stetsko for his disloyalty and left the assembly room with the other representatives of the Wehrmacht".<ref name=":0" />
+Prior to the Restoration of the Ukrainian State on 30 June 1941, OUN-B leadership issued the 'Memorandum of the OUN on the Resolution of the Ukrainian Question' dated 15 June and delivered to the Reich Chancellery on 23 June.<ref name=":0" /> The memorandum was received negatively in Berlin, in a Report to the Reichsminister for Foreign Affairs, dated July 1 1941, the Grosskopf writes: "With regard to the future, it warns Germany, sometimes with a threatening tone, that the reorganisation of Eastern Europe can only be maintained by the creation of an independent Ukrainian state and not by a lasting, determined military occupation. This Ukrainian state must also be economically independent and must not have its economic centre in Berlin".<ref name=":0" />
+Bandera and Stetsko were held in the central Berlin prison at Spandau from 15 September 1941 until January 1942, when they were transferred to [[Sachsenhausen concentration camp]]'s special barrack for high-profile political prisoners, Zellenbau.<ref name="Berkhoff, K.C 1999 pp. 149">Berkhoff, K.C. and M. Carynnyk 'The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and Its Attitude toward Germans and Jews: Iaroslav Stets'ko's 1941 Zhyttiepys' in: Harvard Ukrainian Studies, vol. 23 (1999), nr. 3/4, pp. 149—184 .</ref>
 In April 1944 [[Stepan Bandera]] and his deputy Yaroslav Stetsko were approached by [[Otto Skorzeny]] to discuss plans for diversions and sabotage against the Soviet Army.<ref name="history137">{{cite journal|title=Завдання підривної діяльності проти Червоної армії обговорювалося на нараді під Берліном у квітні того ж року (1944) між керівником таємних операцій вермахту О.Скорцені й лідерами українських націоналістів С.бандерою та Я.Стецьком»|author1=D.Vyedeneyev|author2=O.Lysenko|quotation=OUN and foreign intelligence services 1920s–1950s|journal=Ukrainian Historical Magazine|volume=3|date=2009|page=137|url=http://www.history.org.ua/JournALL/journal/2009/3/11.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302234135/http://www.history.org.ua/JournALL/journal/2009/3/11.pdf|archive-date=2 March 2012}} ()</ref>
@@ Line 65: / Line 73: @@
 In September 1944 Stetsko and [[Stepan Bandera]] were released by the [[Sicherheitsdienst|German authorities]] in the hope that he would rouse the native populace to fight the advancing Soviet Army. With German consent, Bandera set up headquarters in Berlin.<ref name="time.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20071223155820/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,892820,00.html "West Germany: The Partisan,"] ''Time'' magazine (Monday, 2 November 1959).</ref> The Germans supplied the OUN-B and the [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army|UIA]] by air with arms and equipment. Assigned German personnel and agents trained to conduct terrorist and intelligence activities behind Soviet lines, as well as some OUN-B leaders, were also transported by air until early 1945.<ref name="Ukrainian Insurgent Army p.338">[http://history.org.ua/oun_upa/upa/18.pdf ''Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army'', p.338 ] ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325095047/http://history.org.ua/oun_upa/upa/18.pdf |date=25 March 2009 }})</ref><ref name="history137" />
-In April 1945 Stetsko was seriously injured during an Allied air-attack on a Nazi military [[convoy]] in [[Bohemia]].<ref>Вєдєнєєв Д.   Проблеми історії України: факти, судження, пошуки. – Київ: Інститут історії України НАН України, 2003. – №10. {{ISSN|0869-2556}}  – page .405</ref>
+In April 1945 Stetsko was seriously injured during an Allied air-attack on a Nazi military [[convoy]] in [[Bohemia]].<ref>Вєдєнєєв Д. Проблеми історії України: факти, судження, пошуки. – Київ: Інститут історії України НАН України, 2003. – №10. {{ISSN|0869-2556}} – page .405</ref>
 ===Antisemitism===
-In August 1941 Stetsko allegedly wrote his autobiography. It was addressed to the German authorities, and contained several notable antisemitic passages; in particular he stated that he considered Marxism a product of Jewish thought, that was put into practice by the Muscovite-Asiatic people with Jewish assistance, and that Moscow and the Jews are the carriers of the international ideas of the Bolsheviks. He stated that although he considered Moscow rather than the Jews to be the main enemy of imprisoned Ukraine, he absolutely endorsed the idea of the indubitably harmful role of Jews in the enslavement of Ukraine by Moscow. He finally stated that he absolutely endorsed the extermination of the Jews, and the rationality of the German methods of extermination of Jews, instead of assimilating them.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=uk:"Тому я підтримую знищення жидів та доцільність впровадження німецьких методів винищення жидівства в Україні, а не лише їхню асиміляцію і тому подібне"|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/research/2012/12/20/93550/|website=Istpravada.com.au|access-date=2016-08-21|language=uk}}</ref><ref>[[John Alexander Armstrong|John A. Armstrong]], Ukrainian Nationalism, 2nd ed. (Littleton, CO.: Ukrainian Academic Press, 1980) 77–84.</ref><ref>{{in lang|uk}} Orest Dzuban "Українське державотворення. Акт 30 червня 1931. Збірник документів і матеріалів" (Львів-Київ: Піраміда, 2001) p.153</ref><ref>{{in lang|uk}} "Події на західноукраїнських землях (інтерв’ю з доцентом др. Г.І.Байєром)", Краківські вісті, 6 липня 1941.</ref><ref>{{cite book|author= Karel C. Berkhoff|author2= Marco Carynnyk|title=The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and Its Attitude toward Germans and Jews|url=https://www.academia.edu/2469365|year=1999|publisher=Harvard Ukrainian Studies |page=171}}</ref> [[Taras Hunczak]] has questioned the document's veracity.<ref>http://shron1.chtyvo.org.ua/Hunchak_Taras/Problems_of_Historiography_History_and_Its_Sources__en.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>
+In August 1941 Stetsko allegedly wrote his autobiography. It was addressed to the German authorities, and contained several notable antisemitic passages; in particular he stated that he considered [[Marxism]] a product of Jewish thought, that was put into practice by the Muscovite-Asiatic people with Jewish assistance, and that Moscow and the Jews are the carriers of the international ideas of the Bolsheviks. He stated that although he considered Moscow rather than the Jews to be the main enemy of imprisoned Ukraine, he absolutely endorsed the idea of the indubitably harmful role of Jews in the enslavement of Ukraine by Moscow. He finally stated that he absolutely endorsed the extermination of the Jews, and the rationality of the German methods of extermination of Jews, instead of assimilating them.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=uk:"Тому я підтримую знищення жидів та доцільність впровадження німецьких методів винищення жидівства в Україні, а не лише їхню асиміляцію і тому подібне"|url=http://www.istpravda.com.ua/research/2012/12/20/93550/|website=Istpravada.com.au|access-date=2016-08-21|language=uk}}</ref><ref>[[John Alexander Armstrong|John A. Armstrong]], Ukrainian Nationalism, 2nd ed. (Littleton, CO.: Ukrainian Academic Press, 1980) 77–84.</ref><ref>{{in lang|uk}} Orest Dzuban "Українське державотворення. Акт 30 червня 1931. Збірник документів і матеріалів" (Львів-Київ: Піраміда, 2001) p.153</ref><ref>{{in lang|uk}} "Події на західноукраїнських землях (інтерв’ю з доцентом др. Г.І.Байєром)", Краківські вісті, 6 липня 1941.</ref><ref>{{cite book|author= Karel C. Berkhoff|author2= Marco Carynnyk|title=The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and Its Attitude toward Germans and Jews|url=https://www.academia.edu/2469365|year=1999|publisher=Harvard Ukrainian Studies |page=171}}</ref>
+In the second half of the 1950s, Yaroslav Stetsko collaborated with Haviv Shyber, who represented the Israeli organization Anti-Communist Voice of Jerusalem, to form a world anti-communist organization.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=uk:"Вулиця “Антикомунізм”: спільна боротьба євреїв та українців"|url=https://www.istpravda.com.ua/articles/2021/01/27/158890/|website=Istpravada.com.au|access-date=2022-12-11|language=uk}}</ref>
 ==After the war==
-Stetsko continued to be very active politically after World War II. In 1968 he became the head of the OUN-B.{{Citation needed|date=December 2013}} He also became a board member of the [[World Anti-Communist League]].
+Stetsko continued to be very active politically after World War II. In 1968 he became the head of the OUN-B.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1912, народився Ярослав Стецько |trans-title=Yaroslav Stetsko was born in 1912 |url=https://uinp.gov.ua/istorychnyy-kalendar/sichen/19/1912-narodyvsya-yaroslav-stecko |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=[[Ukrainian Institute of National Memory]] |language=uk}}</ref> He also became a board member of the [[World Anti-Communist League]].
 ===Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations===
-In 1946, Stetsko spearheaded the creation of a new anti-Soviet organization, the [[Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations]] (ABN). He was president of this organization until his death.<ref>Stetsko, Yaroslav, in:  ''Encyclopedia of Ukraine''. Volume 5. St - Z. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993, p.55</ref>
+In 1946, Stetsko spearheaded the creation of a new anti-Soviet organization, the [[Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations]] (ABN). He was president of this organization until his death.<ref>Stetsko, Yaroslav, in: ''Encyclopedia of Ukraine''. Volume 5. St - Z. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993, p.55</ref>
+In 1983 he was received at the [[United States Capitol]] and, later, at the [[White House]], where President [[Ronald Reagan]] and Vice President [[George H. W. Bush]] received him as the "last premier of a free Ukrainian State".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rossolinski |first=Grzegorz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OXJCQAAQBAJ&q=stepan+bandera |title=Stepan Bandera: The Life and Afterlife of a Ukrainian Nationalist : Fascism, Genocide, and Cult |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-3-8382-0684-4 |pages=552 |language=en}}</ref>
 [[File:Grave of Yaroslav Stetsko.jpg|thumb|Grave of Yaroslav Stetsko]]
@@ Line 83: / Line 95: @@
 ==Legacy==
-Stetsko's book "Two Revolutions" (1951) is the ideological cornerstone of the [[Ultranationalism|ultranationalist]] party [[All-Ukrainian Union "Svoboda"]].<ref name="MridulaGhoshSvobodaOctober2012"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Україна |url=http://www.svoboda.org.ua/pro_partiyu/istoriya/ |title=Історія ВО "Свобода" |website=Svoboda.org.ua |date=22 September 2011 |access-date=2016-08-21}}</ref> The essence of this doctrine is: "the revolution will not end with the establishment of the Ukrainian state, but will go on to establish equal opportunities for all people to create and share material and spiritual values and in this respect the national revolution is also a social one".<ref name="MridulaGhoshSvobodaOctober2012">{{cite web|url=http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id-moe/09407.pdf|title=The Extreme Right in Ukraine |author=Mridula Ghosh |date=October 2012 |website=Library.fes.de |access-date=2016-08-21}}</ref>
+Stetsko's book "Two Revolutions" (1951) is the ideological cornerstone of the [[Ultranationalism|ultranationalist]] party [[All-Ukrainian Union "Svoboda"]].<ref name="MridulaGhoshSvobodaOctober2012"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Україна |url=http://www.svoboda.org.ua/pro_partiyu/istoriya/ |title=Історія ВО "Свобода" |website=Svoboda.org.ua |date=22 September 2011 |access-date=2016-08-21}}</ref> The essence of his doctrine is contained in a 1938 work by Stetsko entitled "Without National Revolution There Is No Social One",
+: "the revolution will not end with the establishment of the Ukrainian state, but will go on to establish equal opportunities for all people to create and share material and spiritual values and in this respect the national revolution is also a social one".<ref name="MridulaGhoshSvobodaOctober2012">{{cite web|url=http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id-moe/09407.pdf|title=The Extreme Right in Ukraine |author=Mridula Ghosh |date=October 2012 |website=Library.fes.de |access-date=2016-08-21}}</ref>
+In 2010, at the initiative of [[Viktor Yushchenko]], a plaque for Stetsko was mounted at his home in Zeppelinstraße 67 in [[Munich]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ris-muenchen.de/RII/RII/DOK/ANTRAG/3480356.pdf|title=Gedenktafel für Nazi-Kollaborateur und Antisemiten – wer ist verantwortlich? |language=de |website=Ris-muenchen.de |access-date=2016-08-21}}</ref>
+A decoration of Ukraine's [[Ternopil Oblast|Ternopil province]], the Badge "for Merits to Ternopil Oblast" is named after Stetsko.<ref>{{cite news |last=Morgun |first=Iryna |date=19 March 2024 |title=Тернопільська облрада нагородила Ярослава Гуньку, через якого пішов у відставку спікер парламенту Канади|trans-title=The Ternopil Regional Council awarded Yaroslav Hunka, because of whom the Speaker of the Canadian Parliament had resigned |url=https://suspilne.media/709328-ternopilska-oblrada-nagorodila-aroslava-gunku-cerez-akogo-pisov-u-vidstavku-spiker-parlamentu-kanadi/ |language=Ukrainian |work=[[Suspilne|Suspilne Novyny]] |location= |access-date=19 March 2024}}</ref>
-In 2010, at the initiative of [[Viktor Yushchenko]], a plaque for Yaroslav Stetsko was mounted at his home in Zeppelinstraße 67 in [[Munich]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ris-muenchen.de/RII/RII/DOK/ANTRAG/3480356.pdf|title=Gedenktafel für Nazi-Kollaborateur und Antisemiten – wer ist verantwortlich? |language=de |website=Ris-muenchen.de |access-date=2016-08-21}}</ref>
-{{-}}
 ==References==
@@ Line 96: / Line 110: @@
 [[Category:1986 deaths]]
 [[Category:Members of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]]
-[[Category:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists politicians]]
 [[Category:Politicians from Ternopil]]
+[[Category:Writers from Ternopil]]
 [[Category:People from the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria]]
 [[Category:Ukrainian Austro-Hungarians]]
 [[Category:Sachsenhausen concentration camp survivors]]
 [[Category:Ukrainian collaborators with Nazi Germany]]
-[[Category:Ukrainian people of World War II]]
 [[Category:Ukrainian politicians before 1991]]
-[[Category:Ukrainian independence activists]]
+[[Category:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists members]]
-[[Category:Ukrainian anti-communists]]
+[[Category:Antisemitism in Ukraine]]
-[[Category:Genocide perpetrators]]
+[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Poland]]
-[[Category:Polish emigrants to Germany]]

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