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{{short description|10th-century Byzantine monk and Eastern Orthodox saint}}{{Infobox saint|name=Nikon the Metanoeite|image=Hosios Loukas (nave, lunette in south-west bay of nave) - Nikon Metanoeite.jpg|caption=[[Mosaic]] [[icon]] of St. Nikon in [[Hosios Loukas]]|titles=[[The Venerable#Eastern Orthodoxy|Venerable]]|birth_date=c. 930|birth_place=[[Pontus (region)|Pontus]] or [[Argos, Peloponnese]]|death_date=26 November 998|feast_day=26 November|honored_in=[[Eastern Orthodox Church]]|patronage=[[Sparta, Laconia]], Greece}}
{{short description|10th-century Byzantine monk and Eastern Orthodox saint}}
[[File:Hosios Loukas (nave, lunette in south-west bay of nave) - Nikon Metanoeite.jpg|thumbnail|Mosaic in [[Hosios Loukas]]]]


'''Nikon the "Metanoite"''' ({{lang-el|{{lang|grc|Νίκων ὁ Μετανοεῖτε}}}}, ''Nikon ho Metanoeite'' (Nikon the Repentant); born circa 930,<ref>{{harvnb|Makrides|2009|p=206}}: "...Nikon the "Metanoeite" (ca. 930–ca. 1000)..."</ref> died 998<ref>{{harvnb|Thurston|Attwater|1956|p=426}}: "ST NIKON METANOEITE (A.D. 998)".</ref><ref name="Neville">{{harvnb|Neville|2004|p=179}}.</ref>) was a [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] [[monk]], itinerant [[preacher]], and [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Christian Orthodox]] saint.<ref name="Anderson1">{{harvnb|Anderson|1999|p=496}}: "Nikon the Metanoeite...Greek monk, itinerant preacher, and saint."</ref><ref name="Thurston and Attwater">{{harvnb|Thurston|Attwater|1956|p=426}}: "NIKON, a native of Pontus, in his youth fled from his friends to a monastery called Khrysopetro, where he lived twelve years in the practice of the most austere penance and prayer."</ref> Perhaps Nikon's most notable historical impact, according to historian Andrew Louth, was his ''Life'', the biography of Nikon written after his death by a successor abbot in his monastery, focused on the re-Christianizing of reconquered sections of the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref name="Louth">{{harvnb|Louth|2007|loc="Nikon the 'Metanoeite': Preaching the Gospel within the Byzantine Empire", pp. 241–262}}.</ref> It is also special in its references of localities in [[Crete]] and the central Greek mainland. Nikon himself was special in that he was represented as a missionary monk, one who was constantly preaching rather than constantly praying.<ref>{{harvnb|Abrahamse|1990|pp=1060–1061}}.</ref>
'''Nikon the "Metanoite"''' ({{langx|el|{{lang|grc|Νίκων ὁ Μετανοεῖτε}}}}, ''Nikon ho Metanoeite'' (Nikon "Repent!" ); born circa 930,<ref>{{harvnb|Makrides|2009|p=206}}: "...Nikon the "Metanoeite" (ca. 930–ca. 1000)..."</ref> died 26 November, 998<ref>{{harvnb|Thurston|Attwater|1956|p=426}}: "ST NIKON METANOEITE (A.D. 998)".</ref><ref name="Neville">{{harvnb|Neville|2004|p=179}}.</ref>) was a [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] [[monk]], itinerant [[preacher]], and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Christian Orthodox]] saint.<ref name="Anderson1">{{harvnb|Anderson|1999|p=496}}: "Nikon the Metanoeite...Greek monk, itinerant preacher, and saint."</ref><ref name="Thurston and Attwater">{{harvnb|Thurston|Attwater|1956|p=426}}: "NIKON, a native of Pontus, in his youth fled from his friends to a monastery called Khrysopetro, where he lived twelve years in the practice of the most austere penance and prayer."</ref> Perhaps Nikon's most notable historical impact, according to historian [[Andrew Louth]], was his ''Life'', the biography of Nikon written after his death by a successor abbot in his monastery, focused on the re-Christianizing of reconquered sections of the [[Byzantine Empire]].<ref name="Louth">{{harvnb|Louth|2007|loc="Nikon the 'Metanoeite': Preaching the Gospel within the Byzantine Empire", pp. 241–262}}.</ref> It is also special in its references of localities in [[Crete]] and the central Greek mainland. Nikon himself was special in that he was represented as a missionary monk, one who was constantly preaching rather than constantly praying.<ref>{{harvnb|Abrahamse|1990|pp=1060–1061}}.</ref>


==Biography==
==Biography==
Nikon, of [[Byzantine Greeks|Greek]] origin, was born in [[Pontus (region)|Pontus]] (modern north-eastern [[Turkey]]) or in [[Argos, Peloponnese|Argos]].<ref name="Anderson1"/><ref name="Thurston and Attwater"/><ref name="Runciman-Freely">{{harvnb|Runciman|Freely|2009|p=13}}: "...Nikon, surnamed Metanoeite, [...] born at Argos..."</ref> When he was young, Nikon went to a [[monastery]] known as Khrysopetro ("Golden Stone") located on the borders of Pontus and [[Paphlagonia]].<ref name="Anderson1"/><ref name="Thurston and Attwater"/><ref name="Runciman-Freely"/> He spent twelve years there, living an ascetic life of prayer and penance, so extreme that his brothers tried to persuade him to lessen his regimen.<ref name = "Thurston and Attwater"/> His abbot, impressed by his spiritual conferences and worried that his newly returned father would draw him from the ascetic life, sent him out into the world to preach. After his departure, he traveled to Asia Minor and preached repentance there for three years before moving on. Following the expulsion of the [[Arab]]s from Crete in 961 by [[Nikephoros II Phokas|Nikephoros Phokas]], he became active as a missionary preacher on the island, struggling to return recent converts of [[Islam]] back to [[Christianity]]. The area had been a [[Emirate of Crete|Muslim emirate]] since the 820s, and in that time Christianity in the area weakened, many former Christians having been forcibly converted to Islam and remained fearful that they could face execution for the Hudood crime of apostasy by extremists or by a return of Arab soldiers. Even those who remained faithful to Christianity had somewhat lost contact with the living tradition, churches and monasteries having fallen into decay. The people in the region were, quoted from Nikon's biography, not Islamic, but rather Christians who had been corrupted "by time and long fellowship with the Saracens." Nikon was forced to change his tactics on Crete, now having to use his wit to lead his listeners to repentance, rather than just preaching the message of repentance. It was there that he acquired the nickname ''metanoite'' (Greek for "penitent/repent") for his habit of using it as a preface to all his sermons.<ref name="Louth"/>
Nikon, of [[Byzantine Greeks|Greek]] origin, was born in [[Pontus (region)|Pontus]] (modern north-eastern [[Turkey]]) or in [[Argos, Peloponnese|Argos]].<ref name="Anderson1"/><ref name="Thurston and Attwater"/><ref name="Runciman-Freely">{{harvnb|Runciman|Freely|2009|p=13}}: "...Nikon, surnamed Metanoeite, [...] born at Argos..."</ref> When he was young, Nikon went to a [[monastery]] known as Khrysopetro ("Golden Stone") located on the borders of Pontus and [[Paphlagonia]].<ref name="Anderson1"/><ref name="Thurston and Attwater"/><ref name="Runciman-Freely"/> He spent twelve years there, living an ascetic life of prayer and penance, so extreme that his brothers tried to persuade him to lessen his regimen.<ref name = "Thurston and Attwater"/> His abbot, impressed by his spiritual conferences and worried that his newly returned father would draw him from the ascetic life, sent him out into the world to preach. After his departure, he traveled to Asia Minor and preached repentance there for three years before moving on. Following the expulsion of the [[Arab]]s from Crete in 961 by [[Nikephoros II Phokas|Nikephoros Phokas]], he became active as a missionary preacher on the island, struggling to return recent converts of [[Islam]] back to [[Christianity]]. The area had been a [[Emirate of Crete|Muslim emirate]] since the 820s, and in that time Christianity in the area weakened, many former Christians having been forcibly converted to Islam and remained fearful that they could face execution for the Hudood crime of apostasy by extremists or by a return of Arab soldiers. Even those who remained faithful to Christianity had somewhat lost contact with the living tradition, churches and monasteries having fallen into decay. The people in the region were, quoted from Nikon's biography, not Islamic, but rather Christians who had been corrupted "by time and long fellowship with the Saracens." Nikon was forced to change his tactics on Crete, now having to use his wit to lead his listeners to repentance, rather than just preaching the message of repentance. It was there that he acquired the nickname ''metanoite'' (Greek for "penitent/repent") for his habit of using it as a preface to all his sermons.<ref name="Louth"/>


After spending five years on Crete, Nikon went on to [[Epidauros]], [[Athens]], and [[Euboea]]. He then travelled to [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]] and [[Corinth]], and finally down into the [[Peloponnese]], particularly to [[Sparta|Lacedaemonia]] (Sparta), which he reputably saved from a plague. While in Sparta, Nikon constructed three churches and a monastery and continued his preaching and teachings, which were reportedly confirmed by miracles. The Peloponnese is represented as a land full of [[demons]], of which Nikon is constantly struggling against. Within the province of [[Lakonia]] he exerted considerable influence on both clergy and laity, founding a large number of churches. As a result, after his sanctification by the [[Greek Orthodox Church]], he eventually became patron saint of the town of Sparta and the region of the [[Mani Peninsula]] (southern part of Ancient Sparta) where he brought [[Christianity]] to Mani and preached it to the [[Maniots]]. The Maniots began to convert to Christianity in the 9th century AD, but it wasn't until 200 years later in the 11th century AD that the Maniots had fully accepted Christianity. His feast is celebrated each year on November 26. After thirty or so years of preaching in the Peloponnese, he died in a monastery there on November 26, 998. According to his biography, Nikon continued to grant miracles posthumously, in fact, much of the account deals solely with these posthumous miracles. Nikon is pictured in mosaics in the monastery of [[Hosios Loukas]] (Saint Luke).<ref name="Neville"/>
After spending five years on Crete, Nikon went on to [[Epidauros]], [[Athens]], and [[Euboea]]. He then travelled to [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]] and [[Corinth]], and finally down into the [[Peloponnese]], particularly to [[Sparta|Lacedaemonia]] (Sparta), which he reputably saved from a plague. While in Lacedaemonia, Nikon constructed three churches and a monastery and continued his preaching and teachings, which were reportedly confirmed by miracles. The Peloponnese is represented as a land full of [[demons]], of which Nikon is constantly struggling against. Within the province of [[Lakonia]] he exerted considerable influence on both clergy and laity, founding a large number of churches. As a result, after his sanctification by the [[Greek Orthodox Church]], he eventually became patron saint of the town of Lacedaemonia and the region of the [[Mani Peninsula]] (southern part of Ancient Sparta) where he brought [[Christianity]] to Mani and preached it to the [[Maniots]]. The Maniots began to convert to Christianity in the 9th century AD, but it wasn't until 200 years later in the 11th century AD that the Maniots had fully accepted Christianity. His feast is celebrated each year on November 26. After thirty or so years of preaching in the Peloponnese, he died in a monastery there on November 26, 998. According to his biography, Nikon continued to grant miracles posthumously, in fact, much of the account deals solely with these posthumous miracles.


==Legacy==
==Legacy==
As a result of his actions, after his sanctification by the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] he became the [[patron saint]] of the city of [[Sparta, Laconia|Sparta]]. His holiday is celebrated there annually on 26 November.
As a result of his actions, after his canonisation by the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] he became the [[patron saint]] of the city of [[Sparta, Laconia|Sparta]]. His holiday is celebrated there annually on 26 November.

Nikon is depicted in [[Mosaic|mosaics]] in the monastery of [[Hosios Loukas]] ([[Luke of Steiris|Saint Luke]]).<ref name="Neville" />


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 22:32, 26 October 2024

Nikon the Metanoeite
Mosaic icon of St. Nikon in Hosios Loukas
Venerable
Bornc. 930
Pontus or Argos, Peloponnese
Died26 November 998
Honored inEastern Orthodox Church
Feast26 November
PatronageSparta, Laconia, Greece

Nikon the "Metanoite" (Greek: Νίκων ὁ Μετανοεῖτε, Nikon ho Metanoeite (Nikon "Repent!" ); born circa 930,[1] died 26 November, 998[2][3]) was a Byzantine monk, itinerant preacher, and Christian Orthodox saint.[4][5] Perhaps Nikon's most notable historical impact, according to historian Andrew Louth, was his Life, the biography of Nikon written after his death by a successor abbot in his monastery, focused on the re-Christianizing of reconquered sections of the Byzantine Empire.[6] It is also special in its references of localities in Crete and the central Greek mainland. Nikon himself was special in that he was represented as a missionary monk, one who was constantly preaching rather than constantly praying.[7]

Biography

[edit]

Nikon, of Greek origin, was born in Pontus (modern north-eastern Turkey) or in Argos.[4][5][8] When he was young, Nikon went to a monastery known as Khrysopetro ("Golden Stone") located on the borders of Pontus and Paphlagonia.[4][5][8] He spent twelve years there, living an ascetic life of prayer and penance, so extreme that his brothers tried to persuade him to lessen his regimen.[5] His abbot, impressed by his spiritual conferences and worried that his newly returned father would draw him from the ascetic life, sent him out into the world to preach. After his departure, he traveled to Asia Minor and preached repentance there for three years before moving on. Following the expulsion of the Arabs from Crete in 961 by Nikephoros Phokas, he became active as a missionary preacher on the island, struggling to return recent converts of Islam back to Christianity. The area had been a Muslim emirate since the 820s, and in that time Christianity in the area weakened, many former Christians having been forcibly converted to Islam and remained fearful that they could face execution for the Hudood crime of apostasy by extremists or by a return of Arab soldiers. Even those who remained faithful to Christianity had somewhat lost contact with the living tradition, churches and monasteries having fallen into decay. The people in the region were, quoted from Nikon's biography, not Islamic, but rather Christians who had been corrupted "by time and long fellowship with the Saracens." Nikon was forced to change his tactics on Crete, now having to use his wit to lead his listeners to repentance, rather than just preaching the message of repentance. It was there that he acquired the nickname metanoite (Greek for "penitent/repent") for his habit of using it as a preface to all his sermons.[6]

After spending five years on Crete, Nikon went on to Epidauros, Athens, and Euboea. He then travelled to Thebes and Corinth, and finally down into the Peloponnese, particularly to Lacedaemonia (Sparta), which he reputably saved from a plague. While in Lacedaemonia, Nikon constructed three churches and a monastery and continued his preaching and teachings, which were reportedly confirmed by miracles. The Peloponnese is represented as a land full of demons, of which Nikon is constantly struggling against. Within the province of Lakonia he exerted considerable influence on both clergy and laity, founding a large number of churches. As a result, after his sanctification by the Greek Orthodox Church, he eventually became patron saint of the town of Lacedaemonia and the region of the Mani Peninsula (southern part of Ancient Sparta) where he brought Christianity to Mani and preached it to the Maniots. The Maniots began to convert to Christianity in the 9th century AD, but it wasn't until 200 years later in the 11th century AD that the Maniots had fully accepted Christianity. His feast is celebrated each year on November 26. After thirty or so years of preaching in the Peloponnese, he died in a monastery there on November 26, 998. According to his biography, Nikon continued to grant miracles posthumously, in fact, much of the account deals solely with these posthumous miracles.

Legacy

[edit]

As a result of his actions, after his canonisation by the Eastern Orthodox Church he became the patron saint of the city of Sparta. His holiday is celebrated there annually on 26 November.

Nikon is depicted in mosaics in the monastery of Hosios Loukas (Saint Luke).[3]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Makrides 2009, p. 206: "...Nikon the "Metanoeite" (ca. 930–ca. 1000)..."
  2. ^ Thurston & Attwater 1956, p. 426: "ST NIKON METANOEITE (A.D. 998)".
  3. ^ a b Neville 2004, p. 179.
  4. ^ a b c Anderson 1999, p. 496: "Nikon the Metanoeite...Greek monk, itinerant preacher, and saint."
  5. ^ a b c d Thurston & Attwater 1956, p. 426: "NIKON, a native of Pontus, in his youth fled from his friends to a monastery called Khrysopetro, where he lived twelve years in the practice of the most austere penance and prayer."
  6. ^ a b Louth 2007, "Nikon the 'Metanoeite': Preaching the Gospel within the Byzantine Empire", pp. 241–262.
  7. ^ Abrahamse 1990, pp. 1060–1061.
  8. ^ a b Runciman & Freely 2009, p. 13: "...Nikon, surnamed Metanoeite, [...] born at Argos..."

Sources

[edit]
  • Abrahamse, Dorothy de F. (1990). "Reviewed work(s): The Life of Saint Nikon. by Denis F. Sullivan". Speculum. 65 (4). Medieval Academy of America: 1060–1061. doi:10.2307/2863634. JSTOR 2863634.
  • Anderson, Gerald H. (1999). Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 0-8028-4680-7.
  • Louth, Andrew (2007). Greek East and Latin West: The Church AD 681–1071. Crestwood, N.Y.: St Vladimir’s Seminary Press. ISBN 9780881413205.
  • Makrides, Vasilios (2009). Hellenic Temples and Christian Churches: A Concise History of the Religious Cultures of Greece from Antiquity to the Present. New York, New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-9568-2.
  • Neville, Leonora Alice (2004). Authority in Byzantine Provincial Society, 950-1100. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83865-7.
  • Runciman, Steven; Freely, John (2009). The Lost Capital of Byzantium: The History of Mistra and the Peloponnese. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03405-1.
  • Thurston, Herbert; Attwater, Donald (1956). Lives of the Saints, Volume 4. New York, New York: P. J. Kenedy & Sons.