Vistula Lagoon: Difference between revisions

Vistula Lagoon
Vistula Lagoon
Zalew Wiślany (Polish); Калининградский залив (Russian);
	Landsat photo of the Vistula Lagoon
	Vistula Lagoon Vistula Lagoon Vistula Lagoon
Location	Poland, Russia
Coordinates	54°27′N 19°45′E / 54.450°N 19.750°E
Type	Lagoon
Etymology	Vistula River
Primary inflows	Bauda, Elbląg, Nogat, Pasłęka, Szkarpawa, Pregolya, Prokhladnaya, Wisła Królewiecka
Max. length	90.7 km (56.4 mi)
Max. width	13 km (8.1 mi)
Surface area	838 km2 (324 sq mi)
Average depth	2.7 m (8 ft 10 in)
Salinity	3‰
Settlements	Tolkmicko, Frombork, Krynica Morska, Baltiysk, Primorsk

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The Vistula Lagoon^[a] is a brackish water lagoon on the Baltic Sea roughly 56 miles (90 km) long, 6 to 15 miles (10 to 19 km) wide, and up to 17 feet (5 m) deep, separated from the Gdańsk Bay by the Vistula Spit.

Geography

The lagoon is a mouth of a few branches of the Vistula River, notably Nogat and Szkarpawa, and of the Pregolya River.

The lagoon is split between Poland (including the localities of Elbląg, Tolkmicko, Frombork, and Krynica Morska) and Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast (including the localities of Kaliningrad, Baltiysk, and Primorsk). Before 2022, the only water route from the lagoon out to the Gdańsk Bay was the Strait of Baltiysk, in Russia's portion of the lagoon. The Polish port of Elbląg used to see a substantial amount of trading traffic on the lagoon, but that declined due to international tensions and silting. Between 2019 and 2022, Poland built the Vistula Spit canal in their own portion of the lagoon, to create another water route out of the lagoon. Kaliningrad and Baltiysk are currently major seaports on the lagoon.

It is an Important Bird Area of Poland.^[1]

Etymology

The earliest version of the name of the Vistula Lagoon has been recorded in historical sources by Wulfstan of Hedeby at the end of the 9th Century as Estmere.^[2] It is an Anglo-Saxon rendition of the Old Prussian Aīstinmari,^{[citation needed]} which was the name for the lagoon. The name was the fusion of two Old Prussian words:

Aistei
*mari - "lagoon (a body of water cut off from a larger body by a reef of sand), fresh water bay".^[3]

So, the oldest known meaning of the name of the Vistula Lagoon was "The lagoon or sea of the Aesti". The Old Prussian name is still used in Modern Lithuanian as Aistmarės, which preserves the original meaning.

Over three hundred years later, in the first half of the 13th Century, the name of the Vistula Lagoon occurs in deeds issued by the Teutonic Order in Latin as Mare Recens (1246 - "mare" - a pool or lake or sea and "recens" - fresh) in contrast to the contemporaneous name for the Baltic Sea - Mare Salsum (Salty Sea). Then in 1251 there is a reference to Mare Recens et Neriam and finally in 1288 Recenti Mari Hab, which evidently corresponds with the German "Frisches Haff".^[4] The modern German name, Frisches Haff, is derived from an earlier form, Friesisches Haff.^[5]

The Russian name of the lagoon since 1946 is Kaliningradskiy zaliv (Калининградский залив), it means 'Kaliningrad Bay'.

History

From the first half of the 13th c. the lagoon was part of the State of the Teutonic Order. In 1454, King Casimir IV Jagiellon incorporated the region to the Kingdom of Poland upon the request of the anti-Teutonic Prussian Confederation.^[6] Following the peace treaty of 1466, it remained a part of Poland, with the western part forming part of the Polish provinces of Royal Prussia and Greater Poland, and the eastern part being a Polish fief, held by the Teutonic Knights and Ducal Prussia.^[7] The surrounding area was inhabited by Poles, Germans and Kursenieki. Following the First Partition of Poland, the territory formed part of the Kingdom of Prussia, which became part of the German Empire in 1871. From 1920 to 1939 it was split between Germany and the Free City of Danzig. In 1945, the western part, comprising 43.8%, became again part of Poland, whereas the eastern part fell to the Soviet Union (now within Russia). Administratively, it is divided between the Polish Pomeranian and Warmian-Masurian voivodships, and the Russian Kaliningrad Oblast.

The nearly extinct ethnic group or Kursenieki lived on the Vistula Spit, by the lagoon.

Historical events related to the lagoon

From January until March 1945, throughout the evacuation of East Prussia, refugees from East Prussia crossed the frozen lagoon on their way west after the Red Army reached the coast of the lagoon near Elbing on January 26. Attacked by Soviet aircraft, thousands of these refugees were killed or fell through the broken ice.^[8]^[9]

Notes

^ Polish: Zalew Wiślany; German: Frisches Haff, lit. 'fresh lagoon'; Lithuanian: Aistmarės

References

^ Vistula Lagoon, a fact sheet of BirdLife International
^ Janet Batley, Wulfstan's voyage and his description of Estland: the text and the language of the text, in: Wulfstan's Voyage. The Baltic Sea region in the early Viking Age as seen from shipboard, Maritime Culture of the North, 2, Roskilde 2009, p. 15.
^ Klussis, Mikkels (2006). Dictionary of revived Prussian: Prussian - English, English - Prussian. Vilnius. p. 47.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Codex diplomaticus Warmiensis oder Regesten und Urkunden zur Geschichte Ermlands. Bd. 1, Urkunden der Jahre 1231-1340, (ed.) Johann Martin Saage, Carl Peter Woelky, Mainz 1860, No. 13, p. 18 - 22, No. 26, p. 46 - 49, No. 79, p. 133 - 136.
^ Erhard Riemann, Alfred Schoenfeldt, Ulrich Tolksdorf, Reinhard Goltz, Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz, Preussisches Wörterbuch: Deutsche Mundarten Ost- und Westpreussens, 6th edition, Wachholtz, 1974, p.595, ISBN 3-529-04611-6
^ Górski, Karol (1949). Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych (in Polish). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. pp. 51, 56.
^ Górski, pp. 88–90, 96–97, 206–207, 214–215
^ Max Egremont Forgotten Land: Journeys Among the Ghosts of East Prussia (2012), ISBN 978-0374533564
^ Patricia Clough The Flight Across The Ice: The Escape of the East Prussian Horses (2009), ISBN 978-1906598341

External links

[1] Polish: Zalew Wiślany; German: Frisches Haff, lit. 'fresh lagoon'; Lithuanian: Aistmarės

[2] Vistula Lagoon, a fact sheet of BirdLife International

[3] Janet Batley, Wulfstan's voyage and his description of Estland: the text and the language of the text, in: Wulfstan's Voyage. The Baltic Sea region in the early Viking Age as seen from shipboard, Maritime Culture of the North, 2, Roskilde 2009, p. 15.

[4] Klussis, Mikkels (2006). Dictionary of revived Prussian: Prussian - English, English - Prussian. Vilnius. p. 47.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[5] Codex diplomaticus Warmiensis oder Regesten und Urkunden zur Geschichte Ermlands. Bd. 1, Urkunden der Jahre 1231-1340, (ed.) Johann Martin Saage, Carl Peter Woelky, Mainz 1860, No. 13, p. 18 - 22, No. 26, p. 46 - 49, No. 79, p. 133 - 136.

[6] Erhard Riemann, Alfred Schoenfeldt, Ulrich Tolksdorf, Reinhard Goltz, Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz, Preussisches Wörterbuch: Deutsche Mundarten Ost- und Westpreussens, 6th edition, Wachholtz, 1974, p.595, ISBN 3-529-04611-6

[7] Górski, Karol (1949). Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych (in Polish). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. pp. 51, 56.

[8] Górski, pp. 88–90, 96–97, 206–207, 214–215

[9] Max Egremont Forgotten Land: Journeys Among the Ghosts of East Prussia (2012), ISBN 978-0374533564

[10] Patricia Clough The Flight Across The Ice: The Escape of the East Prussian Horses (2009), ISBN 978-1906598341

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Fresh water lagoon on the Baltic Sea}}
-[[Image:Vistula Lagoon.jpg|thumbnail|270px|right|Landsat photo of the Vistula Lagoon]]
+{{Infobox body of water
-[[Image:Port we Fromborku.JPG|thumb|270px|right|Small port on the Vistula Lagoon in [[Frombork]], Poland]]
+| name        = Vistula Lagoon
-The '''Vistula Lagoon''' ({{lang-pl|Zalew Wiślany}}; {{lang-ru|Калининградский залив}}, transliterated: ''Kaliningradskiy Zaliv''; {{lang-de|Frisches Haff}}; {{lang-lt|Aistmarės}}) is a [[brackish water]] [[lagoon]] on the [[Baltic Sea]] roughly 56 miles (90&nbsp;km) long, 6 to 15 miles (10 to 19&nbsp;km) wide, and up to 17 feet (5&nbsp;m) deep, separated from the [[Gdańsk Bay]] by the [[Vistula Spit]]. The modern German name, ''Frisches Haff'', is derived from an earlier form, ''Friesisches Haff''.<ref name=PWB>Erhard Riemann, Alfred Schoenfeldt, Ulrich Tolksdorf, Reinhard Goltz, Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur (Germany), Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz, ''Preussisches Wörterbuch: Deutsche Mundarten Ost- und Westpreussens'', 6th edition, Wachholtz, 1974, p.595, {{ISBN|3-529-04611-6}}</ref>
+| native_name = {{Native name list|tag1=pl|name1=Zalew Wiślany|tag2=ru|name2=Калининградский залив}}
+| image       = Vistula Lagoon.jpg
+| caption     = Landsat photo of the Vistula Lagoon
+| location    = [[Poland]], [[Russia]]
+| coordinates = {{coord|54|27|N|19|45|E|region:PL_type:waterbody|display=it}}
+| type        = [[Lagoon]]
+| etymology   = [[Vistula River]]
+| inflow      = Bauda, [[Elbląg (river)|Elbląg]], [[Nogat]], [[Pasłęka]], [[Szkarpawa]], [[Pregolya]], [[Prokhladnaya (river)|Prokhladnaya]], Wisła Królewiecka
+| length      = {{convert|90.7|km|abbr=on}}
+| width       = {{convert|13|km|abbr=on}}
+| area        = {{convert|838|km2|abbr=on}}
+| depth       = {{convert|2.7|m|abbr=on}}
+| salinity    = 3‰
+| cities      = [[Tolkmicko]], [[Frombork]], [[Krynica Morska]], [[Baltiysk]], [[Primorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast|Primorsk]]
+| pushpin_map = Poland#Baltic Sea#Europe
+}}
+The '''Vistula Lagoon'''{{efn|{{langx|pl|Zalew Wiślany}}; {{langx|de|Frisches Haff||fresh lagoon}}; {{langx|lt|Aistmarės}}}} is a [[brackish water]] [[lagoon]] on the [[Baltic Sea]] roughly 56 miles (90&nbsp;km) long, 6 to 15 miles (10 to 19&nbsp;km) wide, and up to 17 feet (5&nbsp;m) deep, separated from the [[Gdańsk Bay]] by the [[Vistula Spit]].
 ==Geography==
-The lagoon is a mouth of a few branches of the [[Vistula]] River, notably the [[Nogat]], and of the [[Pregolya]] River. It is connected to Gdańsk Bay by the [[Strait of Baltiysk]].
+The lagoon is a mouth of a few branches of the [[Vistula]] River, notably [[Nogat]] and [[Szkarpawa]], and of the [[Pregolya]] River.
+The lagoon is split between [[Poland]] (including the localities of [[Elbląg]], [[Tolkmicko]], [[Frombork]], and [[Krynica Morska]]) and [[Russia]]'s [[Kaliningrad Oblast]] (including the localities of [[Kaliningrad]], [[Baltiysk]], and [[Primorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast|Primorsk]]).  Before 2022, the only water route from the lagoon out to the Gdańsk Bay was the [[Strait of Baltiysk]], in Russia's portion of the lagoon.  The Polish port of [[Elbląg]] used to see a substantial amount of trading traffic on the lagoon, but that declined due to international tensions and silting.  Between 2019 and 2022, Poland built the [[Vistula Spit canal]] in their own portion of the lagoon, to create another water route out of the lagoon. Kaliningrad and Baltiysk are currently major seaports on the lagoon.
-The [[Poland–Russia border]] runs across the lagoon.
+[[Image:Port we Fromborku.JPG|thumb|right|Small port on the Vistula Lagoon in [[Frombork]], Poland]]
+It is an [[Important Bird Area]] of Poland.<ref>[http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/vistula-lagoon-iba-poland Vistula Lagoon], a fact sheet of [[BirdLife International]]</ref>
-Localities on the lagoon include [[Kaliningrad]], [[Baltiysk]], and [[Primorsk, Kaliningrad Oblast|Primorsk]] in Russia's [[Kaliningrad Oblast]] and [[Elbląg]], [[Tolkmicko]], [[Frombork]], [[Krynica Morska]] in Poland. The Polish port of [[Elbląg]] used to see a substantial amount of trading traffic on the lagoon, but that has declined owing to the current border situation. Kaliningrad and Baltiysk are currently major seaports on the lagoon.
-It is an endangered [[Important Bird Area]] of Poland.<ref>[http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/vistula-lagoon-iba-poland Vistula Lagoon], a fact sheet of [[BirdLife International]]</ref>
 ==Etymology==
-The earliest version of the name of the Vistula Lagoon has been recorded in historical sources by [[Wulfstan of Hedeby]] at the end of the 9th Century as ''Estmere''.<ref>Janet Batley, Wulfstan's voyage and his description of Estland: the text and the language of the text, in: Wulfstan's Voyage. The Baltic Sea region in the early Viking Age as seen from shipboard, Maritime Culture of the North, 2, Roskilde 2009, p. 15.</ref> It is an Anglo-Saxon rendition of the [[Old Prussians|Old Prussian]] ''Aīstinmari'', which was the name for the lagoon. The name was the fusion of two Old Prussian words:
+The earliest version of the name of the Vistula Lagoon has been recorded in historical sources by [[Wulfstan of Hedeby]] at the end of the 9th Century as ''{{lang|ang|Estmere}}''.<ref>Janet Batley, Wulfstan's voyage and his description of Estland: the text and the language of the text, in: Wulfstan's Voyage. The Baltic Sea region in the early Viking Age as seen from shipboard, Maritime Culture of the North, 2, Roskilde 2009, p. 15.</ref> It is an Anglo-Saxon rendition of the [[Old Prussian language|Old Prussian]] ''{{lang|prg|Aīstinmari}}'',{{citation needed|reason=See talk page|date=November 2023}} which was the name for the lagoon. The name was the fusion of two Old Prussian words:
 * ''[[Aesti|Aistei]]''
@@ Line 22: / Line 37: @@
 So, the oldest known meaning of the name of the Vistula Lagoon was "The lagoon or sea of the Aesti". The Old Prussian name is still used in [[Lithuanian language|Modern Lithuanian]] as ''Aistmarės'', which preserves the original meaning.
+Over three hundred years later, in the first half of the 13th Century, the name of the Vistula Lagoon occurs in deeds issued by the [[Teutonic Order]] in Latin as ''Mare Recens'' (1246 - "''mare''" - a pool or lake or sea and "''recens''" - fresh) in contrast to the contemporaneous name for the Baltic Sea - ''Mare Salsum'' (Salty Sea). Then in 1251 there is a reference to ''Mare Recens et Neriam'' and finally in 1288 ''Recenti Mari '''Hab''''', which evidently corresponds with the German "Frisches Haff".<ref>Codex diplomaticus Warmiensis oder Regesten und Urkunden zur Geschichte Ermlands. Bd. 1, Urkunden der Jahre 1231-1340, (ed.) Johann Martin Saage, Carl Peter Woelky, Mainz 1860, No. 13, p. 18 - 22, No. 26, p. 46 - 49, No. 79, p. 133 - 136.</ref> The modern German name, ''Frisches Haff'', is derived from an earlier form, ''Friesisches Haff''.<ref>Erhard Riemann, Alfred Schoenfeldt, Ulrich Tolksdorf, Reinhard Goltz, Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz, ''Preussisches Wörterbuch: Deutsche Mundarten Ost- und Westpreussens'', 6th edition, Wachholtz, 1974, p.595, {{ISBN|3-529-04611-6}}</ref>
-=== German occupation ===
-Over three hundred years later, in the first half of the 13th Century, the name of the Vistula Lagoon occurs in deeds issued by the [[Teutonic Order]] in Latin as ''Mare Recens'' (1246 - "''mare''" - a pool or lake or sea and "''recens''" - fresh) in contrast to the contemporaneous name for the Baltic Sea - ''Mare Salsum'' (Salty Sea). Then in 1251 there is a reference to ''Mare Recens et Neriam'' and finally in 1288 ''Recenti Mari '''Hab''''', which evidently corresponds with the German "Frisches Haff".<ref>Codex diplomaticus Warmiensis oder Regesten und Urkunden zur Geschichte Ermlands. Bd. 1, Urkunden der Jahre 1231-1340, (ed.) Johann Martin Saage, Carl Peter Woelky, Mainz 1860, No. 13, p. 18 - 22, No. 26, p. 46 - 49, No. 79, p. 133 - 136.</ref>
+The Russian name of the lagoon since 1946 is ''Kaliningradskiy zaliv'' (Калининградский залив), it means 'Kaliningrad Bay'.
 == History ==
-From the first half of the 13th&nbsp;c. the lagoon was part of  the [[State of the Teutonic Order]], then [[Ducal Prussia]] and eventually the [[Kingdom of Prussia]], which became part of the [[German Empire]] in 1871. From 1466 to 1772 its western part belonged to the Polish province of [[Royal Prussia]], and from 1920 to 1939 it was split between Germany and the [[Free City of Danzig]]. Since 1945 its eastern part belongs to the [[Russia| Russian]] (formerly [[USSR]]) [[Kaliningrad Oblast]], and [[Poland]] has 43.8% of its area on the western side bordering the [[Pomeranian Voivodeship|Pomeranian]] and [[Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship|Warmian-Masurian]] [[voivodship]]s.[[Image:Curonians kursenieki in 1649.png|thumb|right|150px|Curonian-populated area in 1649]]
+From the first half of the 13th&nbsp;c. the lagoon was part of  the [[State of the Teutonic Order]]. In 1454, King [[Casimir IV Jagiellon]] incorporated the region to the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Kingdom of Poland]] upon the request of the anti-Teutonic [[Prussian Confederation]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Górski|first=Karol|title=Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych|year=1949|publisher=Instytut Zachodni|location=Poznań|language=pl|pages=51, 56}}</ref> Following the [[Second Peace of Toruń|peace treaty of 1466]], it remained a part of Poland, with the western part forming part of the Polish provinces of [[Royal Prussia]] and [[Greater Poland Province, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Greater Poland]], and the eastern part being a Polish [[fief]], held by the Teutonic Knights and [[Ducal Prussia]].<ref>Górski, pp. 88–90, 96–97, 206–207, 214–215</ref> The surrounding area was inhabited by [[Polish people|Poles]], [[Germans]] and [[Kursenieki]]. Following the [[First Partition of Poland]], the territory formed part of the [[Kingdom of Prussia]], which became part of the [[German Empire]] in 1871. From 1920 to 1939 it was split between Germany and the [[Free City of Danzig]]. In 1945, the western part, comprising 43.8%, became again part of Poland, whereas the eastern part fell to the [[Soviet Union]] (now within [[Russia]]). Administratively, it is divided between the Polish [[Pomeranian Voivodeship|Pomeranian]] and [[Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship|Warmian-Masurian]] [[voivodship]]s, and the Russian [[Kaliningrad Oblast]].
+The nearly extinct ethnic group or [[Kursenieki]] lived on the Vistula Spit, by the lagoon.
-=== Kursenieki ===
-{{Further|Kursenieki}}While today the [[Kursenieki]], also known as ''Kuršininkai'' are a nearly extinct [[Balts|Baltic]] ethnic group living along the [[Curonian Spit]], in 1649 Kuršininkai settlement spanned from [[Klaipėda|Memel (Klaipėda)]] to [[Gdańsk|Danzig (Gdańsk)]], including the area around the Vistula Lagoon. The Kuršininkai were eventually assimilated by the [[Germans]], except along the Curonian Spit where some still live. The Kuršininkai were considered [[Latvians]] until after [[World War I]] when [[Latvia]] gained independence from the [[Russian Empire]], a consideration based on linguistic arguments. This was the rationale for Latvian claims over the Curonian Spit, [[Klaipėda|Memel]], and other territories of [[East Prussia]] which would be later dropped.[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1979-084-05, Ostpreußen, Flüchtlingstreck.jpg|thumb|left|185x185px|East Prussian refugees after crossing the lagoon]]
 === Historical events related to the lagoon ===
@@ Line 37: / Line 52: @@
 {{Portal|Wetlands}}
 *[[Curonian Lagoon]]
-*[[Vistula Spit canal]]
 *[[Aestian Island]]
+==Notes==
+{{Notelist}}
 ==References==
@@ Line 47: / Line 64: @@
 * [[Battle of Vistula Lagoon]]
 {{Commons category}}
-{{coord|54|27|N|19|45|E|region:PL_type:waterbody|display=title}}
 {{Tributaries of the Vistula}}
+{{Vistula}}
 {{Authority control}}

v t e Tributaries of the Vistula River
Forming rivers	Biała Wisełka Czarna Wisełka
Main tributaries of the left bank	Krajka Pszczynka Gostynia Przemsza Chech Rudno Sanka Rudawa Prądnik Dłubnia Roporek Szreniawa Nidzica Nida Strumień Czarna Koprzywianka Opatówka Kamienna Krępianka Iłżanka Zwoleńka Plewka Zagożdżonka Radomka Pilica Czarna Jeziorka Bzura Skrwa Lewa Zgłowiączka Tążyna Zielona Brda Wda Wierzyca
Main tributaries of the right bank	Brennica Iłownica Biała Soła Skawa Skawinka Wilga (Krakow) Drwinka Raba Gróbka Uszwica Kisielina Dunajec Breń Brnik Wisłoka Babulówka Trześniówka Łęg San Sanna Wyżnica Chodelka Bystra Kurówka Wieprz Okrzejka Promnik Wilga (Garwolin) Świder Kanał Żerański Narew Mołtawa Słupianka Rosica Brzeźnica Skrwa Prawa Mień Drwęca Bacha Struga Osa Liwa
Distributary	Mała Wisełka (Polska Wisła) Nogat Leniwka Szkarpawa Vistula Lagoon Śmiała Wisła Martwa Wisła Przekop Canal

v t e Vistula River
Tributaries	Brda Bzura Drwęca Dunajec Narew Nida Pilica San Wda Wieprz Wisłoka
Cities	Gdańsk Elbląg Tczew Grudziądz Bydgoszcz Toruń Włocławek Płock Warsaw Sandomierz Kraków
Notable crossings	Anna Jagiellon Bridge Cross-City Bridge Gdańsk Bridge General Stefan Grot-Rowecki Bridge John Paul II Bridge Łazienki Bridge Maria Skłodowska-Curie Bridge Poniatowski Bridge Siekierki Bridge Silesian–Dąbrowa Bridge Solidarity Bridge Świętokrzyski Bridge Third Millennium John Paul II Bridge
Channels and artificial waterways	Augustów Canal Przekop Wisły Vistula Spit canal Bydgoszcz Canal
Historical and prehistoric inhabitants	Oksywie culture Przeworsk culture Wielbark culture Lusatian culture Vistulans Polans Pomeranians Vistula Veneti Vistula delta Mennonites Vistula Germans
Related articles	Vistula–Bug offensive Vistula–Oder offensive Vistula, Indiana (likely named after the Vistula) Vistula Land Vistula Spit Vistula Lagoon Vistula University

Authority control databases
International	VIAF
National	Germany United States Israel
Other	IdRef