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Mahin

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Location of Mahin in Nigeria^[1]

Mahinland (sometimes known as the Mahin area)^[2] was a piece of land in the coast east of Lagos on the Bight of Benin in modern Nigeria. In the late 19th century it was briefly the object of German colonial initiatives.

German interests in Mahinland

The Hamburg businessman Gottlieb Leonhard Gaiser [de] had a trading post in the British colony of Lagos and wanted to extend its interests in palm oil to the east along the coast and into the interior. He therefore hired a number of agents, including the explorer Gottlob Krause to conduct negotiations with local rulers. From May 1884 Krause and Heinrich Bey, who was both German consul and agent for G. L. Gaiser, opened friendly discussions with the rulers of Mahin and a trading post was opened in Akpata.

On 23 August 1884 Bey met Gustav Nachtigal, the Imperial Commissioner for German West Africa in Lagos and tried to convert these friendly agreements into sovereign treaties.^[3] On 15 December 1884 Bey moved the firm’s steamer Tender^[4] into the Artijere lagoon where it remained as a hulk.

On 14 January 1885 one of Gaiser’s agents, Zimmer, asked Gustav Nachtigal, then in Kamerun, to assure German protection for their property.^[5] German traders supported this request as they wanted to ensure their goods could reach the upper Niger region free of the duties applied by the British in the areas they controlled. Since 1882 the coast between Lagos and Cameroon had fallen under the jurisdiction of the British consul in Calabar, although it was too large for Britain to be able to exercise effective control over it.^[6] On 18 January 1885 another of Gaiser’s agents, Eugen Fischer reached a private agreement with the Amapetu (king) of Mahin, granting sovereign rights to G. L. Gaiser over fifty miles of coastal land to the east of Lagos. On 20 January 1885 Nachtigal steamed from Victoria (today Limbe, Cameroon) to Gogoro in the western Niger with the gunboat SMS Möwe and the Gaiser,^[4]^[3] accompanied by the explorer and journalist Hugo Zöller.^[7]

With Zöller accompanying them, Gustav Nachtigal and Eugen Fischer concluded a treaty of protection over Mahinland with the Amapetu on 29 January 1885 (some sources say 25 January).^[3] According to German sources the treaty covered lagoon, forest and swamp areas with stilt dwellings, in which 8-10,000 people lived.^[8]^[9] The village of Mahin, where the Amapetu lived, was sprawling and prosperous^[10] although the other settlements were less significant.^[11] These included Gogoro in the coast, and Aboto (or Agboto), where the most important subchiefs lived.^[12] in return for ceding his land the Amapetu was given silk, liquor, 20 pounds sterling and a Reichsadler inscribed with the words King of Mahin.^[11]

British response and final agreement

The British authorities in Lagos recognised the German agreements and the British governor was ready to enter into bilateral negotiations.^[3] On 11 March 1885 Nachtigal confirmed that the German protectorate extended over the “stretch of coast in Mahinland known as Mahin beach” from Abejamura to Abotobo.^[13] The protectorate was conditional on ratification by the German government within 18 months.^[13]^: 259

Chancellor Otto von Bismarck regarded territories such as Mahinland and Santa Lucia Bay [de], which he did not even bother to take under formal protection, as useful bargaining chips in his negotiations with the British; he did not see colonies as valuable in themselves. He therefore instructed Nachtigal to avoid “any further steps with regard to Mahin.”^[5] During the negotiations leading to the Anglo-German agreement of 29 April 1885 Mahinland was traded for British recognition of the German protectorate over Cameroon. Germany undertook not to establish any protectorates between Lagos in the west and Rio del Rey in the east, while Britain had already guaranteed the free navigation of the Niger at the Berlin Conference.^[3] On 24 October 1885 Mahinland was formally handed over to the British. Gaiser received no compensation as trade was unimpeded.^[3]

Mahin today

Today Mahin lies in the Nigerian state of Ondo.

References

^ Location of Mahin on Google Maps
^ Meyers Konversationslexikon. Vol. 1 (4 ed.). Leipzig, Vienna: Verlag des Bibliographischen Instituts. 1885–1892. p. 1023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f von Koschitzky, Max (1888). Deutsche Colonialgeschichte. Vol. 2 Erwerbung der Reichsschutzgebiete bis zur Erledigung des Carolinenstreites. Leipzig: Verlag von Paul Frohberg. p. 324ff.
^ ^a ^b Hieke, Ernst (1949). G. L. Gaiser. Hamburg–Westafrika. 100 Jahre Handel mit Nigeria. Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe. p. 133.
^ ^a ^b Wehler, Hans-Ulrich (1976). Bismarck und der Imperialismus (4 ed.). Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag. pp. 329–330. ISBN 3-423-04187-0.
^ Pierre Bertaux: Afrika – Von der Vorgeschichte bis zu den Staaten der Gegenwart. Weltbild, Augsburg 1998, ISBN 3-89350-989-5, S. 232.
^ Max Buchner: Aurora Colonialis – Bruchstücke eines Tagebuches aus dem ersten Beginn unserer Kolonialpolitik 1884/1885. Piloty & Loehle, München 1914, S. 214 f. (unveränderter Faksimilereprint, Fines Mundi, Saarbrücken 2016).
^ Schüßler, W. (1937–1939). "Kolonialgeschichte". In Brackmann, Albert; Hartung, Fritz (eds.). Jahresberichte für deutsche Geschichte. Vol. XXI. Leipzig: Jg. Koehler. p. 700ff. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
^ Hugo Zöller: Die deutschen Besitzungen an der westafrikanischen Küste – II. Die deutsche Kolonie Kamerun. Teil 1, Verlag von W. Spemann, Berlin und Stuttgart 1885, 67 ff.
^ Zöller 1885, S. 78.
^ ^a ^b Olayemi Akinwumi (2002). The Colonial Contest for the Nigerian Region, 1884-1900: A History of the German Participation. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 60–62. ISBN 978-3-8258-6197-1.
^ Zöller 1885, S. 79.
^ ^a ^b Wagner, Norbert, ed. (2008). Archiv des Deutschen Kolonialrechts (PDF). Brühl/ Wesseling.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)^: 374 Wagner 2008, S. 374.

External links

Scan of the treaty of friendship and protection between Freundschafts Nachtigal and King Amapetu, Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt am Main, S. 1, S. 2, S. 3, S. 4, S. 5.
Protocol to the treaty of friendship and protection between Nachtigal and King Amapetu, Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt am Main, S. 1, S. 2.

[1] Location of Mahin on Google Maps

[2] Meyers Konversationslexikon. Vol. 1 (4 ed.). Leipzig, Vienna: Verlag des Bibliographischen Instituts. 1885–1892. p. 1023.

[Koschitzky-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f von Koschitzky, Max (1888). Deutsche Colonialgeschichte. Vol. 2 Erwerbung der Reichsschutzgebiete bis zur Erledigung des Carolinenstreites. Leipzig: Verlag von Paul Frohberg. p. 324ff.

[Hieke-4] Hieke, Ernst (1949). G. L. Gaiser. Hamburg–Westafrika. 100 Jahre Handel mit Nigeria. Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe. p. 133.

[Wehler-5] Wehler, Hans-Ulrich (1976). Bismarck und der Imperialismus (4 ed.). Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag. pp. 329–330. ISBN 3-423-04187-0.

[6] Pierre Bertaux: Afrika – Von der Vorgeschichte bis zu den Staaten der Gegenwart. Weltbild, Augsburg 1998, ISBN 3-89350-989-5, S. 232.

[7] Max Buchner: Aurora Colonialis – Bruchstücke eines Tagebuches aus dem ersten Beginn unserer Kolonialpolitik 1884/1885. Piloty & Loehle, München 1914, S. 214 f. (unveränderter Faksimilereprint, Fines Mundi, Saarbrücken 2016).

[8] Schüßler, W. (1937–1939). "Kolonialgeschichte". In Brackmann, Albert; Hartung, Fritz (eds.). Jahresberichte für deutsche Geschichte. Vol. XXI. Leipzig: Jg. Koehler. p. 700ff. Retrieved 22 February 2019.

[9] Hugo Zöller: Die deutschen Besitzungen an der westafrikanischen Küste – II. Die deutsche Kolonie Kamerun. Teil 1, Verlag von W. Spemann, Berlin und Stuttgart 1885, 67 ff.

[10] Zöller 1885, S. 78.

[Akinwumi2002-11] Olayemi Akinwumi (2002). The Colonial Contest for the Nigerian Region, 1884-1900: A History of the German Participation. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 60–62. ISBN 978-3-8258-6197-1.

[12] Zöller 1885, S. 79.

[Wagner-13] Wagner, Norbert, ed. (2008). Archiv des Deutschen Kolonialrechts (PDF). Brühl/ Wesseling.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)^: 374 Wagner 2008, S. 374.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Area near Lagos, Nigeria}}
 {{Positionskarte+
  | Nigeria
@@ Line 17: / Line 18: @@
 ==German interests in Mahinland==
-[[File:Hugo Zoeller Mahinland 1885.png|thumb|Mahin, east of Lagos on a map by [[Hugo Zöller]] (1885)]]
+[[File:Hugo Zoeller Mahinland 1885.png|thumb|Mahin on a map by [[Hugo Zöller]] (1885)]]
-The Hamburg businessman [[:de:Gottlieb Leonhard Gaiser]] had a trading post in the British colony of Lagos and wanted to extend its interests in palm oil to the east along the coast and into the interior. He therefore hired a number of agents, including the explorer [[Gottlob Krause]] to conduct negotiations with local rulers. From May 1884 Krause and Heinrich Bey, who was both German consul and agent for ''G.&nbsp;L. Gaiser'', opened friendly discussions with the rulers of Mahin and a trading post was opened in Akpata.
+The Hamburg businessman {{ill|Gottlieb Leonhard Gaiser|de}} had a trading post in the British colony of Lagos and wanted to extend its interests in [[palm oil]] to the east along the coast and into the interior. He therefore hired a number of agents, including the explorer [[Gottlob Krause]] to conduct negotiations with local rulers. From May 1884 Krause and Heinrich Bey, who was both German consul and agent for ''G.&nbsp;L. Gaiser'', opened friendly discussions with the rulers of Mahin and a trading post was opened in Akpata.
-On 23 August 1884 Bey met [[Gustav Nachtigal]], the Imperial Commissioner for [[German West Africa]] in Lagos and tried to convert these friendly agreements into sovereign treaties.<ref name="Koschitzky">{{cite book|first=Max |last=von Koschitzky |title=Deutsche Colonialgeschichte |volume=2 Erwerbung der Reichsschutzgebiete bis zur Erledigung des Carolinenstreites |publisher=Verlag von Paul Frohberg |place=Leipzig |date=1888 |page=324ff |url=http://access.bl.uk/item/pdf/lsidyv3812cb13 }}</ref> On 15 December 1884 Bey moved the firm’s steamer the ''Tender''<ref name="Hieke">{{cite book|first=Ernst |last=Hieke |title=G. L. Gaiser. Hamburg–Westafrika. 100 Jahre Handel mit Nigeria |publisher=Hoffmann und Campe |place=Hamburg |date=1949 |page=133}}</ref> into the Artijere lagoon where it remained as a [[Hulk (ship type)|hulk]].
+On 23 August 1884 Bey met [[Gustav Nachtigal]], the Imperial Commissioner for [[German West Africa]] in Lagos and tried to convert these friendly agreements into sovereign treaties.<ref name="Koschitzky">{{cite book|first=Max |last=von Koschitzky |title=Deutsche Colonialgeschichte |volume=2 Erwerbung der Reichsschutzgebiete bis zur Erledigung des Carolinenstreites |publisher=Verlag von Paul Frohberg |place=Leipzig |date=1888 |page=324ff |url=http://access.bl.uk/item/pdf/lsidyv3812cb13 }}</ref> On 15 December 1884 Bey moved the firm’s steamer ''Tender''<ref name="Hieke">{{cite book|first=Ernst |last=Hieke |title=G. L. Gaiser. Hamburg–Westafrika. 100 Jahre Handel mit Nigeria |publisher=Hoffmann und Campe |place=Hamburg |date=1949 |page=133}}</ref> into the Artijere lagoon where it remained as a [[Hulk (ship type)|hulk]].
-On 14 January 1885 one of Gaiser’s agents, Zimmer, asked Gustav Nachtigal, then in [[Kamerun]], to assure German protection for their property.<ref name=“Wehler”>{{cite book|first=Hans-Ulrich |last=Wehler |authorlink=Hans-Ulrich Wehler|title=Bismarck und der Imperialismus |edition=4 |publisher=Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag |place=Munich |date=1976 |isbn=3-423-04187-0 |pages=329-330}}</ref> German traders supported this request as they wanted to ensure their goods could reach the upper Niger region free of the duties applied by the British in the areas they controlled. Since 1882 the coast between Lagos and Cameroon had fallen under the jurisdiction of the British consul in [[Calabar]], although it was too large for Britain to be able to exercise effective control over it.<ref>Pierre Bertaux: ''Afrika – Von der Vorgeschichte bis zu den Staaten der Gegenwart.'' Weltbild, Augsburg 1998, {{ISBN|3-89350-989-5}}, S. 232.</ref> On 18 January 1885 another of Gaiser’s agents, Eugen Fischer reached a private agreement with the Amapetu (king) of Mahin, granting sovereign rights to G.&nbsp;L. Gaiser over fifty miles of coastal land to the east of Lagos. On 20 January 1885 Nachtigal steamed from Victoria (today [[Limbe, Cameroon]]) to Gogoro in the western Niger with the (de) ''[[:de:SMS Möwe (1879)|SMS Möwe]]'' and the ''Gaiser'',<ref name="Hieke" /><ref name="Koschitzky" /> accomoanued by the explorer and journalist [[Hugo Zöller]].<ref>Max Buchner: ''Aurora Colonialis – Bruchstücke eines Tagebuches aus dem ersten Beginn unserer Kolonialpolitik 1884/1885.'' Piloty & Loehle, München 1914, S.&nbsp;214&nbsp;f. (unveränderter Faksimilereprint, Fines Mundi, Saarbrücken 2016).</ref>
+On 14 January 1885 one of Gaiser’s agents, Zimmer, asked Gustav Nachtigal, then in [[Kamerun]], to assure German protection for their property.<ref name="Wehler">{{cite book|first=Hans-Ulrich |last=Wehler |authorlink=Hans-Ulrich Wehler|title=Bismarck und der Imperialismus |edition=4 |publisher=Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag |place=Munich |date=1976 |isbn=3-423-04187-0 |pages=329–330}}</ref> German traders supported this request as they wanted to ensure their goods could reach the upper Niger region free of the duties applied by the British in the areas they controlled. Since 1882 the coast between Lagos and Cameroon had fallen under the jurisdiction of the British consul in [[Calabar]], although it was too large for Britain to be able to exercise effective control over it.<ref>Pierre Bertaux: ''Afrika – Von der Vorgeschichte bis zu den Staaten der Gegenwart.'' Weltbild, Augsburg 1998, {{ISBN|3-89350-989-5}}, S. 232.</ref> On 18 January 1885 another of Gaiser’s agents, Eugen Fischer reached a private agreement with the Amapetu (king) of Mahin, granting sovereign rights to G.&nbsp;L. Gaiser over fifty miles of coastal land to the east of Lagos. On 20 January 1885 Nachtigal steamed from Victoria (today [[Limbe, Cameroon]]) to Gogoro in the western Niger with the gunboat {{SMS|Möwe|1879|6}} and the ''Gaiser'',<ref name="Hieke" /><ref name="Koschitzky" /> accompanied by the explorer and journalist [[Hugo Zöller]].<ref>Max Buchner: ''Aurora Colonialis – Bruchstücke eines Tagebuches aus dem ersten Beginn unserer Kolonialpolitik 1884/1885.'' Piloty & Loehle, München 1914, S.&nbsp;214&nbsp;f. (unveränderter Faksimilereprint, Fines Mundi, Saarbrücken 2016).</ref>
-With Zöller accompanying them, Gustav Nachtigal and Eugen Fischer concluded a treaty of protection over Mahinland with the Amapetu on 29 January 1885 (some sources say 25 January).<ref name="Koschitzky" /> According to German sources the treaty covered [[lagoon]], forest and swamp areas with stilt dwellings, in which 8-10,000 people lived.<ref>{{cite book|first=W. |last=Schüßler |chapter=Kolonialgeschichte |editor-first1=Albert editor|editor-last1=Brackmann |editor-first2=Fritz |editor-last2=Hartung |title=Jahresberichte für deutsche Geschichte |volume=XXI |issue=13 |publisher=Jg. Koehler |place=Leipzig |date=1937–1939 |page= 700ff |url=http://pom.bbaw.de/exist/servlet/JDG/scripts/browse.xql?year=1937&ref=JRE1371 |access-date=22 February 2019}}</ref><ref>Hugo Zöller: ''Die deutschen Besitzungen an der westafrikanischen Küste – II.&nbsp;Die deutsche Kolonie Kamerun.'' Teil&nbsp;1, Verlag von W. Spemann, Berlin und Stuttgart 1885, 67&nbsp;ff.</ref> The village of Mahin, where the Amapetu lived, was sprawling and prosperous<ref>Zöller 1885, S. 78.</ref> although the other settlements were less significant.<ref name="Akinwumi2002"/> These included Gogoro in the coast, and Aboto (or Agboto), where the most important subchiefs lived.<ref>Zöller 1885, S. 79.</ref> in return for ceding his land the Amapetu was given [[silk]], [[liquor]], 20 pounds sterling and a [[Reichsadler]] inscribed with the words ''King of Mahin''.<ref name="Akinwumi2002">{{cite book|author=Olayemi Akinwumi|title=The Colonial Contest for the Nigerian Region, 1884-1900: A History of the German Participation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOK8FYenMiEC&pg=PA62|year=2002|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-8258-6197-1|pages=60-62}}</ref>
+With Zöller accompanying them, Gustav Nachtigal and Eugen Fischer concluded a treaty of protection over Mahinland with the Amapetu on 29 January 1885 (some sources say 25 January).<ref name="Koschitzky" /> According to German sources the treaty covered [[lagoon]], forest and swamp areas with stilt dwellings, in which 8-10,000 people lived.<ref>{{cite book|first=W. |last=Schüßler |chapter=Kolonialgeschichte |editor-first1=Albert |editor-last1=Brackmann |editor-first2=Fritz |editor-last2=Hartung |title=Jahresberichte für deutsche Geschichte |volume=XXI |issue=13 |publisher=Jg. Koehler |place=Leipzig |date=1937–1939 |page= 700ff |url=http://pom.bbaw.de/exist/servlet/JDG/scripts/browse.xql?year=1937&ref=JRE1371 |access-date=22 February 2019}}</ref><ref>Hugo Zöller: ''Die deutschen Besitzungen an der westafrikanischen Küste – II.&nbsp;Die deutsche Kolonie Kamerun.'' Teil&nbsp;1, Verlag von W. Spemann, Berlin und Stuttgart 1885, 67&nbsp;ff.</ref> The village of Mahin, where the Amapetu lived, was sprawling and prosperous<ref>Zöller 1885, S. 78.</ref> although the other settlements were less significant.<ref name="Akinwumi2002"/> These included Gogoro in the coast, and Aboto (or Agboto), where the most important subchiefs lived.<ref>Zöller 1885, S. 79.</ref> in return for ceding his land the Amapetu was given [[silk]], [[liquor]], 20 pounds sterling and a [[Reichsadler]] inscribed with the words ''King of Mahin''.<ref name="Akinwumi2002">{{cite book|author=Olayemi Akinwumi|title=The Colonial Contest for the Nigerian Region, 1884-1900: A History of the German Participation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VOK8FYenMiEC&pg=PA62|year=2002|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-8258-6197-1|pages=60–62}}</ref>
 ==British response and final agreement==
-The British authorities in Lagos recognised the German agreements and the British governor was ready to enter into bilateral negotiations.<ref name="Koschitzky" /> On 11 March 1885 Nachtigal confirmed that the German protectorate extended over the “stretch of coast in Mahinland known as Mahin beach” from Abejamura to Abotobo.<ref name=“Wagner”>{{cite book|editor-first=Norbert |editor-last=Wagner |title=Archiv des Deutschen Kolonialrechts |place=Brühl/ Wesseling |date=2008 |url=http://www.humanitaeres-voelkerrecht.de/AdK.pdf}}{{rp|374}}
+The British authorities in Lagos recognised the German agreements and the British governor was ready to enter into bilateral negotiations.<ref name="Koschitzky" /> On 11 March 1885 Nachtigal confirmed that the German protectorate extended over the “stretch of coast in Mahinland known as Mahin beach” from Abejamura to Abotobo.<ref name="Wagner">{{cite book|editor-first=Norbert |editor-last=Wagner |title=Archiv des Deutschen Kolonialrechts |place=Brühl/ Wesseling |date=2008 |url=http://www.humanitaeres-voelkerrecht.de/AdK.pdf}}{{rp|374}}
-Wagner 2008, S. 374.</ref> The protectorate was conditional on ratification by the German government within 18 months.<ref name=“Wagner”/>{{rp|259}}
+Wagner 2008, S. 374.</ref> The protectorate was conditional on ratification by the German government within 18 months.<ref name="Wagner"/>{{rp|259}}
-Chancellor [[Otto von Bismarck]] regarded territories such as Mahinland and [[:de:Santa Lucia Bay]] in [[Southwest Africa]], which he did not even bother to take under formal protection, as useful bargaining chips in his negotiations with the British;  he did not see colonies as valuable in themselves. He therefore instructed Nachtigal to avoid “any further steps with regard to Mahin.”<ref name=“Wehler”/> During the negotiations leading to the Anglo-German agreement of 29 April 1885 Mahinland was traded for British recognition of the German protectorate over Cameroon. Germany undertook not to establish any protectorates between Lagos in the west and
+Chancellor [[Otto von Bismarck]] regarded territories such as Mahinland and {{ill|Santa Lucia Bay|de}}, which he did not even bother to take under formal protection, as useful bargaining chips in his negotiations with the British;  he did not see colonies as valuable in themselves. He therefore instructed Nachtigal to avoid “any further steps with regard to Mahin.”<ref name="Wehler"/> During the negotiations leading to the Anglo-German agreement of 29 April 1885 Mahinland was traded for British recognition of the German protectorate over Cameroon. Germany undertook not to establish any protectorates between Lagos in the west and
-[[Rio del Rey]] in the east, while Britain had already guaranteed the free navigation of the Niger at the [[Berlin Conference]].<ref name="Koschitzky" /> On 24 October 1885 Mahinland was formally handed over to the British. Gaiser received no compensation as ta trade was unimpeded.<ref name="Koschitzky" />
+[[Rio del Rey]] in the east, while Britain had already guaranteed the free navigation of the Niger at the [[Berlin Conference]].<ref name="Koschitzky" /> On 24 October 1885 Mahinland was formally handed over to the British. Gaiser received no compensation as trade was unimpeded.<ref name="Koschitzky" />
 == Mahin today ==
@@ Line 38: / Line 39: @@
 == See also ==
 * [[Kapitaï and Koba]] (West African coastal areas also briefly claimed by Germany)
-== External links ==
-* Scan of the treaty of friendship and protection between Freundschafts Nachtigal and King Amapetu, Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt am Main, [http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/CD/7201/3261/2288/7201_3261_2288_0036.jpg S. 1,] [http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/CD/7201/3261/2288/7201_3261_2288_0037.jpg S. 2,] [http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/CD/7201/3261/2288/7201_3261_2288_0038.jpg S. 3,] [http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/CD/7201/3261/2288/7201_3261_2288_0039.jpg S. 4,] [http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/CD/7201/3261/2288/7201_3261_2288_0040.jpg S. 5.]
-* Protocol to the treaty of friendship and protection between Nachtigal and King Amapetu, Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt am Main, [http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/CD/7201/3261/2288/7201_3261_2288_0041.jpg S. 1,] [http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/CD/7201/3261/2288/7201_3261_2288_0042.jpg S. 2.]
 == References ==
 <references />
+== External links ==
+* Scan of the treaty of friendship and protection between Freundschafts Nachtigal and King Amapetu, Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt am Main, [http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/CD/7201/3261/2288/7201_3261_2288_0036.jpg S. 1], [http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/CD/7201/3261/2288/7201_3261_2288_0037.jpg S. 2], [http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/CD/7201/3261/2288/7201_3261_2288_0038.jpg S. 3], [http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/CD/7201/3261/2288/7201_3261_2288_0039.jpg S. 4], [http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/CD/7201/3261/2288/7201_3261_2288_0040.jpg S. 5.]
+* Protocol to the treaty of friendship and protection between Nachtigal and King Amapetu, Universitätsbibliothek Frankfurt am Main, [http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/CD/7201/3261/2288/7201_3261_2288_0041.jpg S. 1], [http://www.ub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/CD/7201/3261/2288/7201_3261_2288_0042.jpg S. 2.]
 {{Former German colonies}}
@@ Line 55: / Line 55: @@
 [[Category:German colonisation in Africa]]
 [[Category:1885 establishments in Africa]]
-[[Category:History of Nigeria]]
+[[Category:1880s in Nigeria]]