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'''''Simocyon''''' ("short-snouted dog") is a genus of extinct [[carnivora]]n mammal in the family [[Ailuridae]]. ''Simocyon'', which was about the size of a [[mountain lion]], lived in the late [[Miocene]] and early [[Pliocene]] epochs, and has been found in Europe, Asia, and rarely, North America (Peigné et al., 2005) and Africa.<ref name="Howell">{{cite journal |last=Howell |first=F. Clark |authorlink=Francis Clark Howell |author2=Garcia, Nuria |title=Carnivora (Mammalia) From Lemudong'o (Late Miocene: Narok District, Kenya) |journal=Kirtlandia |volume=556 |pages=121–139 |publisher=[[Cleveland Museum of Natural History]] |location=Cleveland |date=December 2007 |url=http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/hlusko/kirt-56-00-121.pdf |access-date=2009-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113320/http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/hlusko/kirt-56-00-121.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref>
'''''Simocyon''''' ("short-snouted dog") is a genus of extinct [[carnivora]]n mammal in the family [[Ailuridae]]. ''Simocyon'', which was about the size of a [[mountain lion]], lived in the late [[Miocene]] and early [[Pliocene]] epochs, and has been found in Europe, Asia, and rarely, North America<ref name=Peigne2005/> and Africa.<ref name="Howell">{{cite journal |last=Howell |first=F. Clark |author-link=Francis Clark Howell |author2=Garcia, Nuria |title=Carnivora (Mammalia) From Lemudong'o (Late Miocene: Narok District, Kenya) |journal=Kirtlandia |volume=556 |pages=121–139 |publisher=[[Cleveland Museum of Natural History]] |location=Cleveland |date=December 2007 |url=http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/hlusko/kirt-56-00-121.pdf |access-date=2009-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113320/http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/hlusko/kirt-56-00-121.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref>


==Classification==
==Classification==
[[File:Simocyon batalleri head.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Reconstructed skull and head]]
[[File:Simocyon batalleri head.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Reconstructed skull and head]]
The relationship of ''Simocyon'' to other carnivores has been controversial, but studies of the structure of its ear, teeth, and ankle now indicate that its closest living relative is the [[red panda]], ''[[Ailurus]]'' (Wang, 1997; Peigné et al., 2005), although it is different enough to be classified in a separate subfamily (Simocyoninae) along with related genera ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' and ''Actiocyon''. While the red panda is primarily herbivorous, the teeth and skull of ''Simocyon'' indicate that it was carnivorous, and it may have engaged in some bone-crushing, like living [[hyena]]s (Peigné et al., 2005). The skeleton of ''Simocyon'' indicates that, like the red panda, it could climb trees, although it probably also spent considerable time on the ground (Salesa et al., 2008). ''Simocyon'' and ''Ailurus'' both have a radial [[sesamoid]], an unusual bone in the wrist that acts as a false thumb (Salesa et al., 2006). Its competitors during its time period were [[Tremarctinae|tremarctine]] bears, [[Nimravidae|nimravid]] false cats, and early [[Canidae|canids]] and [[Felidae|felids]].
The relationship of ''Simocyon'' to other carnivores has been controversial, but studies of the structure of its ear, teeth, and ankle now indicate that its closest living relative is the [[red panda]], ''[[Ailurus]]'',<ref name=Wang1997>{{cite journal |last1= Wang|first1= Xiaoming|title= New cranial material of ''Simocyon'' from China, and its implications for phylogenetic relationship to the red panda(Ailurus)|journal= Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|year= 1997|volume= 17|issue= 1|pages= 184–198|doi= 10.1080/02724634.1997.10010963|bibcode= 1997JVPal..17..184W}}</ref><ref name=Peigne2005/> although it is different enough to be classified in a separate subfamily (Simocyoninae) along with related genera ''[[Alopecocyon]]'' and ''Actiocyon''.

== Palaeoecology ==
While the red panda is primarily herbivorous, the teeth and skull of ''Simocyon'' indicate that it was carnivorous, and it may have engaged in some bone-crushing, like living [[hyena]]s.<ref name="Peigne2005">{{cite journal |last1=Peigné |first1=S. |last2=Salesa |first2=M. J. |last3=Antón|first3=M.|last4=Morales |first4=J. |date=2005 |title=Ailurid carnivoran mammal ''Simocyon'' from the late Miocene of Spain and the systematics of the genus |url=http://app.pan.pl/acta50/app50−219.pdf |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=219–238 }}</ref> The skeleton of ''Simocyon'' indicates that, like the red panda, it could climb trees,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fabre |first=Anne-Claire |last2=Salesa |first2=Manuel J. |last3=Cornette |first3=Raphael |last4=Antón |first4=Mauricio |last5=Morales |first5=Jorge |last6=Peigné |first6=Stéphane |date=13 May 2015 |title=Quantitative inferences on the locomotor behaviour of extinct species applied to Simocyon batalleri (Ailuridae, Late Miocene, Spain) |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00114-015-1280-9 |journal=[[The Science of Nature]] |language=en |volume=102 |issue=5-6 |doi=10.1007/s00114-015-1280-9 |issn=0028-1042 |access-date=21 November 2024 |via=Springer Nature Link}}</ref> although it probably also spent considerable time on the ground.<ref name="Salesa2008">{{cite journal |last1=Salesa |first1=M. J. |last2=Antón |first2=M. |last3=Peigné |first3=S. |last4=Morales |first4=J. |date=2008 |title=Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of ''Simocyon batalleri'' (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the late Miocene of Spain |url= https://zenodo.org/record/5442636|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=152 |issue= 3|pages=593–621 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00370.x }}</ref> ''Simocyon'' and ''Ailurus'' both have a radial [[sesamoid]], an unusual bone in the wrist that acts as a false thumb.<ref name="Salesa2006">{{cite journal |last1= Salesa|first1= Manuel J.|last2= Antón|first2= Mauricio|last3= Peigné|first3= Stéphane|last4= Morales|first4= Jorge|title= Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|journal= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|year= 2006|volume= 103|issue= 2|pages= 379–382|doi= 10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmid= 16387860|pmc= 1326154|bibcode= 2006PNAS..103..379S|doi-access= free}}</ref> Its competitors during its time period were [[Ailuropodinae|ailuropodine]] and [[Tremarctinae|tremarctine]] bears, [[Nimravidae|nimravid]] false cats, and early [[Canidae|canids]] and [[Felidae|felids]].


==References==
==References==
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==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
*{{cite journal |last1=Peigné |first1=S. |last2=Salesa |first2=M. J. |last3=Antón|first3=M.|last4=Morales |first4=J. |date=2005 |title=Ailurid carnivoran mammal ''Simocyon'' from the late Miocene of Spain and the systematics of the genus |url=http://app.pan.pl/acta50/app50−219.pdf |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=219–238 |doi= |access-date=}}
*{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s00114-015-1280-9 |title=Quantitative inferences on the locomotor behaviour of extinct species applied to ''Simocyon batalleri'' (Ailuridae, Late Miocene, Spain) |year=2015 |last1=Fabre |first1=Anne-Claire |last2=Salesa |first2=Manuel J. |last3=Cornette |first3=Raphael |last4=Antón |first4=Mauricio |last5=Morales |first5=Jorge |last6=Peigné |first6=Stéphane |journal=The Science of Nature |volume=102 |issue=5–6 |page=30 |pmid=25968493 |bibcode=2015SciNa.102...30F |s2cid=253632525 }}
*{{cite journal |last1=Salesa |first1=M. J. |last2=Antón |first2=M. |last3=Peigné |first3=S. |last4=Morales |first4=J. |date=2008 |title=Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of ''Simocyon batalleri'' (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the late Miocene of Spain |url= https://zenodo.org/record/5442636|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=152 |issue= 3|pages=593–621 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00370.x |access-date=}}
*{{Cite journal|author=Tedrow, A. R. |author2=Baskin, J. A. |author3=Robinson, S. F. |author4=Gillette, D. D. |date=1999|title= An additional occurrence of ''Simocyon'' (Mammalia, Carnivora, Procyonidae) in North America. |journal=Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah |pages=487–493}}
⚫
*{{Cite journal|doi=10.1127/0077-7749/2011/0188 |title=A skull of ''Simocyon primigenius'' (Roth & Wagner, 1854) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the late Miocene of Karaslari (Republic of Macedonia), with remarks on the systematics and evolution of the genus |year=2011 |last1=Spassov |first1=Nikolai |last2=Geraads |first2=Denis |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |volume=262 |issue=2 |pages=151–161 }}
*{{cite journal |last1= Salesa|first1= Manuel J.|last2= Antón|first2= Mauricio|last3= Peigné|first3= Stéphane|last4= Morales|first4= Jorge|title= Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas|url= |journal= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|year= 2006|volume= 103|issue= 2|pages= 379–382|doi= 10.1073/pnas.0504899102|pmid= 16387860|pmc= 1326154|bibcode= 2006PNAS..103..379S|access-date=|doi-access= free}}
*{{cite journal |last1= Wang|first1= Xiaoming|title= New cranial material of ''Simocyonfrom'' China, and its implications for phylogenetic relationship to the red panda(Ailurus)|url= |journal= Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|year= 1997|volume= 17|issue= 1|pages= 184–198|doi= 10.1080/02724634.1997.10010963|bibcode= 1997JVPal..17..184W|access-date=}}
*{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s00114-015-1280-9 |title=Quantitative inferences on the locomotor behaviour of extinct species applied to Simocyon batalleri (Ailuridae, Late Miocene, Spain) |year=2015 |last1=Fabre |first1=Anne-Claire |last2=Salesa |first2=Manuel J. |last3=Cornette |first3=Raphael |last4=Antón |first4=Mauricio |last5=Morales |first5=Jorge |last6=Peigné |first6=Stéphane |journal=The Science of Nature |volume=102 |issue=5–6 |page=30 |pmid=25968493 |bibcode=2015SciNa.102...30F |s2cid=253632525 }}
*{{Cite journal|authors=Tedrow, A. R., Baskin, J. A., Robinson, S. F., & Gillette, D. D. |date=1999|title= An additional occurrence of Simocyon (Mammalia, Carnivora, Procyonidae) in North America. |journal=Vertebrate paleontology in Utah |pages=487-493.}}
⚫
*{{Cite journal|doi=10.1127/0077-7749/2011/0188 |title=A skull of Simocyon primigenius (Roth & Wagner, 1854) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the late Miocene of Karaslari (Republic of Macedonia), with remarks on the systematics and evolution of the genus |year=2011 |last1=Spassov |first1=Nikolai |last2=Geraads |first2=Denis |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |volume=262 |issue=2 |pages=151–161 }}
*{{Cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341940358}}
*{{Cite journal|issn=0272-4634 |year=2008 |volume=28 |page=928 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[928:TSSOSD]2.0.CO;2 |title=The second specimen of ''Simocyon'' diaphorus(Kaup, 1832) (Mammalia, Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the type–locality Eppelsheim (Early late Miocene, Germany) |last1=Kullmer |first1=Ottmar |last2=Morlo |first2=Michael |last3=Sommer |first3=Jens |last4=Lutz |first4=Herbert |last5=Engel |first5=Thomas |last6=Forman |first6=Markus |last7=Holzförster |first7=Frank |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |issue=3 |s2cid=129956051 }}
*{{Cite journal|issn=0272-4634 |year=2008 |volume=28 |page=928 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[928:TSSOSD]2.0.CO;2 |title=The second specimen of ''Simocyon'' diaphorus(Kaup, 1832) (Mammalia, Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the type–locality Eppelsheim (Early late Miocene, Germany) |last1=Kullmer |first1=Ottmar |last2=Morlo |first2=Michael |last3=Sommer |first3=Jens |last4=Lutz |first4=Herbert |last5=Engel |first5=Thomas |last6=Forman |first6=Markus |last7=Holzförster |first7=Frank |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |issue=3 |s2cid=129956051 }}


{{Musteloidea|Mea.|state=collapsed}}
{{Musteloidea|Mea.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1607239}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q1607239|from2=Q3015313|from3=Q119361718|from4=Q119361740|from5=Q119361727}}


[[Category:Miocene carnivorans]]
[[Category:Miocene carnivorans]]

Latest revision as of 01:43, 22 November 2024

Simocyon
Temporal range: late Miocene to early Pliocene
Simocyon primigenius lower jaw at Musee d'Histoire Naturelle Paris.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Ailuridae
Subfamily: †Simocyoninae
Genus: †Simocyon
Wagner, 1858
Species
  • †S. batalleri (Viret, 1929)
  • †S. diaphorus (Kaup, 1832)
  • †?S. hungaricus Kretzoi in Kadic and Kretzoi, 1927
  • †S. primigenius (type species) (Roth and Wagner, 1854)
Synonyms
  • Amphalopex Kaup, 1861
  • Araeocyon Thorpe, 1922
  • Metarctos Gaudry, 1860

Simocyon ("short-snouted dog") is a genus of extinct carnivoran mammal in the family Ailuridae. Simocyon, which was about the size of a mountain lion, lived in the late Miocene and early Pliocene epochs, and has been found in Europe, Asia, and rarely, North America[1] and Africa.[2]

Classification

[edit]
Reconstructed skull and head

The relationship of Simocyon to other carnivores has been controversial, but studies of the structure of its ear, teeth, and ankle now indicate that its closest living relative is the red panda, Ailurus,[3][1] although it is different enough to be classified in a separate subfamily (Simocyoninae) along with related genera Alopecocyon and Actiocyon.

Palaeoecology

[edit]

While the red panda is primarily herbivorous, the teeth and skull of Simocyon indicate that it was carnivorous, and it may have engaged in some bone-crushing, like living hyenas.[1] The skeleton of Simocyon indicates that, like the red panda, it could climb trees,[4] although it probably also spent considerable time on the ground.[5] Simocyon and Ailurus both have a radial sesamoid, an unusual bone in the wrist that acts as a false thumb.[6] Its competitors during its time period were ailuropodine and tremarctine bears, nimravid false cats, and early canids and felids.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Peigné, S.; Salesa, M. J.; Antón, M.; Morales, J. (2005). "Ailurid carnivoran mammal Simocyon from the late Miocene of Spain and the systematics of the genus" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 50 (2): 219–238.
  2. ^ Howell, F. Clark; Garcia, Nuria (December 2007). "Carnivora (Mammalia) From Lemudong'o (Late Miocene: Narok District, Kenya)" (PDF). Kirtlandia. 556. Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Natural History: 121–139. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2009-10-15.
  3. ^ Wang, Xiaoming (1997). "New cranial material of Simocyon from China, and its implications for phylogenetic relationship to the red panda(Ailurus)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 17 (1): 184–198. Bibcode:1997JVPal..17..184W. doi:10.1080/02724634.1997.10010963.
  4. ^ Fabre, Anne-Claire; Salesa, Manuel J.; Cornette, Raphael; Antón, Mauricio; Morales, Jorge; Peigné, Stéphane (13 May 2015). "Quantitative inferences on the locomotor behaviour of extinct species applied to Simocyon batalleri (Ailuridae, Late Miocene, Spain)". The Science of Nature. 102 (5–6). doi:10.1007/s00114-015-1280-9. ISSN 0028-1042. Retrieved 21 November 2024 – via Springer Nature Link.
  5. ^ Salesa, M. J.; Antón, M.; Peigné, S.; Morales, J. (2008). "Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the late Miocene of Spain". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 152 (3): 593–621. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00370.x.
  6. ^ Salesa, Manuel J.; Antón, Mauricio; Peigné, Stéphane; Morales, Jorge (2006). "Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (2): 379–382. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..379S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0504899102. PMC 1326154. PMID 16387860.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Fabre, Anne-Claire; Salesa, Manuel J.; Cornette, Raphael; Antón, Mauricio; Morales, Jorge; Peigné, Stéphane (2015). "Quantitative inferences on the locomotor behaviour of extinct species applied to Simocyon batalleri (Ailuridae, Late Miocene, Spain)". The Science of Nature. 102 (5–6): 30. Bibcode:2015SciNa.102...30F. doi:10.1007/s00114-015-1280-9. PMID 25968493. S2CID 253632525.
  • Tedrow, A. R.; Baskin, J. A.; Robinson, S. F.; Gillette, D. D. (1999). "An additional occurrence of Simocyon (Mammalia, Carnivora, Procyonidae) in North America". Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah: 487–493.
  • Spassov, Nikolai; Geraads, Denis (2011). "A skull of Simocyon primigenius (Roth & Wagner, 1854) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the late Miocene of Karaslari (Republic of Macedonia), with remarks on the systematics and evolution of the genus". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 262 (2): 151–161. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2011/0188.
  • Kullmer, Ottmar; Morlo, Michael; Sommer, Jens; Lutz, Herbert; Engel, Thomas; Forman, Markus; Holzförster, Frank (2008). "The second specimen of Simocyon diaphorus(Kaup, 1832) (Mammalia, Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the type–locality Eppelsheim (Early late Miocene, Germany)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (3): 928. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[928:TSSOSD]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 129956051.
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