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| name = Battle Road
| name = Battle Road
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| image = Virginia Road, Minuteman National Park.jpg
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| caption = A section of the Battle Road
| caption = [[Colonial troops|Colonial militia]] reenactors walking on Battle Road between [[Hartwell Tavern]] and the [[Captain William Smith House]]
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'''Battle Road''', formerly known as the '''Old Concord Road''' and the '''Bay Road''', is a historic road in [[Massachusetts]], United States. It was formerly part of the main road connecting [[Lexington, Massachusetts|Lexington]], [[Lincoln, Massachusetts|Lincoln]] and [[Concord, Massachusetts|Concord]],<ref name=towle20>{{cite book |title = Archeological Collections Management at Minute Man National Historical Park, Massachusetts: Virginia Road and Wayside areas |first = Linda A. |last = Towle |first2 = Darcie A. |last2 = MacMahon |year = 1986 |page = 20 }}</ref> three of the main towns involved in the [[American Revolutionary War]]. It was on Battle Road that thousands of [[colonial America|colonial]] militia and [[British Army|British regulars]] fought during the [[Red coat (military uniform)|Redcoats]]' retreat from Concord to [[Boston]] on the morning and afternoon of April 19, 1775.<ref name=trail>[https://www.nps.gov/mima/planyourvisit/the-battle-road-trail.htm "The Battle Road Trail"] – [[Minute Man National Historic Park]]</ref>
'''Battle Road''', formerly known as the '''Old Concord Road''' and the '''Bay Road''', is a historic road in [[Massachusetts]], United States. It was formerly part of the main road connecting [[Lexington, Massachusetts|Lexington]], [[Lincoln, Massachusetts|Lincoln]] and [[Concord, Massachusetts|Concord]],<ref name=towle20>{{cite book |title = Archeological Collections Management at Minute Man National Historical Park, Massachusetts: Virginia Road and Wayside areas |first1 = Linda A. |last1 = Towle |first2 = Darcie A. |last2 = MacMahon |year = 1986 |page = 20 }}</ref> three of the main towns involved in the [[American Revolutionary War]]. It was on Battle Road that thousands of [[colonial America|colonial]] militia and [[British Army|British regulars]] fought during the [[Red coat (military uniform)|redcoats]]' retreat from Concord to [[Boston]] on the morning and afternoon of April 19, 1775.<ref name=trail>[https://www.nps.gov/mima/planyourvisit/the-battle-road-trail.htm "The Battle Road Trail"] – [[Minute Man National Historic Park]]</ref>


==Battles of Lexington and Concord==
==Battles of Lexington and Concord==
{{main|Battles of Lexington and Concord}}
{{main|Battles of Lexington and Concord}}


==== Concord to Lexington ====
=== Redcoats' retreat to Boston ===
[[File:Concord Retreat.png|thumb|300px|A [[National Park Service]] map showing the Redcoats' retreat from Concord]]
[[File:Concord Retreat.png|thumb|300px|A [[National Park Service]] map showing the redcoats' retreat from Concord]]


Lieutenant Colonel Smith, concerned about the safety of his men, sent flankers to follow a ridge and protect his forces from the roughly 1,000 colonials now in the field as the British marched east out of Concord. This ridge ended near Meriam's Corner, a crossroads about a mile (2&nbsp;km) outside the village of Concord, where the main road came to a bridge across a small stream. To cross the narrow bridge, the British had to pull the flankers back into the main column and close ranks to a mere three soldiers abreast. Colonial militia companies arriving from the north and east had converged at this point and presented a clear numerical advantage over the regulars.<ref>Muster rolls for the militia and minute companies converging at this point are included in [[#Coburn|Coburn]], pp. 7-35. However, as Coburn notes, these rolls are not a complete tally of the militiamen present, because some muster lists were either not submitted or have not been found in archives.</ref> The British were now witnessing once again what General Gage had hoped to avoid by dispatching the expedition in secrecy and in the dark of night: the ability of the colonial militiamen to rise and converge by the thousands when British forces ventured out of Boston. As the last of the British column marched over the narrow bridge, the British rear guard wheeled and fired a volley at the colonial militiamen, who had been firing irregularly and ineffectively from a distance but now had closed to within musket range.<ref>Both the British and the local militias were armed with smooth-bore muskets that had an effective range of aimed fire of only 80-100 yards (75-90 m), although the musket ball could have serious effect at a greater distance, if it happened by chance to hit a person. There is no record that any soldiers on either side were armed with longer-range, more accurate rifles. Dr. Benjamin Church, a member of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress and the Committee of Safety, informed General Gage in March 1775, that the colonial militiamen "from their adroitness in the habitual use of the firelock suppose themselves sure of their mark at a distance of 200 rods". Even if Church meant yards rather than rods (600 feet versus 3300 feet), it is unclear whether he was profoundly ignorant of the capabilities of a musket, was exaggerating in order to mislead Gage (as Church later claimed when accused of being a spy), or was ridiculing the American militiamen. See [[#Philbrick|Philbrick]], p. 92, and [[#French|French]], p. 57-58. On whether Church was a spy, see [[#French2|French]], Chapter V.</ref> The colonists returned fire, this time with deadly effect. Two regulars were killed and perhaps six wounded, with no colonial casualties. Smith sent out his flanking troops again after crossing the small bridge.<ref>[[#French|French]], p. 219, and [[#Lister|Lister]], ''Concord Fight, Being So Much of the Narrative of Ensign Jeremy Lister of the 10th Regiment of Foot''.</ref>
Lieutenant Colonel [[Francis Smith (British Army officer)|Francis Smith]], concerned about the safety of his men, sent flankers to follow a ridge and protect his forces from the roughly one thousand colonials now in the field as the British marched east out of Concord. This ridge ended near [[Meriam's Corner]], a crossroads about a mile (2&nbsp;km) outside the village of Concord, where the main road came to a bridge across a small stream. To cross the narrow bridge, the British had to pull the flankers back into the main column and close ranks to a mere three soldiers abreast. Colonial militia companies arriving from the north and east had converged at this point and presented a clear numerical advantage over the regulars.<ref>Muster rolls for the militia and minute companies converging at this point are included in [[#Coburn|Coburn]], pp. 7-35. However, as Coburn notes, these rolls are not a complete tally of the militiamen present, because some muster lists were either not submitted or have not been found in archives.</ref> The British were now witnessing once again what General [[Thomas Gage]] had hoped to avoid by dispatching the expedition in secrecy and in the dark of night: the ability of the colonial militiamen to rise and converge by the thousands when British forces ventured out of Boston. As the last of the British column marched over the narrow bridge, the British rear guard wheeled and fired a volley at the colonial militiamen, who had been firing irregularly and ineffectively from a distance but now had closed to within musket range.<ref>Both the British and the local militias were armed with smooth-bore muskets that had an effective range of aimed fire of only 80-100 yards (75-90 m), although the musket ball could have serious effect at a greater distance, if it happened by chance to hit a person. There is no record that any soldiers on either side were armed with longer-range, more accurate rifles. Dr. Benjamin Church, a member of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress and the Committee of Safety, informed General Gage in March 1775, that the colonial militiamen "from their adroitness in the habitual use of the firelock suppose themselves sure of their mark at a distance of 200 rods". Even if Church meant yards rather than rods (600 feet versus 3300 feet), it is unclear whether he was profoundly ignorant of the capabilities of a musket, was exaggerating in order to mislead Gage (as Church later claimed when accused of being a spy), or was ridiculing the American militiamen. See [[#Philbrick|Philbrick]], p. 92, and [[#French|French]], p. 57-58. On whether Church was a spy, see [[#French2|French]], Chapter V.</ref> The colonists returned fire, this time with deadly effect. Two regulars were killed and perhaps six wounded, with no colonial casualties. Smith sent out his flanking troops again after crossing the small bridge.<ref>[[#French|French]], p. 219, and [[#Lister|Lister]], ''Concord Fight, Being So Much of the Narrative of Ensign Jeremy Lister of the 10th Regiment of Foot''.</ref>


On Brooks Hill (also known as Hardy's Hill) about {{convert|1|mi|km}} past Meriam's Corner, nearly 500 militiamen had assembled to the south of the road, awaiting an opportunity to fire down upon the British column on the road below.<ref>[[#Fischer|Fischer]], pp. 408–409. Fischer notes conflicting accounts of which militia companies were engaged at this point and the number of militiamen.</ref> Smith's leading forces charged up the hill to drive them off, but the colonists did not withdraw, inflicting significant casualties on the attackers. Smith withdrew his men from Brooks Hill, and the column continued on to another small bridge into Lincoln, at Brooks Tavern, where more militia companies intensified the attack from the north side of the road.
On [[Brooks Hill]] (also known as Hardy's Hill) about {{convert|1|mi|km}} past Meriam's Corner, nearly 500 militiamen had assembled to the south of the road, awaiting an opportunity to fire down upon the British column on the road below.<ref>[[#Fischer|Fischer]], pp. 408–409. Fischer notes conflicting accounts of which militia companies were engaged at this point and the number of militiamen.</ref> Smith's leading forces charged up the hill to drive them off, but the colonists did not withdraw, inflicting significant casualties on the attackers. Smith withdrew his men from Brooks Hill, and the column continued on to another small bridge into Lincoln, at Brooks Tavern, where more militia companies intensified the attack from the north side of the road.


⚫
The regulars soon reached a point in the road, now referred to as the "[[Bloody Angle (battle)|Bloody Angle]]", where the road rises and curves sharply to the left through a lightly wooded area.<ref>[[#Fischer|Fischer]] notes on p. 409, "This is not correctly called the Bloody Angle, an error term introduced after the Civil War that is both inaccurate and anachronistic. It has been used uncritically by many historians of the battle and is perpetuated by the National Park Service." The Interim Report of the Boston National Historic Sites Commission, submitted to Congress in 1958 in support of legislation that established the Minute Man National Historical Park, asserted that: "Fittingly, this curving section of the road was ''soon to be named'' 'The Bloody Angle'." (p. 47; emphasis added). However, there is no evidence that the term Bloody Angle was ever used by the battle participants or local residents following April 19, 1775, nor did historians use the term prior to the mid-20th century. See Boston National Historic Sites Commission, ''The Lexington-Concord Battle Road: Interim Report''. June 16, 1958.</ref> At this place, the militia company from [[Woburn, Massachusetts|Woburn]] had positioned themselves on the southeast side of the bend in the road in a rocky, lightly wooded field. Additional militia flowing parallel to the road from the engagement at Meriam's Corner positioned themselves on the northwest side of the road, catching the British in a crossfire, while other militia companies on the road closed from behind to attack. Some {{convert|500|yd|m}} further along, the road took another sharp curve, this time to the right, and again the British column was caught by another large force of militiamen firing from both sides. In passing through these two sharp curves, the British force lost thirty soldiers killed or wounded, and four colonial militia were also killed, including Captain Jonathan Wilson of [[Bedford, Massachusetts|Bedford]], Captain Nathan Wyman of [[Billerica, Massachusetts|Billerica]], Lt. John Bacon of [[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]], and Daniel Thompson of [[Woburn, Massachusetts|Woburn]]. The British soldiers escaped by breaking into a trot, a pace that the colonials could not maintain through the woods and swampy terrain. Colonial forces on the road itself behind the British were too densely packed and disorganized to mount more than a harassing attack from the rear.<ref name="Fischer226227">[[#Fischer|Fischer]], pp. 226–227</ref>
[[File:Minute Man National Historical Park MIMA2590.jpg|thumb|300px|British regulars reenactors leaving the Old North Bridge in Concord, heading east back to Boston]]

⚫
The regulars soon reached a point in the road now referred to as the "Bloody Angle" where the road rises and curves sharply to the left through a lightly-wooded area.<ref>[[#Fischer|Fischer]] notes on p. 409, "This is not correctly called the Bloody Angle, an error term introduced after the Civil War that is both inaccurate and anachronistic. It has been used uncritically by many historians of the battle and is perpetuated by the National Park Service." The Interim Report of the Boston National Historic Sites Commission, submitted to Congress in 1958 in support of legislation that established the Minute Man National Historical Park, asserted that: "Fittingly, this curving section of the road was ''soon to be named'' 'The Bloody Angle'." (p. 47; emphasis added). However, there is no evidence that the term Bloody Angle was ever used by the battle participants or local residents following April 19, 1775, nor did historians use the term prior to the mid-20th century. See Boston National Historic Sites Commission, ''The Lexington-Concord Battle Road: Interim Report''. June 16, 1958.</ref> At this place, the militia company from [[Woburn, Massachusetts|Woburn]] had positioned themselves on the southeast side of the bend in the road in a rocky, lightly-wooded field. Additional militia flowing parallel to the road from the engagement at Meriam's Corner positioned themselves on the northwest side of the road, catching the British in a crossfire, while other militia companies on the road closed from behind to attack. Some {{convert|500|yd|m}} further along, the road took another sharp curve, this time to the right, and again the British column was caught by another large force of militiamen firing from both sides. In passing through these two sharp curves, the British force lost thirty soldiers killed or wounded, and four colonial militia were also killed, including Captain Jonathan Wilson of [[Bedford, Massachusetts|Bedford]], Captain Nathan Wyman of [[Billerica, Massachusetts|Billerica]], Lt. John Bacon of [[Natick, Massachusetts|Natick]], and Daniel Thompson of [[Woburn, Massachusetts|Woburn]]. The British soldiers escaped by breaking into a trot, a pace that the colonials could not maintain through the woods and swampy terrain. Colonial forces on the road itself behind the British were too densely packed and disorganized to mount more than a harassing attack from the rear.<ref name="Fischer226227">[[#Fischer|Fischer]], pp. 226–227</ref>


As militia forces from other towns continued to arrive, the colonial forces had risen to about 2,000 men. The road now straightened to the east, with cleared fields and orchards along the sides. Lt. Col. Smith sent out flankers again, who succeeded in trapping some militia from behind and inflicting casualties. British casualties were also mounting from these engagements and from persistent long-range fire from the militiamen, and the exhausted British were running out of ammunition.<ref>[[#Fischer|Fischer]], p. 232. According to one British officer, ammunition had been wasted earlier in the day out of "too great eagerness of the soldiers in the first action of a war. Most of them were young soldiers who had never been in action, and had been taught that every thing was to be effected by a quick firing. This ineffectual fire gave the rebels more confidence, as they soon found that notwithstanding there was so much [firing], they suffered but little from it." Lt. Frederick Mackenzie, 23rd Royal Welch Fusiliers, ''Diary of Frederick Mackenzie'', in Allen French, editor, ''A British Fusilier in Revolutionary Boston'', Cambridge, 1926.</ref>
As militia forces from other towns continued to arrive, the colonial forces had risen to about 2,000 men. The road now straightened to the east, with cleared fields and orchards along the sides. Lt. Col. Smith sent out flankers again, who succeeded in trapping some militia from behind and inflicting casualties. British casualties were also mounting from these engagements and from persistent long-range fire from the militiamen, and the exhausted British were running out of ammunition.<ref>[[#Fischer|Fischer]], p. 232. According to one British officer, ammunition had been wasted earlier in the day out of "too great eagerness of the soldiers in the first action of a war. Most of them were young soldiers who had never been in action, and had been taught that every thing was to be effected by a quick firing. This ineffectual fire gave the rebels more confidence, as they soon found that notwithstanding there was so much [firing], they suffered but little from it." Lt. Frederick Mackenzie, 23rd Royal Welch Fusiliers, ''Diary of Frederick Mackenzie'', in Allen French, editor, ''A British Fusilier in Revolutionary Boston'', Cambridge, 1926.</ref>
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[[File:The Battle of Concord, Milwaukee Public Museum (NBY 22339).jpg|thumb|300px|''The Battle of Concord'' (unknown date)]]
[[File:The Battle of Concord, Milwaukee Public Museum (NBY 22339).jpg|thumb|300px|''The Battle of Concord'' (unknown date)]]


When the British column neared the boundary between Lincoln and Lexington, it encountered another ambush from a hill overlooking the road, set by Captain John Parker's Lexington militiamen, including some of them bandaged up from the encounter in Lexington earlier in the day. At this point, Lt. Col. Smith was wounded in the thigh and knocked from his horse. Major John Pitcairn assumed effective command of the column and sent light infantry companies up the hill to clear the militia forces.<ref>[[#Fischer|Fischer]], pp. 410–411. Fischer notes conflicting accounts about where this ambush—now sometimes referred to as "Parker's Revenge"—took place, whether within Lincoln or Lexington.</ref>
When the British column neared the boundary between Lincoln and Lexington, it encountered another ambush from a hill overlooking the road, set by Captain [[John Parker (captain)|John Parker]]'s Lexington militiamen, including some of them bandaged up from the encounter in Lexington earlier in the day. At this point, Lt. Col. Smith was wounded in the thigh and knocked from his horse. Major [[John Pitcairn]] assumed effective command of the column and sent light infantry companies up the hill to clear the militia forces.<ref>[[#Fischer|Fischer]], pp. 410–411. Fischer notes conflicting accounts about where this ambush—now sometimes referred to as "Parker's Revenge"—took place, whether within Lincoln or Lexington.</ref>


The light infantry cleared two additional hills as the column continued east—"The Bluff" and "Fiske Hill"— and took still more casualties from ambushes set by fresh militia companies joining the battle. In one of the musket volleys from the colonial soldiers, Major Pitcairn's horse bolted in fright, throwing Pitcairn to the ground and injuring his arm.<ref name="Coburn106107">[[#Coburn|Coburn]], pp. 106-107</ref> Now both principal leaders of the expedition were injured or unhorsed, and their men were tired, thirsty, and exhausting their ammunition. A few surrendered or were captured; some now broke formation and ran forward toward Lexington. In the words of one British officer, "we began to run rather than retreat in order.&nbsp;... We attempted to stop the men and form them two deep, but to no purpose, the confusion increased rather than lessened.&nbsp;... the officers got to the front and presented their bayonets, and told the men if they advanced they should die. Upon this, they began to form up under heavy fire."<ref>Ensign Henry De Berniere, "Report to General Gage on April 19, 1775", quoted in [[#Fischer|Fischer]], pp. 231-232</ref>
The light infantry cleared two additional hills as the column continued east—"The Bluff" and "Fiske Hill"— and took still more casualties from ambushes set by fresh militia companies joining the battle. In one of the musket volleys from the colonial soldiers, Major Pitcairn's horse bolted in fright, throwing Pitcairn to the ground and injuring his arm.<ref name="Coburn106107">[[#Coburn|Coburn]], pp. 106-107</ref> Now both principal leaders of the expedition were injured or unhorsed, and their men were tired, thirsty, and exhausting their ammunition. A few surrendered or were captured; some now broke formation and ran forward toward Lexington. In the words of one British officer, "we began to run rather than retreat in order.&nbsp;... We attempted to stop the men and form them two deep, but to no purpose, the confusion increased rather than lessened.&nbsp;... the officers got to the front and presented their bayonets, and told the men if they advanced they should die. Upon this, they began to form up under heavy fire."<ref>Ensign Henry De Berniere, "Report to General Gage on April 19, 1775", quoted in [[#Fischer|Fischer]], pp. 231-232</ref>
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{{for|another section of the Battle Road Trail|Virginia Road}}
{{for|another section of the Battle Road Trail|Virginia Road}}
[[File:Map of Minute Man National Historic Park.JPG|thumb|350px|Map of Minute Man National Historic Park]]
[[File:Map of Minute Man National Historic Park.JPG|thumb|350px|Map of Minute Man National Historic Park]]
A five-mile (8&nbsp;km) section of Battle Road was taken into the care of the [[Minute Man National Historical Park]], a subsidiary of the [[National Park Service]], in 1959. It includes a restored colonial landscape approximating the path of the running skirmishes between British troops and Colonial militia, a monument at the site where [[Paul Revere]] was captured during his midnight ride, the [[Captain William Smith House]], and the [[Hartwell Tavern]], a restored 18th-century inn and house at which [[living history]] programs are presented from May through October. The Battle Road Trail winds through fields and forests and is accessible from several different parking areas.<ref name=npsh>{{cite web |url = http://www.npshistory.com/publications/mima/hartwell_tavern_and_hartwell_family.pdf |title = The Hartwell Tavern and the Hartwell Family in Closer Detail |work = NPSHistory.com }}</ref>
A five-mile (8&nbsp;km) section of Battle Road was taken into the care of the [[Minute Man National Historical Park]], a subsidiary of the [[National Park Service]], in 1959. It includes a restored colonial landscape approximating the path of the running skirmishes between British troops and Colonial militia, a monument at the site where [[Paul Revere]] was [[Paul Revere Capture Site|captured during his midnight ride]], the [[Captain William Smith House]], and the [[Hartwell Tavern]], a restored 18th-century inn and house at which [[living history]] programs are presented from May through October. The Battle Road Trail is accessible from several different parking areas.<ref name=npsh>{{cite web |url = http://www.npshistory.com/publications/mima/hartwell_tavern_and_hartwell_family.pdf |title = The Hartwell Tavern and the Hartwell Family in Closer Detail |work = NPSHistory.com }}</ref>


In some parts, the trail leaves the historic road in order to more closely follow the route of the [[minutemen]], crossing fields, wetlands and passing through forests.<ref name=trail/>
In some parts, the trail leaves the historic road in order to more closely follow the route of the [[minutemen]], crossing fields, wetlands and passing through forests.<ref name=trail/>
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The following points of interest are located along the road (from west to east, to align with the timeline of events of April 19, 1775).<ref name=trail/>
The following points of interest are located along the road (from west to east, to align with the timeline of events of April 19, 1775).<ref name=trail/>


[[File:Minute Man National Park 04.jpg|thumb|On of the grave sites of British soldiers]]
[[File:Minute Man National Park 04.jpg|thumb|One of the grave sites of British soldiers]]


;Meriam's Corner, Concord (Lexington Road and Old Bedford Road)
;Meriam's Corner (Lexington Road and Old Bedford Road), Concord
Site of the first confrontation between the colonial militia and the British column. The skirmishes continued for the next eighteen miles. (12.30 PM)<ref name=trail/>
Site of the first confrontation between the colonial militia and the British column. The skirmishes continued for the next eighteen miles. (12.30 PM)<ref name=trail/>


*Grave of British soldiers
*Grave of British soldiers
*[[Nathan Meriam House]] site
*[[Nathan Meriam House]]


;Lexington Road, Concord
;Lexington Road, Concord
*[[Farwell Jones House]] site
*[[Farwell Jones House]]
*[[Stow-Hardy House]] site
*[[Stow-Hardy House]]
⚫
*[[Samuel Brooks House (Massachusetts)|Samuel Brooks House]]


;[[Massachusetts State Route 2A|Route 2A]] (still Lexington Road, now in Lincoln)
;[[Massachusetts State Route 2A|Route 2A]] (North Great Road), Lincoln
[[File:SOUTHEAST VIEW OF EXTERIOR - Samuel Brooks House, North Great Road (State Route 2A), Concord, Middlesex County, MA HABS MASS,9-CON,12-1.tif|thumb|Samuel Brooks House]]
[[File:SOUTHEAST VIEW OF EXTERIOR - Samuel Brooks House, North Great Road (State Route 2A), Concord, Middlesex County, MA HABS MASS,9-CON,12-1.tif|thumb|Samuel Brooks House]]

⚫
*[[Samuel Brooks House (Massachusetts)|Samuel Brooks House]] site
*[[Brooks Hill]] (12.45 PM)
*[[Brooks Hill]] (12.45 PM)
*[[Thomas Brooks House]] site
*[[Noah Brooks Tavern]]
*[[Job Brooks House]] site
*[[Job Brooks House]]
*[[Joshus Brooks House]] site
*[[Joshua Brooks House]]


;North Great Road and Old Bedford Road, Lincoln
;Route 2A (North Great Road) and Old Bedford Road, Lincoln
*The [[Bloody Angle (battle)|Bloody Angle]] (1.00 PM)
*The [[Bloody Angle (battle)|Bloody Angle]] (1.00 PM)
*Grave of British soldiers
*Grave of British soldiers


;Battle Road
;Battle Road, Lincoln
[[File:Hartwell Tavern 2.jpeg|thumb|Hartwell Tavern, 2019]]
[[File:Hartwell Tavern 2.jpeg|thumb|Hartwell Tavern, 2019]]
*The Fight Through Lincoln (1.10 PM)
*The Fight Through Lincoln (1.10 PM)
*[[Hartwell Tavern]] site
*[[Hartwell Tavern]]
*[[Samuel Hartwell House]] site
*[[Samuel Hartwell House]] (ruinous)
*[[Captain William Smith House]] site
*[[Captain William Smith House]]


;North Great Road, Lincoln
;Route 2A (North Great Road), Lincoln
[[File:Minute Man National Historical Park (35d20969-2461-4caf-9799-4a7f18ee98a3).jpg|thumb|Paul Revere capture site]]
[[File:Minute Man National Historical Park (35d20969-2461-4caf-9799-4a7f18ee98a3).jpg|thumb|Paul Revere capture site]]
*Grave of British soldiers
*Grave of British soldiers
*[[Paul Revere]] capture site
*[[Paul Revere Capture Site|Paul Revere capture site]]


;Battle Road
;Battle Road, Lincoln
*[[Josiah Nelson House]] site
*[[Josiah Nelson House]] (ruinous)
*Grave of British soldiers
*Grave of British soldiers
*[[Thomas Nelson Jr. House]] site
*[[Thomas Nelson Jr. House]] (ruinous)


;Airport Road
;Airport Road, Lexington
[[File:Buildings in Minute Man National Park 01.jpg|thumb|Jacob Whittemore House]]
[[File:Buildings in Minute Man National Park 01.jpg|thumb|Jacob Whittemore House]]
⚫
*[[Tabitha Nelson House]] (ruinous)

⚫
*[[Tabitha Nelson House]] site
*[[John Parker (captain)|Captain John Parker]]'s Revenge (1.30 PM)
*[[John Parker (captain)|Captain John Parker]]'s Revenge (1.30 PM)
*[[Jacob Whittemore House]] site
*[[Jacob Whittemore House]]


;Massachusetts Avenue and Old Massachusetts Avenue
;Route 2A (North Great Road) and Old Massachusetts Avenue, Lexington
*[[The Bluff (battle)|The Bluff]] (1.35 PM)
*[[The Bluff (battle)|The Bluff]] (1.35 PM)


;Old Massachusetts Avenue
;Old Massachusetts Avenue, Lexington
*Grave of British soldiers
*Grave of British soldiers
*[[Battle at Fiske Hill]] (1.40 PM)
*[[Battle at Fiske Hill]] (1.40 PM)
*Grave of British soldiers
*Grave of British soldiers
*[[Ebenezer Fiske House]] site
*[[Ebenezer Fiske House]] (foundation remnants only)
{{Clear}}


== Notes ==
== Notes ==
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* {{cite book |last=Coburn |first=Frank Warren |title=The Battle of April 19, 1775: In Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Arlington, Cambridge, Somerville, and Charlestown, Massachusetts: Second Edition Revised and with Additions |publisher=The Lexington historical society |year=1922 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cv1IIopyP-kC&pg=PA165 |ref=Coburn |oclc=2494350}}
* {{cite book |last=Coburn |first=Frank Warren |title=The Battle of April 19, 1775: In Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Arlington, Cambridge, Somerville, and Charlestown, Massachusetts: Second Edition Revised and with Additions |publisher=The Lexington historical society |year=1922 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cv1IIopyP-kC&pg=PA165 |ref=Coburn |oclc=2494350}}
* {{cite book |last=Dana |ref=Dana |first=Elizabeth Ellery |title=The British in Boston: Being the Diary of Lieutenant John Barker of the King's Own Regiment from November 15, 1774 to May 31, 1776 |year=1924 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts]] |oclc=3235993}}
* {{cite book |last=Dana |ref=Dana |first=Elizabeth Ellery |title=The British in Boston: Being the Diary of Lieutenant John Barker of the King's Own Regiment from November 15, 1774 to May 31, 1776 |year=1924 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts]] |oclc=3235993}}
* {{cite book |title=Lexington and Concord: The Battle Heard Round the World |last=Daughan |first=George C. |year=2018 |place=New York |publisher=W. W. Norton & Co. |isbn=978-0393245745 |url=http://www.google.com/books/edition/Lexington_and_Concord_The_Battle_Heard_R/ZTIsDwAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |title=Lexington and Concord: The Battle Heard Round the World |last=Daughan |first=George C. |year=2018 |place=New York |publisher=W. W. Norton & Co. |isbn=978-0393245745 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTIsDwAAQBAJ}}
* {{cite book |last=Davis |first=Kenneth C. |title=America's Hidden History |publisher=Collins |location=London |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-06-111819-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Davis |first=Kenneth C. |title=America's Hidden History |publisher=Collins |location=London |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-06-111819-7}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/mima/hymn.htm |title=Emerson's Concord Hymn |last=Emerson |first=Ralph Waldo |author-link=Ralph Waldo Emerson |year=1837 |access-date=October 2, 2008 |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |ref=Emerson |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709190648/http://www.nps.gov/archive/mima/hymn.htm |archive-date=July 9, 2008}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/mima/hymn.htm |title=Emerson's Concord Hymn |last=Emerson |first=Ralph Waldo |author-link=Ralph Waldo Emerson |year=1837 |access-date=October 2, 2008 |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |ref=Emerson |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709190648/http://www.nps.gov/archive/mima/hymn.htm |archive-date=July 9, 2008}}
* {{cite book |title=Proceedings at the Centennial Celebration of Concord Fight, April 19, 1875 |last=Emerson |first=Ralph Waldo |author2=Curtis, George William |year=1875 |publisher=Town of Concord |ref=Centennial |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXGkkYf3vQQC |oclc=4363293}}
* {{cite book |title=Proceedings at the Centennial Celebration of Concord Fight, April 19, 1875 |last=Emerson |first=Ralph Waldo |author2=Curtis, George William |year=1875 |publisher=Town of Concord |isbn=9781425514518 |ref=Centennial |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXGkkYf3vQQC |oclc=4363293}}
* {{cite book |last=Evelyn |first=W. Glanville |title=Memoirs and Letters of Captain W. Glanville Evelyn |publisher=James Parker and Co. |location=Oxford |year=1879 |isbn=9781429017428 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGOHzvhOSUsC&q=W.G.%20Evelyn%20Memoirs&pg=PA94 |ref=Evelyn}}
* {{cite book |last=Evelyn |first=W. Glanville |title=Memoirs and Letters of Captain W. Glanville Evelyn |publisher=James Parker and Co. |location=Oxford |year=1879 |isbn=9781429017428 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGOHzvhOSUsC&q=W.G.%20Evelyn%20Memoirs&pg=PA94 |ref=Evelyn}}
* {{cite book |last=Fischer |first=David Hackett |title=Paul Revere's Ride |isbn=0-19-508847-6 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] US |year=1994 |ref=Fischer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=knC-kTFI9_gC}} This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
* {{cite book |last=Fischer |first=David Hackett |title=Paul Revere's Ride |isbn=0-19-508847-6 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] US |year=1994 |ref=Fischer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=knC-kTFI9_gC}} This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
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* {{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/mima/planyourvisit/placestogo.htm |title=Minute Man NHP Things To Do|access-date=November 3, 2008 |publisher=National Park Service |ref=NHPTODO |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081209033628/http://www.nps.gov/mima/planyourvisit/placestogo.htm |archive-date=December 9, 2008 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/mima/planyourvisit/placestogo.htm |title=Minute Man NHP Things To Do|access-date=November 3, 2008 |publisher=National Park Service |ref=NHPTODO |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081209033628/http://www.nps.gov/mima/planyourvisit/placestogo.htm |archive-date=December 9, 2008 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |title=NPS Museum Collections "American Revolutionary War": Riflemen |url=http://www.cr.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/revwar/vafo/vaforifle.html| access-date=April 19, 2007 |work=Valley Forge National Historical Park |publisher=National Park Service Museum Collections |ref=rifle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524092339/http://www.cr.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/revwar/vafo/vaforifle.html |archive-date=May 24, 2007 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |title=NPS Museum Collections "American Revolutionary War": Riflemen |url=http://www.cr.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/revwar/vafo/vaforifle.html| access-date=April 19, 2007 |work=Valley Forge National Historical Park |publisher=National Park Service Museum Collections |ref=rifle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524092339/http://www.cr.nps.gov/museum/exhibits/revwar/vafo/vaforifle.html |archive-date=May 24, 2007 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917381,00.html |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |title=None |date=April 28, 1975 |access-date=April 11, 2008 |ref=FordTime |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209080354/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C917381%2C00.html |archive-date=December 9, 2008 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917381,00.html |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |title=None |date=April 28, 1975 |access-date=April 11, 2008 |ref=FordTime |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209080354/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C917381%2C00.html |archive-date=December 9, 2008 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web |url=http://dpi.wi.gov/eis/observe.html |title=Wisconsin Public School Observance Days |publisher=Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction |access-date=February 25, 2009 |ref=WIHolidays |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208194319/http://dpi.wi.gov/eis/observe.html |archive-date=February 8, 2009 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web |url=http://dpi.wi.gov/eis/observe.html |title=Wisconsin Public School Observance Days |publisher=Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction |access-date=February 25, 2009 |ref=WIHolidays |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208194319/http://dpi.wi.gov/eis/observe.html |archive-date=February 8, 2009 |url-status=dead}}
{{div col end}}
{{div col end}}
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[[Category:Minute Man National Historical Park]]
[[Category:Minute Man National Historical Park]]
[[Category:Historic trails and roads in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Historic trails and roads in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:American Revolutionary War]]
[[Category:American Revolutionary War sites in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Concord, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Concord, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Lincoln, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Lincoln, Massachusetts]]

Latest revision as of 10:41, 30 October 2024

Battle Road
Colonial militia reenactors walking on Battle Road between Hartwell Tavern and the Captain William Smith House
Former name(s)Old Concord Road
Bay Road
NamesakeBattles of Lexington and Concord
Length18 mi (29 km)[1]
LocationConcord, Massachusetts
Lincoln, Massachusetts
Lexington, Massachusetts
West endLexington Road and Old Bedford Road, Concord
East endWood Street, Lexington

Battle Road, formerly known as the Old Concord Road and the Bay Road, is a historic road in Massachusetts, United States. It was formerly part of the main road connecting Lexington, Lincoln and Concord,[2] three of the main towns involved in the American Revolutionary War. It was on Battle Road that thousands of colonial militia and British regulars fought during the redcoats' retreat from Concord to Boston on the morning and afternoon of April 19, 1775.[1]

Battles of Lexington and Concord

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Main article: Battles of Lexington and Concord

Redcoats' retreat to Boston

[edit]
A National Park Service map showing the redcoats' retreat from Concord

Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith, concerned about the safety of his men, sent flankers to follow a ridge and protect his forces from the roughly one thousand colonials now in the field as the British marched east out of Concord. This ridge ended near Meriam's Corner, a crossroads about a mile (2 km) outside the village of Concord, where the main road came to a bridge across a small stream. To cross the narrow bridge, the British had to pull the flankers back into the main column and close ranks to a mere three soldiers abreast. Colonial militia companies arriving from the north and east had converged at this point and presented a clear numerical advantage over the regulars.[3] The British were now witnessing once again what General Thomas Gage had hoped to avoid by dispatching the expedition in secrecy and in the dark of night: the ability of the colonial militiamen to rise and converge by the thousands when British forces ventured out of Boston. As the last of the British column marched over the narrow bridge, the British rear guard wheeled and fired a volley at the colonial militiamen, who had been firing irregularly and ineffectively from a distance but now had closed to within musket range.[4] The colonists returned fire, this time with deadly effect. Two regulars were killed and perhaps six wounded, with no colonial casualties. Smith sent out his flanking troops again after crossing the small bridge.[5]

On Brooks Hill (also known as Hardy's Hill) about 1 mile (1.6 km) past Meriam's Corner, nearly 500 militiamen had assembled to the south of the road, awaiting an opportunity to fire down upon the British column on the road below.[6] Smith's leading forces charged up the hill to drive them off, but the colonists did not withdraw, inflicting significant casualties on the attackers. Smith withdrew his men from Brooks Hill, and the column continued on to another small bridge into Lincoln, at Brooks Tavern, where more militia companies intensified the attack from the north side of the road.

The regulars soon reached a point in the road, now referred to as the "Bloody Angle", where the road rises and curves sharply to the left through a lightly wooded area.[7] At this place, the militia company from Woburn had positioned themselves on the southeast side of the bend in the road in a rocky, lightly wooded field. Additional militia flowing parallel to the road from the engagement at Meriam's Corner positioned themselves on the northwest side of the road, catching the British in a crossfire, while other militia companies on the road closed from behind to attack. Some 500 yards (460 m) further along, the road took another sharp curve, this time to the right, and again the British column was caught by another large force of militiamen firing from both sides. In passing through these two sharp curves, the British force lost thirty soldiers killed or wounded, and four colonial militia were also killed, including Captain Jonathan Wilson of Bedford, Captain Nathan Wyman of Billerica, Lt. John Bacon of Natick, and Daniel Thompson of Woburn. The British soldiers escaped by breaking into a trot, a pace that the colonials could not maintain through the woods and swampy terrain. Colonial forces on the road itself behind the British were too densely packed and disorganized to mount more than a harassing attack from the rear.[8]

As militia forces from other towns continued to arrive, the colonial forces had risen to about 2,000 men. The road now straightened to the east, with cleared fields and orchards along the sides. Lt. Col. Smith sent out flankers again, who succeeded in trapping some militia from behind and inflicting casualties. British casualties were also mounting from these engagements and from persistent long-range fire from the militiamen, and the exhausted British were running out of ammunition.[9]

The Battle of Concord (unknown date)

When the British column neared the boundary between Lincoln and Lexington, it encountered another ambush from a hill overlooking the road, set by Captain John Parker's Lexington militiamen, including some of them bandaged up from the encounter in Lexington earlier in the day. At this point, Lt. Col. Smith was wounded in the thigh and knocked from his horse. Major John Pitcairn assumed effective command of the column and sent light infantry companies up the hill to clear the militia forces.[10]

The light infantry cleared two additional hills as the column continued east—"The Bluff" and "Fiske Hill"— and took still more casualties from ambushes set by fresh militia companies joining the battle. In one of the musket volleys from the colonial soldiers, Major Pitcairn's horse bolted in fright, throwing Pitcairn to the ground and injuring his arm.[11] Now both principal leaders of the expedition were injured or unhorsed, and their men were tired, thirsty, and exhausting their ammunition. A few surrendered or were captured; some now broke formation and ran forward toward Lexington. In the words of one British officer, "we began to run rather than retreat in order. ... We attempted to stop the men and form them two deep, but to no purpose, the confusion increased rather than lessened. ... the officers got to the front and presented their bayonets, and told the men if they advanced they should die. Upon this, they began to form up under heavy fire."[12]

Only one British officer remained uninjured among the three companies at the head of the British column as it approached Lexington Center. He understood the column's perilous situation: "There were very few men had any ammunition left, and so fatigued that we could not keep flanking parties out, so that we must soon have laid down our arms, or been picked off by the Rebels at their pleasure—nearer to—and we were not able to keep them off."[13] He then heard cheering further ahead. A full brigade, about 1,000 men with artillery under the command of Earl Percy, had arrived to rescue them. It was about 2:30 p.m., and the British column had now been on the march since 2 o'clock in the morning.[14] Westford Minuteman, Rev. Joseph Thaxter, wrote of his account:

We pursued them and killed some; when they got to Lexington, they were so close pursued and fatigued, that they must have soon surrendered, had not Lord Percy met them with a large reinforcement and two field-pieces. They fired them, but the balls went high over our heads. But no cannon ever did more execution, such stories of their effects had been spread by the tories through our troops, that from this time more wont back than pursed. We pursued to Charlestown Common, and then retired to Cambridge. When the army collected at Cambridge, Colonel Prescott with his regiment of minute men, and John Robinson, his Lieutenant Colonel, were prompt at being at their post.[15]

In their accounts afterward, British officers and soldiers alike noted their frustration that the colonial militiamen fired at them from behind trees and stone walls, rather than confronting them in large, linear formations in the style of European warfare.[16] This image of the individual colonial farmer, musket in hand and fighting under his own command, has also been fostered in American myth: "Chasing the red-coats down the lane / Then crossing the fields to emerge again / Under the trees at the turn of the road, / And only pausing to fire and load."[17] To the contrary, beginning at the North Bridge and throughout the British retreat, the colonial militias repeatedly operated as coordinated companies, even when dispersed to take advantage of cover. Reflecting on the British experience that day, Earl Percy understood the significance of the American tactics:

During the whole affair the Rebels attacked us in a very scattered, irregular manner, but with perseverance & resolution, nor did they ever dare to form into any regular body. Indeed, they knew too well what was proper, to do so. Whoever looks upon them as an irregular mob, will find himself much mistaken. They have men amongst them who know very well what they are about, having been employed as Rangers against the Indians & Canadians, & this country being much covered with wood, and hilly, is very advantageous for their method of fighting.[18]

Battle Road Trail

[edit]
For another section of the Battle Road Trail, see Virginia Road.
Map of Minute Man National Historic Park

A five-mile (8 km) section of Battle Road was taken into the care of the Minute Man National Historical Park, a subsidiary of the National Park Service, in 1959. It includes a restored colonial landscape approximating the path of the running skirmishes between British troops and Colonial militia, a monument at the site where Paul Revere was captured during his midnight ride, the Captain William Smith House, and the Hartwell Tavern, a restored 18th-century inn and house at which living history programs are presented from May through October. The Battle Road Trail is accessible from several different parking areas.[19]

In some parts, the trail leaves the historic road in order to more closely follow the route of the minutemen, crossing fields, wetlands and passing through forests.[1]

The terrain in the area features gentle hills, with variations in elevation from 150 feet (46 m) to 230 feet (70 m) above mean sea level.[2]

Route

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The route deemed to be the Battle Road falls completely within today's Minute Man National Historic Park.[1]

Landmarks

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The following points of interest are located along the road (from west to east, to align with the timeline of events of April 19, 1775).[1]

One of the grave sites of British soldiers
Meriam's Corner (Lexington Road and Old Bedford Road), Concord

Site of the first confrontation between the colonial militia and the British column. The skirmishes continued for the next eighteen miles. (12.30 PM)[1]

Lexington Road, Concord
Route 2A (North Great Road), Lincoln
Samuel Brooks House
Route 2A (North Great Road) and Old Bedford Road, Lincoln
Battle Road, Lincoln
Hartwell Tavern, 2019
Route 2A (North Great Road), Lincoln
Paul Revere capture site
Battle Road, Lincoln
Airport Road, Lexington
Jacob Whittemore House
Route 2A (North Great Road) and Old Massachusetts Avenue, Lexington
Old Massachusetts Avenue, Lexington

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f "The Battle Road Trail" – Minute Man National Historic Park
  2. ^ a b Towle, Linda A.; MacMahon, Darcie A. (1986). Archeological Collections Management at Minute Man National Historical Park, Massachusetts: Virginia Road and Wayside areas. p. 20.
  3. ^ Muster rolls for the militia and minute companies converging at this point are included in Coburn, pp. 7-35. However, as Coburn notes, these rolls are not a complete tally of the militiamen present, because some muster lists were either not submitted or have not been found in archives.
  4. ^ Both the British and the local militias were armed with smooth-bore muskets that had an effective range of aimed fire of only 80-100 yards (75-90 m), although the musket ball could have serious effect at a greater distance, if it happened by chance to hit a person. There is no record that any soldiers on either side were armed with longer-range, more accurate rifles. Dr. Benjamin Church, a member of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress and the Committee of Safety, informed General Gage in March 1775, that the colonial militiamen "from their adroitness in the habitual use of the firelock suppose themselves sure of their mark at a distance of 200 rods". Even if Church meant yards rather than rods (600 feet versus 3300 feet), it is unclear whether he was profoundly ignorant of the capabilities of a musket, was exaggerating in order to mislead Gage (as Church later claimed when accused of being a spy), or was ridiculing the American militiamen. See Philbrick, p. 92, and French, p. 57-58. On whether Church was a spy, see French, Chapter V.
  5. ^ French, p. 219, and Lister, Concord Fight, Being So Much of the Narrative of Ensign Jeremy Lister of the 10th Regiment of Foot.
  6. ^ Fischer, pp. 408–409. Fischer notes conflicting accounts of which militia companies were engaged at this point and the number of militiamen.
  7. ^ Fischer notes on p. 409, "This is not correctly called the Bloody Angle, an error term introduced after the Civil War that is both inaccurate and anachronistic. It has been used uncritically by many historians of the battle and is perpetuated by the National Park Service." The Interim Report of the Boston National Historic Sites Commission, submitted to Congress in 1958 in support of legislation that established the Minute Man National Historical Park, asserted that: "Fittingly, this curving section of the road was soon to be named 'The Bloody Angle'." (p. 47; emphasis added). However, there is no evidence that the term Bloody Angle was ever used by the battle participants or local residents following April 19, 1775, nor did historians use the term prior to the mid-20th century. See Boston National Historic Sites Commission, The Lexington-Concord Battle Road: Interim Report. June 16, 1958.
  8. ^ Fischer, pp. 226–227
  9. ^ Fischer, p. 232. According to one British officer, ammunition had been wasted earlier in the day out of "too great eagerness of the soldiers in the first action of a war. Most of them were young soldiers who had never been in action, and had been taught that every thing was to be effected by a quick firing. This ineffectual fire gave the rebels more confidence, as they soon found that notwithstanding there was so much [firing], they suffered but little from it." Lt. Frederick Mackenzie, 23rd Royal Welch Fusiliers, Diary of Frederick Mackenzie, in Allen French, editor, A British Fusilier in Revolutionary Boston, Cambridge, 1926.
  10. ^ Fischer, pp. 410–411. Fischer notes conflicting accounts about where this ambush—now sometimes referred to as "Parker's Revenge"—took place, whether within Lincoln or Lexington.
  11. ^ Coburn, pp. 106-107
  12. ^ Ensign Henry De Berniere, "Report to General Gage on April 19, 1775", quoted in Fischer, pp. 231-232
  13. ^ Lt. John Barker, The King's Own Regiment, "Diary of a British Soldier", Atlantic Monthly, April 1877, vol. 39
  14. ^ Fischer, p. 232.
  15. ^ Rev. Joseph Thaxter Letter and news article from the United States Literary Gazette, Vol 1, page 264 (Rev. Thaxter served as a Minuteman under Lt. Col. Robinson on the Concord Bridge, April 19, 1775
  16. ^ A remark in Lt. Col. Smith's report to General Gage, dated April 22, 1775, is typical: "Notwithstanding the enemy's numbers, they did not make one gallant attempt during so long an action, though our men were so very fatigued, but [instead] kept under cover." Henry S. Commager, editor. Documents of American History, New York, 1948, p. 90
  17. ^ Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Paul Revere's Ride, 1861.
  18. ^ Lord Percy to General Harvey, April 20, 1775, in Charles Knowles Bolton, editor, Letters of Hugh Earl Percy, Boston, 1902. p. 52.
  19. ^ "The Hartwell Tavern and the Hartwell Family in Closer Detail" (PDF). NPSHistory.com.

References

[edit]
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