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A baking mix is a mixed formulation of ingredients used for the cooking of baked goods. Baking mixes may be commercially manufactured or homemade. Baking mixes that cater to particular dietary needs, such as vegan, gluten-free, or kosher baking mixes, can be bought in many places.

The global market for baking mixes, both for home and professional use, has been estimated at over US$1 billion in 2023.^[1]

Types

Baking mixes are produced for the preparation of specific foods such as breads, quick breads, pancakes, waffles,^[2] cakes, muffins, cookies, brownies^[3] pizza dough,^[4] biscuits^[5] and various desserts,^[6] among other foods. Some all-purpose baking mixes, including commercial and homemade varieties, can be used to prepare several types of baked goods,^[2]^[7] such as biscuits, pizza dough, muffins, cookies and pancakes,^[8] among others. Some bread baking mixes are formulated for use in a bread machine.^[9]

Ingredients in baking mixes may include flour, bread flour, baking powder, baking soda, yeast,^[3] sugar and salt, as well as others depending upon the food type. Gluten-free baking mixes may be prepared using rice flour in place of wheat flour.^[3]^[10] Dry baking mixes typically require the addition of water or milk, and may also require additional ingredients such as eggs, butter and cooking oil.

Commercially, the market is divided into dough mixes, complete mixes, and concentrates.^[11] A complete mix may be a powdered mixture that needs only water (or water and yeast) added. A concentrate contains flavorful ingredients such as spices and cocoa, but needs additional flour or other bulky ingredients added. Dough mixes are the most common.^[1]

Size

Some baking mixes are sold in bulk volumes, and the baker measures out the amount needed. In other cases, the mix is sold pre-measured in a commonly desired size, such as enough baking mix to make a particular size of cake. Around 2012, most large American manufacturers of cake mixes reduced the size of their standard cake mixes by about 15% by weight, as a result of rising prices for ingredients.^[12] This resulted in complaints from some customers about the mix making smaller cakes or fewer cupcakes.^[12] Betty Crocker and Pillsbury mixes shrank from 18.25 to 15.25 ounces (520 to 430 g). After the COVID-19 pandemic, another round of shrinkflation resulted in some mixes being reduced to as low as 13 ounces (another 15%).^[13]^[14]^[15] However, not all manufacturers followed this trend of reducing the amount to maintain the price; the King Arthur Baking Company, which makes premium-quality cake mixes, continued to produce 22-ounce (620 g) cake mixes.^[12]

The accumulated changes, which reduced the weight by about a quarter and added additional leavening agents, meant that some recipes based on combining standard-sized cake mixes with other ingredients, such as those in the Cake Mix Doctor cookbook by Anne Byrn, no longer worked.^[16]^[17] Some home bakers have attempted to compensate for this by adding flour, sugar, and other ingredients to the store-bought mix.^[18]

History

Aunt Jemima pancake mix, manufactured by the Pearl Milling Company in 1896, claims to be the first baking mix in the United States.^[19]

Brands and companies

Asia

The sale of baking mixes in Asia is due in part to urbanization and the adoption of Western baked goods as a hobby or social activity.^[1]

United States

About a quarter of all baking mixes are sold in North America.^[1] Major manufacturers include Archer Daniels Midland, Dawn Foods, and General Mills.^[1]

Brands

Arrowhead Mills^[20] is a brand of organic baking mixes, cereals, grains and nut butters. The company was founded in 1960 by nutritionist Frank Ford in Hereford, the seat of Deaf Smith County in the southern Texas Panhandle west of Amarillo, Texas. Many Arrowhead Mills products are certified at least 70 percent organic by the Texas Department of Agriculture (TDA) or Pro-Cert Organic Systems.

Atkins Nutritionals produces an all-purpose baking mix, along with several other foods.^[21] Dr. Atkins founded Atkins Nutritionals, Inc. in 1989 to promote the low-carbohydrate products of his increasingly popular Atkins diet. This diet was developed after Atkins read a research paper in the Journal of the American Medical Association published by Gordon Azar and Walter Lyons Bloom. Atkins used information from the study to resolve his own overweight condition.

General Mills owns the brand Betty Crocker, under which a variety of foods are purveyed, including baking mixes.^[22] Marjorie Husted was the creator of Betty Crocker. She was a home economist and businesswoman under whose supervision the image of Betty Crocker became an icon for General Mills. In 1921, Washburn Crosby merged with five or more other milling companies to form General Mills. There are a number of Betty Crocker-branded products, such as plastic food containers and measuring cups, and a line of small appliances like popcorn poppers and sandwich makers with the Betty Crocker brand name. It also owns the Pillsbury Company, which makes its own baking mixes.

Bisquick is a baking mix brand that was founded by Carl Smith in 1931. At the time, Smith was employed a sales executive for the General Mills, Inc. Sperry Division.^[23] Bisquick may be used to bake several foods, such as biscuits, pancakes, coffee cake^[24] and other baked goods. According to General Mills, Bisquick was invented in 1930 after one of their top sales executives met an innovative train dining car chef on a business trip. After the sales executive complimented the chef on his deliciously fresh biscuits, the dining car chef shared that he used a pre-mixed biscuit batter he created consisting of lard, flour, baking powder and salt. The chef then stored his pre-mixed biscuit batter on ice in his kitchen ahead of time, enabling him to bake fresh biscuits quickly on the train every day. As soon as the sales executive returned from that business trip, he stole the chef's idea and created Bisquick.

Bob's Red Mill is an American company that produces over 400 products, including baking mixes.^[6]^[25] The company is a producer of lines of natural, certified organic, and gluten-free milled grain products, billing itself as the "nation's leading miller of diverse whole-grain foods."^[26] In February 2010, owner Bob Moore transferred ownership of the company to his employees using an employee stock ownership plan.^[27]

Dassant is an American brand of baking mixes.^[28] The company was founded in 1980, with its specialization product the Classic Beer Bread. Dassant Truffle Brownie mix was first introduced in 1987. Since then it has been reviewed by numerous publications. In January 2012, Woman's World Magazine called the mixes the "holy grail of brownie mixes".^[29] In early 2012, the company introduced a line of baking mixes including pancakes, cookies, carrot cake and pumpkin bread.^[30]

Jiffy mix is a baking mix brand produced and owned by the Chelsea Milling Company in Chelsea, Michigan.^[31] Jiffy mix has been produced since 1930.^[31] As of 2015, 19 mixes are produced, which are distributed to all of the U.S. states, and in 32 countries.^[31]^[32] Most of the company's products are handled, processed and produced in-house, which includes grain storage, the grinding of grains into flour, product mixing and box manufacturing.^[32]^[33]

Martha White is an American brand under which several baking mixes are purveyed.^[34] The Martha White brand was established as the premium brand of Nashville, Tennessee-based Royal Flour Mills in 1899.^[35] At that time, Nashville businessman Richard Lindsey introduced a fine flour that he named for his daughter, Martha White Lindsey.^[36] The Martha White brand is probably most associated with its long-term sponsorship of the Grand Ole Opry, a radio program featuring country music.^[35]

Companies

Auntie Anne's is an American chain of pretzel bakeries that also produces a pretzel baking mix.^[37] The chain started as a market stand in the Downingtown, Pennsylvania Farmer's Market.

Cherrybrook Kitchen is a company that produces baking mixes^[38] and other baking products. The company was founded in response to the growing number of children and adults diagnosed with food allergies. 11 million adults and children are affected by peanut, dairy, egg and nut allergens, while approximately one in 133 Americans suffers from celiac disease.^[39]^{[dead link‍]}

The King Arthur Baking Company is an American supplier of flour,^[40] baking mixes,^[25] baked goods and cookbooks. The company was founded in 1790 in Boston, Massachusetts by Henry Wood. In 1996 the company's name was changed to The King Arthur Flour Co. to reflect its principal brand, and also converted to an employee-owned business structure. The employee-owned company has been named one of the Best Places to Work in Vermont every year since the inception of the award in 2006.^[41]

Conagra Brands is an American packaged foods company that owns the Duncan Hines brand, which includes cake mixes.^[42] Duncan Hines (March 26, 1880 – March 15, 1959) was an American pioneer of restaurant ratings for travelers. He is best known today for the brand of food products that bears his name. In 1952, Hines introduced Duncan Hines bread through the Durkee's Bakery Company of Homer, New York. Principals Michael C. Antil Sr., Albert Durkee, and Lena Durkee were the bakery proprietors. This was Duncan Hines' first foray into baked goods. In 1957, Nebraska Consolidated Mills, who at the time owned the cake mix license, sold the cake mix business to the U.S. consumer products company Procter & Gamble. The company expanded the business to the national market and added a series of related products.

Streit's is a kosher food company based in New York City that produces 11 cake mixes.^[43] The company also produces pancake mixes and many other foods. The company was founded in 1916 by Aron Streit, a Jewish immigrant from Austria. Its first factory was on Pitt Street in the Lower East Side of Manhattan. The company's 47,000-square-foot (4,400 m²) matzo factory, along with Katz's Delicatessen and Yonah Schimmel's Knish Bakery, is a surviving piece of the Lower East Side's Jewish heritage.^[44]

Europe

Baking mixes sold in Europe account for about 30% of the global market.^[1] Major manufacturers such as the Irish Kerry Group and the Belgian Puratos Group were founded there.^[1]

Germany

Dr. Oetker is a German company that also produces cake mixes which are sold in various other countries.

Baking mixes
An advertisement for Henry Jones Self-Raising Flour, Bristol, UK (between circa 1845 and circa 1880)
A spicy baking mix in Hong Kong

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Bakery Premixes Market Size, Share & Trends Report, 2030". Grand View Research. Retrieved November 22, 2024.
^ ^a ^b Perillo, J. (2013). Homemade with Love: Simple Scratch Cooking from in Jennie's Kitchen. Running Press. ISBN 978-0-7624-4723-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c Layton, McFadden; Larsen, L. (2011). Gluten-Free Baking For Dummies. For Dummies. Wiley. pp. 151–168. ISBN 978-1-118-07773-3.
^ Davis, W. (2013). Wheat Belly 30-Minute (Or Less!) Cookbook: 200 Quick and Simple Recipes to Lose the Wheat, Lose the Weight, and Find Your Path Back to Health. Rodale Books. p. 185. ISBN 978-1-62336-208-9.
^ Heeren, M. (2014). 10 Ways to Use Biscuit Mix (Recipe Book). MicJames. p. 9.
^ ^a ^b Qualizza, Jill Russell (September 3, 2014). "Bakery Trends Go Back to Basics". Food Processing. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
^ Wilbur, T. (2009). Top Secret Recipes Unlocked: All New Home Clones of America's Favorite Brand-Name Foods. Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-101-15242-3.
^ Better Baking Mix. Washington State University College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences. Revised March 2006. Accessed June 6, 2015.
^ Dailey, Pat (November 29, 1995). "Have a bread machine, and although it is very easy to..." Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
^ great, Rice flour (March 9, 2011). "Rice flour great for gluten-free baking (and onion rings)". The Press of Atlantic City. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
^ "Bakery Premixes Market Size, Share & Trends Report, 2030". www.grandviewresearch.com. Retrieved November 22, 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c Popken, Ben (August 1, 2013). "Cupcake conundrum: Cake mixes shrinking along with other favorite products". TODAY.com. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
^ Lichty, Emily (November 4, 2024). "Your Boxed Cake Mix Might Have Changed—Here's What It Means For Your Baking". Allrecipes. Retrieved November 22, 2024.
^ Wright, Michelle (May 7, 2024). "Shrinkflation hits the sweet tooth: Customers finding smaller cake mixes". WTAE. Retrieved November 22, 2024.
^ Badalaty, Gina (December 24, 2023). "16 Popular Groceries That Have Been Hit By Shrinkflation". Tasting Table. Retrieved November 22, 2024.
^ Valdespino, Anne (November 10, 2021). "Why Anne Byrn, the Cake Mix Doctor, has 'A New Take on Cake'". Orange County Register. Retrieved November 22, 2024.
^ Domrongchai, Ali (October 21, 2024). "The 70-Year-Old Beloved Boxed Mix Grandmas Won't Be Buying This Holiday Season". Kitchn. Retrieved November 22, 2024.
^ Domrongchai, Ali (November 9, 2024). "I Tried This Decades-Old Boxed Mix Trick, and I'll Never Bake Cake Another Way (Makes Them as Good as They Used to Be!)". Kitchn. Retrieved November 22, 2024.
^ Best Pancake Mixes: Whole Grain & Multigrain - Page 2: Pancake Definition & History
^ Ford, F. (1974). The simpler life cookbook from Arrowhead Mills. Harvest Press. ISBN 978-0-930718-00-8.
^ "Atkins Nutritionals Holdings, Inc.: Private Company Information". Bloomberg Businessweek. June 6, 2015. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
^ Sutherland, Brooke (March 20, 2015). "General Mills' Rut Could Put Betty Crocker on Notice: Real M&A". Bloomberg Business. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
^ Jorgensen, J. (1994). Encyclopedia of Consumer Brands: Consumable Products. Encyclopedia of consumer brands. Saint James Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-55862-336-1. Quote: "Bisquick brand of baking mix founded in 1931 by Carl Smith, a sales executive of the Sperry Division of General Mills, Inc., who discovered the "instant mix" idea in 1930 in the dining car of a train; Bisquick name coined by ..."
^ Johnson, F.K. 101 Simple Coffee Cake Recipes. Fraser Keith Johnson. p. 11.
^ ^a ^b Griepentrog, Troy (June 1, 2015). "Gluten-Free Baking Mixes and Other Gluten-Free Products". Mother Earth News. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
^ Strom, Shelly. Taking Red Mill global. Portland Business Journal, February 18, 2005.
^ Tims, Dana (February 16, 2010). "Founder of Bob's Red Mill Natural Foods transfers business to employees". The Oregonian. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
^ "Adweek". Volume 29, Issues 31–39. A/S/M Communications. 1988. p. 194. Retrieved June 5, 2015.
^ "You Deserve the Best....Brownie Mix!". Woman's World. January 30, 2012. Truffle-packed indulgence
^ "Dassant Introduces a New Face in Premium Baking Mixes" (Press release). Yahoo News. February 1, 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c Pardo, Steve (April 30, 2015). "Happy 85th birthday, Jiffy mix". The Detroit News. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
^ ^a ^b Seguin, Nichole (October 31, 2013). "Made in Michigan: Chelsea's Jiffy expansion means a lot more muffins". Chelsea Standard. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
^ Karol, Gabrielle (August 19, 2013). "Jiffy Mix Recipe: If it Works, Leave it Alone". Fox Business. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
^ "Company News; Pillsbury to Acquire Tennessee Baking Mix Business". The New York Times. July 20, 1994. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
^ ^a ^b Samuelson, Dave (2012). "Martha White Flour". In P. Kingsbury, M. McCall & J. Rumble (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Oxford University Press. pp. 1281–1283. ISBN 978-0-19-992083-9. Retrieved September 23, 2013.
^ Sheckler Finch, Jackie (2009). Nashville. Globe Pequot. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-7627-5567-7. Retrieved September 24, 2013.
^ Omazic, Tamara (November 12, 2013). "Auntie Anne's in Your Kitchen? Brand Expands Baking Mix". QSR magazine. Retrieved June 6, 2015.
^ Pascal, C. (2010). Allergen-Free Baker's Handbook. Potter/TenSpeed/Harmony. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-58761-375-3.
^ "SPINS". SPINS. Retrieved August 15, 2011.
^ Anderson, D.A.; Sands, F. (2004). King Arthur Flour Company. Images of America. Arcadia Pub. ISBN 978-0-7385-3626-2.
^ "Best Places to Work in Vermont". The Best Companies Group, Inc. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
^ Hatchett, L. (2001). Duncan Hines: The Man Behind the Cake Mix. Mercer University Press. ISBN 978-0-86554-773-5.
^ Travers, L. (2006). Encyclopedia of American holidays and national days. Encyclopedia of American Holidays and National Days. Greenwood Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-313-33131-2.
^ Snyder, Tamar (2007). "Streit's Leaving Lower East Side". The Jewish Week News. Archived from the original on February 21, 2008. Retrieved March 3, 2008.

External links

[:1-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Bakery Premixes Market Size, Share & Trends Report, 2030". Grand View Research. Retrieved November 22, 2024.

[Perillo_2013_p._20-2] Perillo, J. (2013). Homemade with Love: Simple Scratch Cooking from in Jennie's Kitchen. Running Press. ISBN 978-0-7624-4723-7.

[Layton_Larsen_2011_p._151-3] Layton, McFadden; Larsen, L. (2011). Gluten-Free Baking For Dummies. For Dummies. Wiley. pp. 151–168. ISBN 978-1-118-07773-3.

[Davis_2013_p._185-4] Davis, W. (2013). Wheat Belly 30-Minute (Or Less!) Cookbook: 200 Quick and Simple Recipes to Lose the Wheat, Lose the Weight, and Find Your Path Back to Health. Rodale Books. p. 185. ISBN 978-1-62336-208-9.

[Heeren_2014_p._9-5] Heeren, M. (2014). 10 Ways to Use Biscuit Mix (Recipe Book). MicJames. p. 9.

[Qualizza_2014-6] Qualizza, Jill Russell (September 3, 2014). "Bakery Trends Go Back to Basics". Food Processing. Retrieved June 6, 2015.

[Wilbur_2009-7] Wilbur, T. (2009). Top Secret Recipes Unlocked: All New Home Clones of America's Favorite Brand-Name Foods. Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-101-15242-3.

[WSU-8] Better Baking Mix. Washington State University College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences. Revised March 2006. Accessed June 6, 2015.

[Dailey_1995-9] Dailey, Pat (November 29, 1995). "Have a bread machine, and although it is very easy to..." Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved June 6, 2015.

[great_2011-10] reat, Rice flour (March 9, 2011). "Rice flour great for gluten-free baking (and onion rings)". The Press of Atlantic City. Retrieved June 6, 2015.

[11] "Bakery Premixes Market Size, Share & Trends Report, 2030". www.grandviewresearch.com. Retrieved November 22, 2024.

[:0-12] Popken, Ben (August 1, 2013). "Cupcake conundrum: Cake mixes shrinking along with other favorite products". TODAY.com. Retrieved March 6, 2017.

[13] Lichty, Emily (November 4, 2024). "Your Boxed Cake Mix Might Have Changed—Here's What It Means For Your Baking". Allrecipes. Retrieved November 22, 2024.

[14] Wright, Michelle (May 7, 2024). "Shrinkflation hits the sweet tooth: Customers finding smaller cake mixes". WTAE. Retrieved November 22, 2024.

[15] Badalaty, Gina (December 24, 2023). "16 Popular Groceries That Have Been Hit By Shrinkflation". Tasting Table. Retrieved November 22, 2024.

[16] Valdespino, Anne (November 10, 2021). "Why Anne Byrn, the Cake Mix Doctor, has 'A New Take on Cake'". Orange County Register. Retrieved November 22, 2024.

[17] Domrongchai, Ali (October 21, 2024). "The 70-Year-Old Beloved Boxed Mix Grandmas Won't Be Buying This Holiday Season". Kitchn. Retrieved November 22, 2024.

[18] Domrongchai, Ali (November 9, 2024). "I Tried This Decades-Old Boxed Mix Trick, and I'll Never Bake Cake Another Way (Makes Them as Good as They Used to Be!)". Kitchn. Retrieved November 22, 2024.

[19] Best Pancake Mixes: Whole Grain & Multigrain - Page 2: Pancake Definition & History

[Ford_1974-20] Ford, F. (1974). The simpler life cookbook from Arrowhead Mills. Harvest Press. ISBN 978-0-930718-00-8.

[Businessweek.com_2015-21] "Atkins Nutritionals Holdings, Inc.: Private Company Information". Bloomberg Businessweek. June 6, 2015. Retrieved June 6, 2015.

[Sutherland_2015-22] Sutherland, Brooke (March 20, 2015). "General Mills' Rut Could Put Betty Crocker on Notice: Real M&A". Bloomberg Business. Retrieved June 6, 2015.

[Jorgensen_1994-23] Jorgensen, J. (1994). Encyclopedia of Consumer Brands: Consumable Products. Encyclopedia of consumer brands. Saint James Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-55862-336-1. Quote: "Bisquick brand of baking mix founded in 1931 by Carl Smith, a sales executive of the Sperry Division of General Mills, Inc., who discovered the "instant mix" idea in 1930 in the dining car of a train; Bisquick name coined by ..."

[Johnson_p._11-24] Johnson, F.K. 101 Simple Coffee Cake Recipes. Fraser Keith Johnson. p. 11.

[Griepentrog_2015-25] Griepentrog, Troy (June 1, 2015). "Gluten-Free Baking Mixes and Other Gluten-Free Products". Mother Earth News. Retrieved June 6, 2015.

[pbj-26] Strom, Shelly. Taking Red Mill global. Portland Business Journal, February 18, 2005.

[transfer-27] Tims, Dana (February 16, 2010). "Founder of Bob's Red Mill Natural Foods transfers business to employees". The Oregonian. Retrieved February 17, 2010.

[Adweek-28] "Adweek". Volume 29, Issues 31–39. A/S/M Communications. 1988. p. 194. Retrieved June 5, 2015.

[29] "You Deserve the Best....Brownie Mix!". Woman's World. January 30, 2012. Truffle-packed indulgence

[30] "Dassant Introduces a New Face in Premium Baking Mixes" (Press release). Yahoo News. February 1, 2012.

[Detroit_News_2015-31] Pardo, Steve (April 30, 2015). "Happy 85th birthday, Jiffy mix". The Detroit News. Retrieved May 31, 2015.

[Seguin_2013-32] Seguin, Nichole (October 31, 2013). "Made in Michigan: Chelsea's Jiffy expansion means a lot more muffins". Chelsea Standard. Retrieved May 31, 2015.

[Karol_2013-33] Karol, Gabrielle (August 19, 2013). "Jiffy Mix Recipe: If it Works, Leave it Alone". Fox Business. Retrieved May 31, 2015.

[AP_1994-34] "Company News; Pillsbury to Acquire Tennessee Baking Mix Business". The New York Times. July 20, 1994. Retrieved June 6, 2015.

[Samuelson-35] Samuelson, Dave (2012). "Martha White Flour". In P. Kingsbury, M. McCall & J. Rumble (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Oxford University Press. pp. 1281–1283. ISBN 978-0-19-992083-9. Retrieved September 23, 2013.

[Finch2009-36] Sheckler Finch, Jackie (2009). Nashville. Globe Pequot. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-7627-5567-7. Retrieved September 24, 2013.

[Omazic_2013-37] Omazic, Tamara (November 12, 2013). "Auntie Anne's in Your Kitchen? Brand Expands Baking Mix". QSR magazine. Retrieved June 6, 2015.

[Pascal_2010_p._2-38] Pascal, C. (2010). Allergen-Free Baker's Handbook. Potter/TenSpeed/Harmony. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-58761-375-3.

[39] "SPINS". SPINS. Retrieved August 15, 2011.

[Anderson_Sands_2004-40] Anderson, D.A.; Sands, F. (2004). King Arthur Flour Company. Images of America. Arcadia Pub. ISBN 978-0-7385-3626-2.

[41] "Best Places to Work in Vermont". The Best Companies Group, Inc. Retrieved August 26, 2014.

[Hatchett_2001-42] Hatchett, L. (2001). Duncan Hines: The Man Behind the Cake Mix. Mercer University Press. ISBN 978-0-86554-773-5.

[Travers_2006-43] Travers, L. (2006). Encyclopedia of American holidays and national days. Encyclopedia of American Holidays and National Days. Greenwood Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-313-33131-2.

[StreitMove-44] Snyder, Tamar (2007). "Streit's Leaving Lower East Side". The Jewish Week News. Archived from the original on February 21, 2008. Retrieved March 3, 2008.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Dry foodstuff used in baking}}
+{{use mdy dates |date=February 2023}}
+{{Redirect|Prepared mix|prepared mixes for drinks|Drink mixer#Prepared mix}}
 [[File:Cake mix in plastic packet photo.JPG|thumb|The contents of a chocolate cake baking mix]]
-[[File:A cake baking mix being mixed together.jpg|thumb|A cake baking mix being mixed together]]
+[[File:A cake baking mix being mixed together.jpg|thumb|[[Duncan Hines#Legacy|Duncan Hines]] baking cake mix being mixed together]]
-A '''baking mix''' is a pre-mixed formulation of ingredients used for the cooking of [[baked goods]]. Baking mixes may be commercially manufactured or homemade. Baking mixes that cater to particular dietary needs, such as [[Gluten-free diet|gluten-free]] baking mixes or [[Kosher foods|kosher]] baking mixes, can be bought in many places.
+A '''baking mix''' is a mixed formulation of ingredients used for the cooking of [[baked goods]]. Baking mixes may be commercially manufactured or homemade. Baking mixes that cater to particular dietary needs, such as [[vegan]], [[Gluten-free diet|gluten-free]], or [[Kosher foods|kosher]] baking mixes, can be bought in many places.
+The global market for baking mixes, both for home and professional use, has been estimated at over US$1 billion in 2023.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Bakery Premixes Market Size, Share & Trends Report, 2030 |url=https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/bakery-premixes-market-report |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Grand View Research |language=en}}</ref>
 == Types ==
 Baking mixes are produced for the preparation of specific foods such as breads, quick breads, pancakes, waffles,<ref name="Perillo 2013 p. 20" /> cakes, muffins, cookies, brownies<ref name="Layton Larsen 2011 p. 151" /> pizza dough,<ref name="Davis 2013 p. 185" /> biscuits<ref name="Heeren 2014 p. 9" /> and various desserts,<ref name="Qualizza 2014" /> among other foods. Some all-purpose baking mixes, including commercial and homemade varieties, can be used to prepare several types of baked goods,<ref name="Perillo 2013 p. 20" /><ref name="Wilbur 2009" /> such as biscuits, pizza dough, muffins, cookies and pancakes,<ref name="WSU" /> among others. Some bread baking mixes are formulated for use in a [[bread machine]].<ref name="Dailey 1995" />
-Ingredients in baking mixes may include flour, bread flour, baking powder, baking soda, yeast,<ref name="Layton Larsen 2011 p. 151" /> sugar and salt, as well as others depending upon the food type.  Gluten-free baking mixes may be prepared using [[rice flour]] in place of wheat flour.<ref name="Layton Larsen 2011 p. 151" /><ref name="great 2011" />  Dry baking mixes typically require the addition of water or milk, and may also require additional ingredients such as eggs and cooking oil.
+Ingredients in baking mixes may include flour, bread flour, baking powder, baking soda, yeast,<ref name="Layton Larsen 2011 p. 151" /> sugar and salt, as well as others depending upon the food type.  Gluten-free baking mixes may be prepared using [[rice flour]] in place of wheat flour.<ref name="Layton Larsen 2011 p. 151" /><ref name="great 2011" />  Dry baking mixes typically require the addition of water or milk, and may also require additional ingredients such as eggs, butter and cooking oil.
+Commercially, the market is divided into ''dough mixes'', ''complete mixes'', and ''concentrates''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bakery Premixes Market Size, Share & Trends Report, 2030 |url=https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/bakery-premixes-market-report |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=www.grandviewresearch.com |language=en}}</ref>  A complete mix may be a powdered mixture that needs only water (or water and yeast) added.  A concentrate contains flavorful ingredients such as spices and cocoa, but needs additional flour or other bulky ingredients added.  Dough mixes are the most common.<ref name=":1" />
 ==Size==
+[[File:Packet, food product (AM 2015.4.51-1).jpg|thumb|right|Betty Crocker orange madeira cake mix, New Zealand, 1940s-70s.]]
-Some baking mixes are sold in bulk volumes, and the baker measures out the amount needed.  In other cases, the mix is sold pre-measured in a commonly desired size, such as enough baking mix to make a particular size of cake.  Around 2012, most large American manufacturers of cake mixes reduced the size of their standard cake mixes by about 15% by weight, as a result of rising prices for ingredients.<ref name=":0" />  This resulted in complaints from some customers about the mix making smaller cakes or fewer cupcakes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.today.com/money/cupcake-conundrum-cake-mixes-shrinking-along-other-favorite-products-6C10798951|title=Cupcake conundrum: Cake mixes shrinking along with other favorite products|last=Popken|first=Ben|date=1 August 2013|work=TODAY.com|access-date=2017-03-06|language=en}}</ref>  Betty Crocker and [[Pillsbury Company|Pillsbury]] mixes shrank from 18.25 ounces to 15.25 ounces.  However, not all manufacturers followed this trend of reducing the amount to maintain the price; the King Arthur Flour Company, which makes premium-quality cake mixes, continued to produce 22-ounce cake mixes.<ref name=":0" />
+Some baking mixes are sold in bulk volumes, and the baker measures out the amount needed. In other cases, the mix is sold pre-measured in a commonly desired size, such as enough baking mix to make a particular size of cake. Around 2012, most large American manufacturers of cake mixes [[Shrinkflation|reduced the size of their standard cake mixes]] by about 15% by weight, as a result of rising prices for ingredients.<ref name=":0" />  This resulted in complaints from some customers about the mix making smaller cakes or fewer cupcakes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.today.com/money/cupcake-conundrum-cake-mixes-shrinking-along-other-favorite-products-6C10798951|title=Cupcake conundrum: Cake mixes shrinking along with other favorite products|last=Popken|first=Ben|date=1 August 2013|work=TODAY.com|access-date=2017-03-06|language=en}}</ref> Betty Crocker and [[Pillsbury Company|Pillsbury]] mixes shrank from {{convert|18.25|to|15.25|oz|g|-1}}.  After the COVID-19 pandemic, another round of [[shrinkflation]] resulted in some mixes being reduced to as low as 13 ounces (another 15%).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lichty |first=Emily |date=4 November 2024 |title=Your Boxed Cake Mix Might Have Changed—Here’s What It Means For Your Baking |url=https://www.allrecipes.com/smaller-boxed-cake-mixes-8735319 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Allrecipes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wright |first=Michelle |date=2024-05-07 |title=Shrinkflation hits the sweet tooth: Customers finding smaller cake mixes |url=https://www.wtae.com/article/shrinkflation-hits-the-sweet-tooth-customers-finding-smaller-cake-mixes/60713075 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=WTAE |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Badalaty |first=Gina |date=2023-12-24 |title=16 Popular Groceries That Have Been Hit By Shrinkflation |url=https://www.tastingtable.com/1472633/popular-groceries-hit-by-shrinkflation/ |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Tasting Table |language=en-US}}</ref> However, not all manufacturers followed this trend of reducing the amount to maintain the price; the [[King Arthur Baking]] Company, which makes premium-quality cake mixes, continued to produce {{convert|22|oz|g|-1|adj=on}} cake mixes.<ref name=":0" />
+The accumulated changes, which reduced the weight by about a quarter and added additional [[leavening agents]], meant that some recipes based on combining standard-sized cake mixes with other ingredients, such as those in the [[Cake Mix Doctor|''Cake Mix Doctor'']] cookbook by [[Anne Byrn]], no longer worked.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Valdespino |first=Anne |date=2021-11-10 |title=Why Anne Byrn, the Cake Mix Doctor, has ‘A New Take on Cake’ |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2021/11/10/why-anne-byrn-the-cake-mix-doctor-has-a-new-take-on-cake/ |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Orange County Register |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Domrongchai |first=Ali |date=21 October 2024 |title=The 70-Year-Old Beloved Boxed Mix Grandmas Won't Be Buying This Holiday Season |url=https://www.thekitchn.com/grandmas-arent-buying-boxed-cake-mix-23687784 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Kitchn |language=en}}</ref>  Some home bakers have attempted to compensate for this by adding flour, sugar, and other ingredients to the store-bought mix.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Domrongchai |first=Ali |date=9 November 2024 |title=I Tried This Decades-Old Boxed Mix Trick, and I’ll Never Bake Cake Another Way (Makes Them as Good as They Used to Be!) |url=https://www.thekitchn.com/upsize-boxed-cake-mix-trick-23691101 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Kitchn |language=en}}</ref>
+==History==
+[[Aunt Jemima]] [[pancake mix]], manufactured by the Pearl Milling Company in 1896, claims to be the first baking mix in the United States.<ref>[https://www.thenibble.com/reviews/main/cereals/pancake-mix2.asp Best Pancake Mixes: Whole Grain & Multigrain - Page 2: Pancake Definition & History]</ref>
 ==Brands and companies==
+=== Asia ===
+The sale of baking mixes in Asia is due in part to [[urbanization]] and the adoption of Western baked goods as a hobby or social activity.<ref name=":1" />
 ===United States===
+About a quarter of all baking mixes are sold in North America.<ref name=":1" />  Major manufacturers include [[Archer Daniels Midland]], [[Dawn Foods]], and [[General Mills]].<ref name=":1" />
 ====Brands====
 [[Arrowhead Mills]]<ref name="Ford 1974"/> is a [[brand]] of [[Organic food|organic]] baking mixes, cereals, grains and nut butters. The company was founded in 1960 by [[nutritionist]] [[Frank Ford (farmer)|Frank Ford]] in [[Hereford, Texas|Hereford]], the seat of [[Deaf Smith County, Texas|Deaf Smith County]] in the southern [[Texas Panhandle]] west of [[Amarillo, Texas|Amarillo]], [[Texas]]. Many Arrowhead Mills products are certified at least 70 percent organic by the Texas Department of Agriculture (TDA) or Pro-Cert Organic Systems.
@@ Line 30: / Line 50: @@
 [[Jiffy mix]] is a baking mix brand produced and owned by the Chelsea Milling Company in Chelsea, Michigan.<ref name="Detroit News 2015"/> Jiffy mix has been produced since 1930.<ref name="Detroit News 2015"/> As of 2015, 19 mixes are produced, which are distributed to all of the U.S. states, and in 32 countries.<ref name="Detroit News 2015"/><ref name="Seguin 2013"/> Most of the company's products are handled, processed and produced in-house, which includes grain storage, the grinding of grains into flour, product mixing and box manufacturing.<ref name="Seguin 2013"/><ref name="Karol 2013"/>
-[[Martha White]] is an American brand under which several baking mixes are purveyed.<ref name="AP 1994"/> The Martha White brand was established as the premium brand of [[Nashville, Tennessee]]-based Royal Flour Mills in 1899.<ref name="Samuelson">{{cite book|last=Samuelson|first=Dave|editor=P. Kingsbury, M. McCall & J. Rumble|title=The Encyclopedia of Country Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLZz02EzmBYC&pg=PT1282|accessdate=23 September 2013|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-992083-9|pages=1281–1283|chapter=Martha White Flour}}</ref> At that time, Nashville businessman Richard Lindsey introduced a fine flour that he named for his daughter, Martha White Lindsey.<ref name="Finch2009">{{cite book|last=Sheckler Finch|first=Jackie|title=Nashville|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4_NxE3TPiJsC&pg=PA81|accessdate=24 September 2013|year=2009|publisher=Globe Pequot|isbn=978-0-7627-5567-7|page=81}}</ref> The Martha White brand is probably most associated with its long-term sponsorship of the [[Grand Ole Opry]], a [[radio]] program featuring [[country music]].<ref name="Samuelson" />
+[[Martha White]] is an American brand under which several baking mixes are purveyed.<ref name="AP 1994"/> The Martha White brand was established as the premium brand of [[Nashville, Tennessee]]-based Royal Flour Mills in 1899.<ref name="Samuelson">{{cite book|last=Samuelson|first=Dave|editor=P. Kingsbury, M. McCall & J. Rumble|title=The Encyclopedia of Country Music|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLZz02EzmBYC&pg=PT1282|accessdate=23 September 2013|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-992083-9|pages=1281–1283|chapter=Martha White Flour}}</ref> At that time, Nashville businessman Richard Lindsey introduced a fine flour that he named for his daughter, Martha White Lindsey.<ref name="Finch2009">{{cite book|last=Sheckler Finch|first=Jackie|title=Nashville|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4_NxE3TPiJsC&pg=PA81|accessdate=24 September 2013|year=2009|publisher=Globe Pequot|isbn=978-0-7627-5567-7|page=81}}</ref> The Martha White brand is probably most associated with its long-term sponsorship of the [[Grand Ole Opry]], a [[radio]] program featuring [[country music]].<ref name="Samuelson" />
 ====Companies====
-[[Auntie Anne's]] is an American [[Chain store|chain]] of [[pretzel]] bakeries that also produces a pretzel baking mix.<ref name="Omazic 2013"/> The chain started as a market stand in the [[Downingtown, Pennsylvania]] Farmer's Market. Auntie Anne's now has over 300 [[Franchising|franchisees]] with more than 1,500 locations in the United States and more than 23 countries globally.
+[[Auntie Anne's]] is an American [[Chain store|chain]] of [[pretzel]] bakeries that also produces a pretzel baking mix.<ref name="Omazic 2013"/> The chain started as a market stand in the [[Downingtown, Pennsylvania]] Farmer's Market.
-[[Cherrybrook Kitchen]] is a company that produces baking mixes<ref name="Pascal 2010 p. 2"/> and other baking products. The company was founded in response to the growing number of children and adults diagnosed with [[food allergies]]. 11 million adults and children are affected by peanut, dairy, egg and nut [[allergens]], while approximately one in 133 Americans suffers from [[coeliac disease|celiac disease]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spins.com |title=SPINS |publisher=SPINS |date= |accessdate=August 15, 2011}}</ref>
+[[Cherrybrook Kitchen]] is a company that produces baking mixes<ref name="Pascal 2010 p. 2"/> and other baking products. The company was founded in response to the growing number of children and adults diagnosed with [[food allergies]]. 11 million adults and children are affected by peanut, dairy, egg and nut [[allergens]], while approximately one in 133 Americans suffers from [[coeliac disease|celiac disease]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spins.com |title=SPINS |publisher=SPINS |date= |accessdate=August 15, 2011}}</ref>{{Dead link|date=November 2024}}
-The [[King Arthur Flour|King Arthur Flour Company]] is an American supplier of flour,<ref name="Anderson Sands 2004"/> baking mixes,<ref name="Griepentrog 2015"/> baked goods and cookbooks. The company was founded in 1790 in Boston, Massachusetts by Henry Wood. In 1996 the company's name was changed to The King Arthur Flour Co. to reflect its principal brand, and also converted to an [[employee stock ownership plan|employee-owned business]] structure. The employee-owned company has been named one of the Best Places to Work in Vermont every year since the inception of the award in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Best Places to Work in Vermont|url=http://bestplacestoworkinvt.com|publisher=The Best Companies Group, Inc|accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref>
+The [[King Arthur Baking|King Arthur Baking Company]] is an American supplier of flour,<ref name="Anderson Sands 2004"/> baking mixes,<ref name="Griepentrog 2015"/> baked goods and cookbooks. The company was founded in 1790 in Boston, Massachusetts by Henry Wood. In 1996 the company's name was changed to The King Arthur Flour Co. to reflect its principal brand, and also converted to an [[employee stock ownership plan|employee-owned business]] structure. The employee-owned company has been named one of the Best Places to Work in Vermont every year since the inception of the award in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Best Places to Work in Vermont|url=http://bestplacestoworkinvt.com|publisher=The Best Companies Group, Inc|accessdate=26 August 2014}}</ref>
-[[Pinnacle Foods]] is an American packaged foods company that owns the [[Duncan Hines]] brand, which includes cake mixes.<ref name="Hatchett 2001"/> Duncan Hines (March 26, 1880 &ndash; March 15, 1959) was an [[United States|American]] pioneer of restaurant ratings for travelers. He is best known today for the brand of food products that bears his name. In 1952, Hines introduced Duncan Hines bread through the Durkee's Bakery Company of [[Homer, New York|Homer]], [[New York (state)|New York]]. Principals Michael C. Antil Sr., Albert Durkee, and Lena Durkee were the bakery proprietors. This was Duncan Hines' first foray into baked goods. In 1957, Nebraska Consolidated Mills, who at the time owned the cake mix license, sold the cake mix business to the U.S. consumer products company [[Procter & Gamble]]. The company expanded the business to the national market and added a series of related products.
+[[Conagra Brands]] is an American packaged foods company that owns the [[Duncan Hines]] brand, which includes cake mixes.<ref name="Hatchett 2001"/> Duncan Hines (March 26, 1880 &ndash; March 15, 1959) was an American pioneer of restaurant ratings for travelers. He is best known today for the brand of food products that bears his name. In 1952, Hines introduced Duncan Hines bread through the Durkee's Bakery Company of [[Homer, New York|Homer]], [[New York (state)|New York]]. Principals Michael C. Antil Sr., Albert Durkee, and Lena Durkee were the bakery proprietors. This was Duncan Hines' first foray into baked goods. In 1957, Nebraska Consolidated Mills, who at the time owned the cake mix license, sold the cake mix business to the U.S. consumer products company [[Procter & Gamble]]. The company expanded the business to the national market and added a series of related products.
-[[Streit's]] is a [[kosher]] food company based in New York City that produces 11 cake mixes.<ref name="Travers 2006"/> The company also produces pancake mixes and many other foods. The company was founded in 1916 by Aron Streit, a [[Jewish]] [[immigrant]] from [[Austria]]. Its first factory was on Pitt Street in the [[Lower East Side]] of [[Manhattan]]. The company's {{convert|47000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} [[matzo]] factory, along with [[Katz's Deli|Katz’s Delicatessen]] and [[Yonah Shimmel's Knish Bakery|Yonah Schimmel’s Knish Bakery]], is a surviving piece of the Lower East Side's Jewish heritage.<ref name="StreitMove">{{Cite web
+[[Streit's]] is a [[kosher]] food company based in New York City that produces 11 cake mixes.<ref name="Travers 2006"/> The company also produces pancake mixes and many other foods. The company was founded in 1916 by Aron Streit, a [[Jewish]] [[immigrant]] from Austria. Its first factory was on Pitt Street in the [[Lower East Side]] of [[Manhattan]]. The company's {{convert|47000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} [[Matzah|matzo]] factory, along with [[Katz's Deli]]catessen and [[Yonah Shimmel's Knish Bakery|Yonah Schimmel's Knish Bakery]], is a surviving piece of the Lower East Side's Jewish heritage.<ref name="StreitMove">{{Cite web
  |url         = http://www.thejewishweek.com/viewArticle/c36_a1532/News/New_York.html
- |title       = Streit’s Leaving Lower East Side
+ |title       = Streit's Leaving Lower East Side
  |publisher   = The Jewish Week News
  |author      = Snyder, Tamar
@@ Line 51: / Line 71: @@
  |archivedate = 2008-02-21
  |url-status     = dead
+ }}</ref>
- |df          =
-}}</ref>
+===Europe===
+Baking mixes sold in Europe account for about 30% of the global market.<ref name=":1" />  Major manufacturers such as the Irish [[Kerry Group]] and the Belgian [[Puratos Group]] were founded there.<ref name=":1" />
+==== Germany ====
+[[Dr. Oetker]] is a German company that also produces cake mixes which are sold in various other countries.
 <gallery class="center" caption="Baking mixes" widths="160px" heights="220px">
@@ Line 60: / Line 85: @@
 ==See also==
-{{portal|Food}}
+{{Portal|Food}}
 * [[Cookie dough]] – some store varieties are pre-mixed
 * [[List of food companies]]
@@ Line 67: / Line 92: @@
 ==References==
 {{Reflist|30em|refs=
-<ref name="Layton Larsen 2011 p. 151">{{cite book | last=Layton | first=McFadden | last2=Larsen | first2=L. | title=Gluten-Free Baking For Dummies | publisher=Wiley | series=For Dummies | year=2011 | isbn=978-1-118-07773-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KiiLVy8TMdYC&pg=PA151| pages=151–168}}</ref>
+<ref name="Layton Larsen 2011 p. 151">{{cite book | last1=Layton | first1=McFadden | last2=Larsen | first2=L. | title=Gluten-Free Baking For Dummies | publisher=Wiley | series=For Dummies | year=2011 | isbn=978-1-118-07773-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KiiLVy8TMdYC&pg=PA151| pages=151–168}}</ref>
-<ref name="Jorgensen 1994">{{cite book | last=Jorgensen | first=J. | title=Encyclopedia of Consumer Brands: Consumable Products | publisher=Saint James Press | series=Encyclopedia of consumer brands | year=1994 | isbn=978-1-55862-336-1 | url=https://books.google.com/?id=r5cYAAAAIAAJ&q=Bisquick&dq=Bisquick|page=62}} Quote: "Bisquick brand of baking mix founded in 1931 by Carl Smith, a sales executive of the Sperry Division of General Mills, Inc., who discovered the "instant mix" idea in 1930 in the dining car of a train; Bisquick name coined by ..."</ref>
+<ref name="Jorgensen 1994">{{cite book | last=Jorgensen | first=J. | title=Encyclopedia of Consumer Brands: Consumable Products | publisher=Saint James Press | series=Encyclopedia of consumer brands | year=1994 | isbn=978-1-55862-336-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r5cYAAAAIAAJ&q=Bisquick|page=62}} Quote: "Bisquick brand of baking mix founded in 1931 by Carl Smith, a sales executive of the Sperry Division of General Mills, Inc., who discovered the "instant mix" idea in 1930 in the dining car of a train; Bisquick name coined by ..."</ref>
 <ref name="Johnson p. 11">{{cite book | last=Johnson | first=F.K. | title=101 Simple Coffee Cake Recipes | publisher=Fraser Keith Johnson | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2zYHvt0lE7wC&pg=PA11 | page=11}}</ref>
-<ref name="Detroit News 2015">{{cite web | title=Happy 85th birthday, Jiffy mix | website=[[The Detroit News]] | date=April 30, 2015 | url=http://www.detroitnews.com/story/life/food/2015/04/30/jiffy-mix-biscuits-recipe/26600727/ | accessdate=May 31, 2015}}</ref>
+<ref name="Detroit News 2015">{{cite web | title=Happy 85th birthday, Jiffy mix | website=[[The Detroit News]]  |last = Pardo| first = Steve | date=April 30, 2015 | url=http://www.detroitnews.com/story/life/food/2015/04/30/jiffy-mix-biscuits-recipe/26600727/ | accessdate=May 31, 2015}}</ref>
 <ref name="Seguin 2013">{{cite web | last=Seguin | first=Nichole | title=Made in Michigan: Chelsea's Jiffy expansion means a lot more muffins | website=Chelsea Standard | date=October 31, 2013 | url=http://www.heritage.com/articles/2013/10/31/chelsea_standard/news/doc52697baa896e1884221184.txt | accessdate=May 31, 2015}}</ref>
-<ref name="Anderson Sands 2004">{{cite book | last=Anderson | first=D.A. | last2=Sands | first2=F. | title=King Arthur Flour Company | publisher=Arcadia Pub. | series=Images of America | year=2004 | isbn=978-0-7385-3626-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IW7Lx41umzsC&printsec=frontcover}}</ref>
+<ref name="Anderson Sands 2004">{{cite book | last1=Anderson | first1=D.A. | last2=Sands | first2=F. | title=King Arthur Flour Company | publisher=Arcadia Pub. | series=Images of America | year=2004 | isbn=978-0-7385-3626-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IW7Lx41umzsC}}</ref>
-<ref name="Ford 1974">{{cite book | last=Ford | first=F. | title=The simpler life cookbook from Arrowhead Mills | publisher=Harvest Press | year=1974 | isbn=978-0-930718-00-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vbzlH2_wkwC}}</ref>
+<ref name="Ford 1974">{{cite book | last=Ford | first=F. | title=The simpler life cookbook from Arrowhead Mills | publisher=Harvest Press | year=1974 | isbn=978-0-930718-00-8 | url=https://archive.org/details/simplerlifecookb00ford| url-access=registration }}</ref>
 <ref name="Griepentrog 2015">{{cite web | last=Griepentrog | first=Troy | title=Gluten-Free Baking Mixes and Other Gluten-Free Products | website=[[Mother Earth News]] | date=June 1, 2015 | url=http://www.motherearthnews.com/real-food/gluten-free-baking-mixes-and-other-gluten-free-products.aspx | accessdate=June 6, 2015}}</ref>
 <ref name="Businessweek.com 2015">{{cite web | title=Atkins Nutritionals Holdings, Inc.: Private Company Information | website=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]] | date=June 6, 2015 | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=12736442 | accessdate=June 6, 2015}}</ref>
@@ Line 79: / Line 104: @@
 <ref name="Hatchett 2001">{{cite book | last=Hatchett | first=L. | title=Duncan Hines: The Man Behind the Cake Mix | publisher=Mercer University Press | year=2001 | isbn=978-0-86554-773-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KqdnYzmNN9IC}}</ref>
 <ref name="Omazic 2013">{{cite web | last=Omazic | first=Tamara | title=Auntie Anne's in Your Kitchen? Brand Expands Baking Mix | website=QSR magazine | date=November 12, 2013 | url=http://www.qsrmagazine.com/news/auntie-annes-your-kitchen-brand-expands-baking-mix | accessdate=June 6, 2015}}</ref>
-<ref name="Sutherland 2015">{{cite web | last=Sutherland | first=Brooke | title=General Mills’ Rut Could Put Betty Crocker on Notice: Real M&A | website=Bloomberg Business | date=March 20, 2015 | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-03-20/general-mills-rut-could-put-betty-crocker-on-notice-real-m-a | accessdate=June 6, 2015}}</ref>
+<ref name="Sutherland 2015">{{cite web | last=Sutherland | first=Brooke | title=General Mills' Rut Could Put Betty Crocker on Notice: Real M&A | website=Bloomberg Business | date=March 20, 2015 | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-03-20/general-mills-rut-could-put-betty-crocker-on-notice-real-m-a | accessdate=June 6, 2015}}</ref>
-<ref name="Adweek">{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQkjAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Dassant%22+Baking+mix&dq=%22Dassant%22+Baking+mix&hl=en&sa=X&ei=K5hyVcKOIZSkyAT0mYzQAQ&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBQ | title=Adweek | publisher=A/S/M Communications | work=Volume 29, Issues 31–39 | date=1988 | accessdate=5 June 2015 | pages=194}}</ref>
+<ref name="Adweek">{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQkjAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Dassant%22+Baking+mix | title=Adweek | publisher=A/S/M Communications | work=Volume 29, Issues 31–39 | date=1988 | accessdate=5 June 2015 | pages=194}}</ref>
 <ref name="AP 1994">{{cite web | title=Company News; Pillsbury to Acquire Tennessee Baking Mix Business | website=[[The New York Times]] | date=July 20, 1994 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/20/business/company-news-pillsbury-to-acquire-tennessee-baking-mix-business.html | accessdate=June 6, 2015}}</ref>
 <ref name="Travers 2006">{{cite book | last=Travers | first=L. | title=Encyclopedia of American holidays and national days | publisher=Greenwood Press | series=Encyclopedia of American Holidays and National Days | issue=v. 1 | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-313-33131-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G4LYAAAAMAAJ |page=101}}</ref>
@@ Line 89: / Line 114: @@
 <ref name="WSU">[http://cru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPublications/em4700/em4700.pdf Better Baking Mix]. Washington State University College of Agricultural, Human, and Natural Resource Sciences. Revised March 2006. Accessed June 6, 2015.</ref>
 <ref name="Qualizza 2014">{{cite web | last=Qualizza | first=Jill Russell | title=Bakery Trends Go Back to Basics | website=Food Processing | date=September 3, 2014 | url=http://www.foodprocessing.com/articles/2014/bakery-trends-go-back-to-basics/ | accessdate=June 6, 2015}}</ref>
-<ref name="Dailey 1995">{{cite web | last=Dailey | first=Pat | title=Have a bread machine, and although it is very easy to... | website=[[Chicago Tribune]] | date=November 29, 1995 | url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1995-11-29/entertainment/9511290051_1_bread-machine-cups-bread-flour-active-dry-yeast | accessdate=June 6, 2015}}</ref>
+<ref name="Dailey 1995">{{cite web | last=Dailey | first=Pat | title=Have a bread machine, and although it is very easy to... | website=[[Chicago Tribune]] | date=November 29, 1995 | url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1995-11-29/entertainment/9511290051_1_bread-machine-cups-bread-flour-active-dry-yeast | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610065829/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1995-11-29/entertainment/9511290051_1_bread-machine-cups-bread-flour-active-dry-yeast | url-status=dead | archive-date=June 10, 2015 | accessdate=June 6, 2015}}</ref>
 <ref name="great 2011">{{cite web | last=great | first=Rice flour | title=Rice flour great for gluten-free baking (and onion rings) | website=[[The Press of Atlantic City]] | date=March 9, 2011 | url=http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/life/rice-flour-great-for-gluten-free-baking-and-onion-rings/article_70257097-b173-5515-8eb9-46c66c0b8b80.html | accessdate=June 6, 2015}}</ref>
 <ref name="Karol 2013">{{cite web | last=Karol | first=Gabrielle | title=Jiffy Mix Recipe: If it Works, Leave it Alone | website=[[Fox Business]] | date=August 19, 2013  | url=http://www.foxbusiness.com/business-leaders/2013/08/19/jiffy-mix-recipe-if-it-works-leave-it-alone/ | accessdate=May 31, 2015}}</ref>
@@ Line 95: / Line 120: @@
 ==External links==
-{{commons category|Cake mix}}
+{{Cookbook|Cake Mix}}{{Commons category|Cake mix}}
 {{Wikisource}}
+{{Authority control}}
 [[Category:Baking mixes| ]]