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{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
| name = Allis shad
| name = Allis shad
| image = Alosa alosa.jpg
| image = Alosa alosa.jpg
| status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1
| status = CR
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref =<ref name=iucnredlist>{{cite iucn |author=Ford, M.|year=2024|title=''Alosa alosa''|page=e.T903A15541267|access-date=28 October 2024}}</ref>
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| genus = Alosa
⚫
| species = alosa
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
⚫
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
| ordo = [[Clupeiformes]]
|synonyms=*''Alausa vulgaris'' <small>Valenciennes, 1847</small>
| familia = [[Clupeidae]]
*''Alosa communis'' <small>Yarrell, 1836</small>
| subfamilia = [[Alosinae]]
*''Alosa cuvierii'' <small>Malm, 1877</small>
| genus = ''[[Alosa]]''
*''Alosa rusa'' <small>Mauduyt, 1848</small>
⚫
| species = '''''A. alosa'''''
*''Clupea alosa'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small>
| binomial = ''Alosa alosa''
|synonyms_ref=<ref name=iucnredlist/><ref>{{GBIF|taxon=''Alosa alosa'' (Linnaeus, 1758)|id=2412685|access-date=29 October 2024}}</ref><ref name=FB>{{FishBase|Alosa|alosa|month=October|year=2024}}</ref>
⚫
| binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
}}
}}
[[File:Maifisch.JPG|thumb|Allis Shad]]
[[File:Maifisch.JPG|thumb|Allis shad]]

The '''allis shad''' (''Alosa alosa'') is a widespread Northeast Atlantic species of [[fish]] in the [[Clupeidae|herring family, Clupeidae]]. It is an [[Fish migration|anadromous]] fish which migrates into fresh water to spawn.<ref name=FB>{{FishBase|Alosa|alosa|year=2015}}</ref><ref name=IUCN/> It is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, the western Baltic Sea and the western Mediterranean Sea. In appearance it resembles an [[Atlantic herring]] but has a distinctive dark spot behind the gill cover and sometimes a row of up to six spots behind this. It sometimes hybridises with the [[twait shad]] (''A. fallax''). This fish becomes mature when three or more years old and migrates to estuaries, later swimming up rivers to spawn. Populations of this fish have declined due to [[overfishing]], pollution and [[habitat destruction]]. Conservation of this species is covered by Appendix III of the [[Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats|Bern Convention]] and Appendix II and V of the [[Habitats Directive|European Community Habitats Directive]].
The '''allis shad''' ('''''Alosa alosa''''') is a widespread Northeast Atlantic species of [[fish]] in the [[Alosidae|Alosidae family]]. It is an [[Fish migration|anadromous]] fish which migrates into fresh water to spawn.<ref name=iucnredlist/><ref name=FB/> It is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, the western Baltic Sea and the western Mediterranean Sea. In appearance it resembles an [[Atlantic herring]] but has a distinctive dark spot behind the gill cover and sometimes a row of up to six spots behind this. It sometimes [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]]ises with the [[twait shad]] (''A. fallax''). This fish becomes mature when three or more years old and migrates to estuaries, later swimming up rivers to spawn. Populations of this fish have declined due to [[overfishing]], pollution and [[habitat destruction]]. Conservation of this species is covered by Appendix III of the [[Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats|Bern Convention]] and Appendix II and V of the [[Habitats Directive|European Community Habitats Directive]].


==Description==
==Description==
The allis shad is a typical herring-type fish. It has no [[lateral line]] and a somewhat rounded belly. The [[gill cover]] is ridged and the [[Fish scale|scales]] large. The back is a bluish-green colour and the head brownish with a golden tinge on the [[Operculum (fish)|operculum]]. The flanks are silvery, sometimes with a bronzy tinge, and a distinctive large dark spot occurs just behind the gill cover, and occasionally one to six smaller spots behind that. The adult length is typically {{convert|30|to|60|cm|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.luontoportti.com/suomi/en/kalat/allis-shad |title=Allis shad: ''Alosa alosa'' |publisher=NatureGate |accessdate=14 December 2013}}</ref><ref name=FB/>
The allis shad is a typical herring-type fish. It has no [[lateral line]] and a somewhat rounded belly. The [[gill cover]] is ridged and the [[Fish scale|scales]] large. The back is a bluish-green colour and the head brownish with a golden tinge on the [[Operculum (fish)|operculum]]. The flanks are silvery, sometimes with a bronzy tinge, and a distinctive large dark spot occurs just behind the gill cover, and occasionally one to six smaller spots behind that. The adult length is typically {{convert|30|to|60|cm|abbr=on}}.<ref name=FB/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.luontoportti.com/suomi/en/kalat/allis-shad |title=Allis shad: ''Alosa alosa'' |publisher=NatureGate |accessdate=14 December 2013}}</ref>


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
The allis shad is found in the eastern Atlantic in waters bordering most of [[Europe]] and northwestern [[Africa]], and it enters to the western [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]] and western [[Mediterranean]] Seas, but it is rare outside [[France]].<ref name=FB/><ref name="IUCN">[http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/903/0 Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. 2008. ''Alosa alosa'']. In: [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]. Version 2011.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 16 December 2011.</ref>
The allis shad is found in the eastern Atlantic in waters bordering most of [[Europe]] and northwestern [[Africa]], and it enters to the western [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]] and western [[Mediterranean]] Seas, but it is rare outside and increasingly within [[France]].<ref name=iucnredlist/><ref name=FB/> There are no longer breeding populations in Morocco or Mediterranean Spain.<ref name=iucnredlist/>


==Biology and lifecycle==
==Biology and lifecycle==
[[File:Alosa-alosa.png|thumb|left|Biology and lifecycle of ''Alosa alosa''.]]
''Alosa alosa'' has a similar lifecycle to that of the [[twait shad]] ''A. fallax''. They are known to live in [[sympatry]],<ref name="Lochet">Lochet, A., S. Boutry, and E. Rochard. ''Estuarine Phase during Seaward Migration for Allis Shad Alosa Alosa and Twaite Shad Alosa Fallax Future Spawners.'' Ecology of Freshwater Fish 18 (2009): 323-35.</ref> and the two species can hybridize.<ref name=Coscia/> They are [[anadromous]] species like many other species in the genus ''Alosa''.<ref name="Coscia">Coscia, I., V. Rountree, J. J. King, W. K. Roche, and S. Mariani. ''A Highly Permeable Species Boundary between Two Anadromous Fishes.'' Journal of Fish Biology {{doi|10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02768.x}} 77.5 (2010): 1137-149.</ref> However, some record of them being landlocked suggests an ability to adapt well to their environment.<ref name=Coscia/>
''Alosa alosa'' has a similar lifecycle to that of the [[twait shad]] ''A. fallax''. They are known to live in [[sympatry]],<ref name="Lochet">Lochet, A., S. Boutry, and E. Rochard. ''Estuarine Phase during Seaward Migration for Allis Shad Alosa Alosa and Twaite Shad Alosa Fallax Future Spawners.'' Ecology of Freshwater Fish 18 (2009): 323–35.</ref> and the two species can hybridize.<ref name=Coscia/> They are [[anadromous]] species like many other species in the genus ''Alosa''.<ref name="Coscia">Coscia, I., V. Rountree, J. J. King, W. K. Roche, and S. Mariani. ''A Highly Permeable Species Boundary between Two Anadromous Fishes.'' Journal of Fish Biology {{doi|10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02768.x}} 77.5 (2010): 1137–149.</ref> However, some record of them being landlocked suggests an ability to adapt well to their environment.<ref name=Coscia/>
They primarily live at sea on feeding grounds and migrate to their spawning grounds between April and June once they are sexually mature.<ref name=Coscia/> Maturity usually ranges from 3–7 years of age.<ref name=Coscia/> ''A. alosa'' can usually only reproduce once in their lifetimes.<ref name=Coscia/> Juveniles appear in [[estuaries]] and brackish water around July to August.<ref name=Lochet/> The salinity of brackish water may pose problems to the juveniles migrating from fresh water.<ref name=Lochet/>
They primarily live at sea on feeding grounds and migrate to their spawning grounds between April and June once they are sexually mature.<ref name=Coscia/> Maturity usually ranges from 3–7 years of age.<ref name=Coscia/> ''A. alosa'' can usually only reproduce once in their lifetimes.<ref name=Coscia/> Juveniles appear in [[estuaries]] and brackish water around July to August.<ref name=Lochet/> The salinity of brackish water may pose problems to the juveniles migrating from fresh water.<ref name=Lochet/>

The estuarine phase, or the time spent in estuaries migrating from spawning grounds to sea, is estimated to have a duration in ''A. alosa'' of up to six months.<ref name=Lochet/> The estimate, however, does not take into account individual variation and/or survival of juveniles in the estuarine phase.<ref name=Lochet/>


==Population reduction==
==Population reduction==
Populations have been reduced primarily by overfishing, pollution, and habitat destruction.<ref name=Coscia/> The estuarine phase, or the time that they are in the estuaries migrating from spawning grounds to sea, is estimated to have a duration in ''A. alosa'' of up to six months.<ref name=Lochet/> The estimate, however, does not take into account individual variation and/or survival of juveniles in the estuarine phase.<ref name=Lochet/>
Populations have been reduced primarily by overfishing, pollution, and habitat destruction.<ref name=Coscia/> [[Siltation]] and [[gravel]] mining threaten spawning locations.<ref name=iucnredlist/> There is concern that barriers to migration like dams are causing allis shad to spawn downstream from their usual locations, potentially prompting hybridization with twaite shad.<ref name=iucnredlist/> Climate change may force the species' distribution to shift or contract further.<ref name=iucnredlist/> The [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] listed the species as [[critically endangered]] in 2024, citing an estimated global population decline of around 80% over the past 20 years, leaving many small relict subpopulations and [[extirpating]] others.<ref name=iucnredlist/>


==Conservation==
==Conservation==
Four special areas of conservation have been designated in Ireland where ''Alosa'' species have been known to spawn.<ref name=Coscia/> ''Alosa alosa'' "has been placed in Appendix III of the Bern Convention (1979) that lists protected fauna species as well as in Appendix II and V of the European Community Habitats Directive (1992) that list, respectively, species whose conservation requires the designation of special areas of conservation and that are subject to management measures." <ref name=Lochet/> However, ''A. alosa'' is currently under a moratorium (2008) in numerous French watersheds.<ref name=Lochet/>
Four special areas of conservation have been designated in Ireland where ''Alosa'' species have been known to spawn.<ref name=Coscia/> ''Alosa alosa'' "has been placed in Appendix III of the Bern Convention (1979) that lists protected fauna species as well as in Appendix II and V of the European Community Habitats Directive (1992) that list, respectively, species whose conservation requires the designation of special areas of conservation and that are subject to management measures."<ref name=Lochet/> However, ''A. alosa'' is currently under a moratorium (2008) in numerous French watersheds.<ref name=Lochet/>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


== External links ==
==External links==
{{Wikispecies-inline|Alosa alosa}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Alosa alosa}}
* [http://www.alosa-alosa.eu EU LIFE-Project: The re-introduction of allis shad (''Alosa alosa'') in the Rhine system]
* [http://www.alosa-alosa.eu EU LIFE-Project: The re-introduction of allis shad (''Alosa alosa'') in the Rhine system]
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Allice|year=1905 |short=x}}
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Allice|year=1905 |short=x}}
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q300997}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q300997}}
{{Authority control}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:shad, allis}}
[[Category:Alosa|allis shad]]
[[Category:Alosa|allis shad]]
[[Category:Fauna of France]]
[[Category:Fauna of France]]
[[Category:Marine fish of Europe]]
[[Category:Marine fish of Europe]]
[[Category:Endangered species of the British Isles]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1758|allis shad]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1758|allis shad]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|allis shad]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus|allis shad]]
[[Category:Least concern biota of Europe]]
[[Category:Least concern biota of Europe]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]
[[Category:Habitats Directive species]]

Latest revision as of 19:22, 14 November 2024

Allis shad
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Clupeiformes
Family: Alosidae
Genus: Alosa
Species:
A. alosa
Binomial name
Alosa alosa
Synonyms[1][2][3]
  • Alausa vulgaris Valenciennes, 1847
  • Alosa communis Yarrell, 1836
  • Alosa cuvierii Malm, 1877
  • Alosa rusa Mauduyt, 1848
  • Clupea alosa Linnaeus, 1758
Allis shad

The allis shad (Alosa alosa) is a widespread Northeast Atlantic species of fish in the Alosidae family. It is an anadromous fish which migrates into fresh water to spawn.[1][3] It is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, the western Baltic Sea and the western Mediterranean Sea. In appearance it resembles an Atlantic herring but has a distinctive dark spot behind the gill cover and sometimes a row of up to six spots behind this. It sometimes hybridises with the twait shad (A. fallax). This fish becomes mature when three or more years old and migrates to estuaries, later swimming up rivers to spawn. Populations of this fish have declined due to overfishing, pollution and habitat destruction. Conservation of this species is covered by Appendix III of the Bern Convention and Appendix II and V of the European Community Habitats Directive.

Description

[edit]

The allis shad is a typical herring-type fish. It has no lateral line and a somewhat rounded belly. The gill cover is ridged and the scales large. The back is a bluish-green colour and the head brownish with a golden tinge on the operculum. The flanks are silvery, sometimes with a bronzy tinge, and a distinctive large dark spot occurs just behind the gill cover, and occasionally one to six smaller spots behind that. The adult length is typically 30 to 60 cm (12 to 24 in).[3][4]

Distribution

[edit]

The allis shad is found in the eastern Atlantic in waters bordering most of Europe and northwestern Africa, and it enters to the western Baltic and western Mediterranean Seas, but it is rare outside and increasingly within France.[1][3] There are no longer breeding populations in Morocco or Mediterranean Spain.[1]

Biology and lifecycle

[edit]
Biology and lifecycle of Alosa alosa.

Alosa alosa has a similar lifecycle to that of the twait shad A. fallax. They are known to live in sympatry,[5] and the two species can hybridize.[6] They are anadromous species like many other species in the genus Alosa.[6] However, some record of them being landlocked suggests an ability to adapt well to their environment.[6] They primarily live at sea on feeding grounds and migrate to their spawning grounds between April and June once they are sexually mature.[6] Maturity usually ranges from 3–7 years of age.[6] A. alosa can usually only reproduce once in their lifetimes.[6] Juveniles appear in estuaries and brackish water around July to August.[5] The salinity of brackish water may pose problems to the juveniles migrating from fresh water.[5]

The estuarine phase, or the time spent in estuaries migrating from spawning grounds to sea, is estimated to have a duration in A. alosa of up to six months.[5] The estimate, however, does not take into account individual variation and/or survival of juveniles in the estuarine phase.[5]

Population reduction

[edit]

Populations have been reduced primarily by overfishing, pollution, and habitat destruction.[6] Siltation and gravel mining threaten spawning locations.[1] There is concern that barriers to migration like dams are causing allis shad to spawn downstream from their usual locations, potentially prompting hybridization with twaite shad.[1] Climate change may force the species' distribution to shift or contract further.[1] The International Union for Conservation of Nature listed the species as critically endangered in 2024, citing an estimated global population decline of around 80% over the past 20 years, leaving many small relict subpopulations and extirpating others.[1]

Conservation

[edit]

Four special areas of conservation have been designated in Ireland where Alosa species have been known to spawn.[6] Alosa alosa "has been placed in Appendix III of the Bern Convention (1979) that lists protected fauna species as well as in Appendix II and V of the European Community Habitats Directive (1992) that list, respectively, species whose conservation requires the designation of special areas of conservation and that are subject to management measures."[5] However, A. alosa is currently under a moratorium (2008) in numerous French watersheds.[5]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Ford, M. (2024). "Alosa alosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024: e.T903A15541267. Retrieved 28 October 2024.
  2. ^ "Alosa alosa (Linnaeus, 1758)". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Alosa alosa". FishBase. October 2024 version.
  4. ^ "Allis shad: Alosa alosa". NatureGate. Retrieved 14 December 2013.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Lochet, A., S. Boutry, and E. Rochard. Estuarine Phase during Seaward Migration for Allis Shad Alosa Alosa and Twaite Shad Alosa Fallax Future Spawners. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 18 (2009): 323–35.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Coscia, I., V. Rountree, J. J. King, W. K. Roche, and S. Mariani. A Highly Permeable Species Boundary between Two Anadromous Fishes. Journal of Fish Biology doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02768.x 77.5 (2010): 1137–149.
[edit]
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