Tugela River: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|River in South Africa}} |
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{{Other uses|Tugela (disambiguation)}} |
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{{Geobox |River |
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{{Use South African English|date=July 2024}} |
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{{Infobox river |
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| name = Tugela |
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| native_name_lang = |
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| name_other = {{lang|zu|Thukela}} |
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| name_etymology = |
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| image = Amphitheatre_Drakensberg.jpg |
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| image_size = 300 |
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| map = JCW-Map-Natal-Tugela.png |
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| source_location = Drakensberg |
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| pushpin_map = |
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| pushpin_map_size = |
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| image = Amphitheatre_Drakensberg.jpg |
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| pushpin_map_caption= |
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| subdivision_type1 = Country |
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| map = JCW-Map-Natal-Tugela.png |
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| subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa]] |
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| subdivision_type2 = |
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| subdivision_name2 = |
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| subdivision_type4 = |
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| subdivision_name4 = |
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| subdivision_type5 = Towns |
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| length = {{cvt|560|km|mi}} |
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| discharge1_location= |
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| source1_location = [[Drakensberg]] |
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| source1_elevation = |
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| mouth_location = |
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| mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|29|13|26|S|31|30|0|E|display=inline,title}} |
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| mouth_elevation = |
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| progression = |
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| river_system = |
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| basin_size = {{cvt|29100|km2}} |
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| tributaries_left = *[[Buffalo River (KwaZulu-Natal)|Buffalo River]] |
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| tributaries_right = *[[Mooi River (Tugela)|Mooi River]] |
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The '''Tugela River''' ({{ |
The '''Tugela River''' ({{langx|zu|Thukela}}; {{langx|af|Tugelarivier}}) is the largest river in [[KwaZulu-Natal Province]], [[South Africa]]. With a total length of {{cvt|560|km}}, and a drop of 1{{thinsp}}370 metres in the lower 480 km,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.today/20120710162812/http://myfundi.co.za/e/Key_rivers_of_South_Africa#selection-751.32-751.79 | title=Key rivers of South Africa - MyFundi }}</ref> it is one of the most important rivers of the country.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=MyFundi |url=http://myfundi.co.za/e/Key_rivers_of_South_Africa |title=Key rivers of South Africa |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710162812/http://myfundi.co.za/e/Key_rivers_of_South_Africa |archive-date=2012-07-10}}</ref> |
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The river originates in the [[Drakensberg]] Mountains |
The river originates in [[Mont-aux-Sources]] of the [[Drakensberg]] Mountains at an elevation of 3{{thinsp}}282 metres<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Tugela |volume=27 |page=364}} This has a very detailed description of the river's course.</ref> and plunges in five distinct free-leaping falls 947 metres down the [[Tugela Falls]]. The Mont-aux-Sources is also the origin of tributaries of two other major South African rivers, the [[Orange River|Orange]] and the [[Caledon River]]. From the Drakensberg range, the Tugela follows a {{cvt|560|km|mi}} route through the KwaZulu-Natal midlands before flowing into the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref name="DWAF-ThukelaWMA-A">{{cite web |url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/CMA/Thukela/ThukelaAppendixA2.pdf |title=Proposal to establishment a Catchment Management Agency for the Thukela Water Management Area - Appendix A |date=July 2004 |publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry |access-date=2008-10-21}}</ref> The total catchment area is approximately {{cvt|29100|km2|mi2}}.<ref name="DWAF-ThukelaWMA-A"/> Land uses in the catchment are mainly rural subsistence farming and commercial forestry. |
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==Tributaries== |
==Tributaries== |
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The Tugela |
The Tugela is fed by a number of tributaries coming off the [[Drakensberg]], the largest being the [[Buffalo River (KwaZulu-Natal)|Mzinyathi ("Buffalo") River]] (rising near Majuba Hill). Others are the [[Little Tugela River]], [[Klip River (KwaZulu-Natal)|Klip River]] (rising near [[Van Reenen Pass]]), [[Mooi River (river, KwaZulu-Natal)|Mooi River]], [[Blood River]], [[Sundays River (KwaZulu-Natal)|Sundays River]] (rising in the Biggarsberg) [[Ingagani River]] and [[Bushman River]].<ref name="DWAF-ThukelaWMA-A"/><ref>[http://www.dwaf.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/eco/FROC/WMA7Thukela.jpg Thukela WMA 7]</ref> The Buffalo River joins the Tugela some {{cvt|19|km|mi|0}} east of [[Tugela Ferry]] at <small>{{coord|28|43|04|S|30|38|41|E|}}</small>. |
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The [[Battle of Blood River|Blood River]] |
The [[Battle of Blood River|Blood River]] was named by the [[Boers]], led by [[Andries Pretorius]], after they defeated the [[List of Zulu kings|Zulu king]] [[Dingane]] on 16 December 1838. The river is said to have run red with the blood of Zulu warriors. Below the Blood River is [[Rorke's Drift]], a crossing point and a battle site, in the [[Anglo-Zulu War]].<ref name="EB1911"/> |
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==Ecology== |
==Ecology== |
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The [[Scaly Yellowfish]] ''(Labeobarbus natalensis)'' is found in the Tugela River System. It is a common [[Endemism|endemic]] fish in KwaZulu-Natal Province and it is found in different habitats between the [[Drakensberg]] foothills and the coastal lowlands, including rivers such as the [[Umkomazi River|Umkomazi]].<ref> |
The [[Scaly Yellowfish|scaly yellowfish]] ''(Labeobarbus natalensis)'' is found in the Tugela River System. It is a common [[Endemism|endemic]] fish in KwaZulu-Natal Province and it is found in different habitats between the [[Drakensberg]] foothills and the coastal lowlands, including rivers such as the [[Umkomazi River|Umkomazi]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |title=Technical Report on the State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007 |access-date=2012-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629065416/http://www.wrc.org.za/Knowledge%20Hub%20Documents/Research%20Reports/KV212-web-conservation.pdf |archive-date=2017-06-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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==Spelling== |
==Spelling== |
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The spelling |
The spelling ''Tugela'' was used for most of the twentieth century; it is an Anglicised version of the Zulu name ''Thukela''. Nineteenth-century writers adopted a variety of spellings including: |
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*[[Nathaniel Isaacs|Isaacs]] (1836) used a number of different spellings |
*[[Nathaniel Isaacs|Isaacs]] (1836) used a number of different spellings in his book, ''Travels and Adventures in Eastern Africa,''<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M8VjAAAAMAAJ&q=nathaniel+isaacs |author=Nathaniel Isaacs |publisher=Edward Churton |year=1836 |title=Travels and Adventures in Eastern Africa - Vol I |access-date=2010-08-08}}</ref> including ''Ootergale'' and ''Ootoogale''. |
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*[[Charles Rawden Maclean|C.R. Maclean]] (John Ross), writing in the ''Nautical Magazine'' in 1853, used the spelling ''Zootagoola''<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Nautical Magazine]] |author=C.R. Maclean |title=Loss of the Brig Mary at Natal with Early Recollections of that Settlement - Two |date=February 1853 |pages=74–80}} Reproduced in {{cite book |title=The Natal Papers of John Ross |year=1992 |publisher=Killie Campbell Africana Library |editor=Stephen Gray |isbn=978-0-869-80851-1}}</ref> |
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|url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=M8VjAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=nathaniel+isaacs#v=onepage&q&f=false. |
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⚫ | *[[George French Angas]], a nineteenth-century artist, used the name ''Tugala'' on the captions to his sketches.<ref>[http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2356800 "Making outchoualla or native beer, at Gudu's kraal, Tugala River, Zulu country"], a sketch by G F Angas; National Library of Australia.</ref> |
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|author = Nathaniel Isaacs |
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|publisher = Edward Churton |
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|year = 1836 |
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|title = Travels and Adventures in Eastern Africa - Vol I |
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|accessdate = 2010-08-08}}</ref> including "''Ootergale''" and "''Ootoogale''". |
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*[[Charles Rawden Maclean|C.R. Maclean]] (John Ross), writing in the ''Nautical Magazine'' in 1853 used the spelling ''Zootagoola''<ref>{{cite journal |
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|journal = [[The Nautical Magazine]] |
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|author = C R Maclean |
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|title = Loss of the Brig Mary at Natal with Early Recollections of that Settlement - Two |
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|date = February 1853 |
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|pages = 74–80 |
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|postscript= Reproduced in ''The Natal Papers of John Ross'', edited by Stephen Gray; ISBN 978-0-869-80851-1}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[List of rivers in South Africa]] |
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;Dams on the Tugela |
;Dams on the Tugela |
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*[[Driel Barrage Dam]] |
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*[[Spioenkop Dam]] |
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*[[Woodstock Dam]] |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{commons category-inline}} |
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{{Rivers of South Africa}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Tugela River| ]] |
[[Category:Tugela River|Tugela River]] |
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[[Category:Rivers of |
[[Category:Rivers of KwaZulu-Natal]] |
Latest revision as of 22:41, 29 October 2024
Tugela Thukela | |
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Native name | Thukela |
Location | |
Country | South Africa |
Province | KwaZulu-Natal |
Towns | Bergville, Colenso |
Physical characteristics | |
Source | |
• location | Drakensberg |
• coordinates | 28°45′00″S 28°53′45″E / 28.75000°S 28.89583°E |
Mouth | Indian Ocean |
• coordinates | 29°13′26″S 31°30′0″E / 29.22389°S 31.50000°E |
Length | 560 km (350 mi) |
Basin size | 29,100 km2 (11,200 sq mi) |
Basin features | |
Tributaries | |
• left | |
• right |
The Tugela River (Zulu: Thukela; Afrikaans: Tugelarivier) is the largest river in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. With a total length of 560 km (350 mi), and a drop of 1 370 metres in the lower 480 km,[1] it is one of the most important rivers of the country.[2]
The river originates in Mont-aux-Sources of the Drakensberg Mountains at an elevation of 3 282 metres[3] and plunges in five distinct free-leaping falls 947 metres down the Tugela Falls. The Mont-aux-Sources is also the origin of tributaries of two other major South African rivers, the Orange and the Caledon River. From the Drakensberg range, the Tugela follows a 560 km (350 mi) route through the KwaZulu-Natal midlands before flowing into the Indian Ocean.[4] The total catchment area is approximately 29,100 km2 (11,200 sq mi).[4] Land uses in the catchment are mainly rural subsistence farming and commercial forestry.
Tributaries
[edit]The Tugela is fed by a number of tributaries coming off the Drakensberg, the largest being the Mzinyathi ("Buffalo") River (rising near Majuba Hill). Others are the Little Tugela River, Klip River (rising near Van Reenen Pass), Mooi River, Blood River, Sundays River (rising in the Biggarsberg) Ingagani River and Bushman River.[4][5] The Buffalo River joins the Tugela some 19 km (12 mi) east of Tugela Ferry at 28°43′04″S 30°38′41″E / 28.71778°S 30.64472°E.
The Blood River was named by the Boers, led by Andries Pretorius, after they defeated the Zulu king Dingane on 16 December 1838. The river is said to have run red with the blood of Zulu warriors. Below the Blood River is Rorke's Drift, a crossing point and a battle site, in the Anglo-Zulu War.[3]
Ecology
[edit]The scaly yellowfish (Labeobarbus natalensis) is found in the Tugela River System. It is a common endemic fish in KwaZulu-Natal Province and it is found in different habitats between the Drakensberg foothills and the coastal lowlands, including rivers such as the Umkomazi.[6]
Spelling
[edit]The spelling Tugela was used for most of the twentieth century; it is an Anglicised version of the Zulu name Thukela. Nineteenth-century writers adopted a variety of spellings including:
- Isaacs (1836) used a number of different spellings in his book, Travels and Adventures in Eastern Africa,[7] including Ootergale and Ootoogale.
- C.R. Maclean (John Ross), writing in the Nautical Magazine in 1853, used the spelling Zootagoola[8]
- George French Angas, a nineteenth-century artist, used the name Tugala on the captions to his sketches.[9]
Some of the variations can be accounted for by the early European writers being unaware that Zulu grammar uses prefixes, often a "i-" or a "u-", to denote the noun class of a noun.
See also
[edit]- Dams on the Tugela
Notes
[edit]- ^ "Key rivers of South Africa - MyFundi".
- ^ "Key rivers of South Africa". MyFundi. Archived from the original on 2012-07-10.
- ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 364. This has a very detailed description of the river's course.
- ^ a b c "Proposal to establishment a Catchment Management Agency for the Thukela Water Management Area - Appendix A" (PDF). Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. July 2004. Retrieved 2008-10-21.
- ^ Thukela WMA 7
- ^ "Technical Report on the State of Yellowfishes in South Africa 2007" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-06-29. Retrieved 2012-03-29.
- ^ Nathaniel Isaacs (1836). Travels and Adventures in Eastern Africa - Vol I. Edward Churton. Retrieved 2010-08-08.
- ^ C.R. Maclean (February 1853). "Loss of the Brig Mary at Natal with Early Recollections of that Settlement - Two". The Nautical Magazine. pp. 74–80. Reproduced in Stephen Gray, ed. (1992). The Natal Papers of John Ross. Killie Campbell Africana Library. ISBN 978-0-869-80851-1.
- ^ "Making outchoualla or native beer, at Gudu's kraal, Tugala River, Zulu country", a sketch by G F Angas; National Library of Australia.
External links
[edit]Media related to Tugela River at Wikimedia Commons