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In neuropsychology, linguistics, and philosophy of language, a natural language or ordinary language is any language that occurs naturally in a human community by a process of use, repetition, and change without conscious planning or premeditation. It can take different forms, typically either a spoken language or a sign language. Natural languages are distinguished from constructed and formal languages such as those used to program computers or to study logic.^[1]

Defining natural language

Natural language can be broadly defined as different from

artificial and constructed languages, e.g. computer programming languages
constructed international auxiliary languages
non-human communication systems in nature such as whale and other marine mammal vocalizations or honey bees' waggle dance.^[2]

All varieties of world languages are natural languages, including those that are associated with linguistic prescriptivism or language regulation. (Nonstandard dialects can be viewed as a wild type in comparison with standard languages.) An official language with a regulating academy such as Standard French, overseen by the Académie Française, is classified as a natural language (e.g. in the field of natural language processing), as its prescriptive aspects do not make it constructed enough to be a constructed language or controlled enough to be a controlled natural language.

Controlled languages

Controlled natural languages are subsets of natural languages whose grammars and dictionaries have been restricted in order to reduce ambiguity and complexity. This may be accomplished by decreasing usage of superlative or adverbial forms, or irregular verbs. Typical purposes for developing and implementing a controlled natural language are to aid understanding by non-native speakers or to ease computer processing. An example of a widely-used controlled natural language is Simplified Technical English, which was originally developed for aerospace and avionics industry manuals.

International constructed languages

Being constructed, International auxiliary languages such as Esperanto and Interlingua are not considered natural languages, with the possible exception of true native speakers of such languages.^[3] Natural languages evolve, through fluctuations in vocabulary and syntax, to incrementally improve human communication. In contrast, Esperanto was created by Polish ophthalmologist L. L. Zamenhof in the late 19th century.

Some natural languages have become organically "standardized" through the synthesis of two or more pre-existing natural languages over a relatively short period of time through the development of a pidgin, which is not considered a language, into a stable creole language. A creole such as Haitian Creole has its own grammar, vocabulary and literature. It is spoken by over 10 million people worldwide and is one of the two official languages of the Republic of Haiti.

As of 1996, there were 350 attested families with one or more native speakers of Esperanto. Latino sine flexione, another international auxiliary language, is no longer widely spoken.

Notes

^ Lyons, John (1991). Natural Language and Universal Grammar. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 68–70. ISBN 978-0521246965.
^ Norris, Paul F (25 August 2011). "The Honeybee Waggle Dance – Is it a Language?". AnimalWise. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2019.
^ Gopsill, F. P., "A historical overview of international languages". In International languages: A matter for Interlingua. Sheffield, England: British Interlingua Society, 1990.

References

ter Meulen, Alice, 2001, "Logic and Natural Language", in Goble, Lou, ed., The Blackwell Guide to Philosophical Logic. Blackwell.

[john_lyons-1] Lyons, John (1991). Natural Language and Universal Grammar. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 68–70. ISBN 978-0521246965.

[animalwise-2] Norris, Paul F (25 August 2011). "The Honeybee Waggle Dance – Is it a Language?". AnimalWise. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 10 April 2019.

[Gopsill,_F._P._1990-3] Gopsill, F. P., "A historical overview of international languages". In International languages: A matter for Interlingua. Sheffield, England: British Interlingua Society, 1990.

[1]

[2]

[3]

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-{{Short description|Language naturally spoken by humans, as opposed to "formal" or "built" languages}}
+{{Short description|Language as naturally spoken by humans}}
-{{About|natural language in neuropsychology and linguistics|natural language in computer systems|Natural language processing}}
+{{About|languages naturally arising in human society|natural language in computer systems|Natural language processing}}
+{{for|the theory of inborn linguistic ability|Universal grammar}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
 {{Neuropsychology |functions}}
-In [[neuropsychology]], [[linguistics]], and [[philosophy of language]], a '''natural language''' or '''ordinary language''' is any [[language]] that has [[linguistic evolution|evolved]] naturally in [[human]]s through use and repetition without conscious planning or premeditation. Natural languages can take different forms, such as [[Vocal language|speech]] or [[Sign Language|signing]]. They are distinguished from [[Constructed language|constructed]] and [[formal language]]s such as [[Programming language|those used to program computers]] or to study [[logic]].<ref name="john lyons">{{cite book |last=Lyons |first=John |title=Natural Language and Universal Grammar |url=https://archive.org/details/naturallanguageu0000lyon |url-access=registration |year=1991 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0521246965 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturallanguageu0000lyon/page/68 68–70]}}</ref>
+In [[neuropsychology]], [[linguistics]], and [[philosophy of language]], a '''natural language''' or '''ordinary language''' is any [[language]] that occurs naturally in a [[human]] community by a process of use, repetition, and [[Language change|change]] without conscious planning or premeditation. It can take different forms, typically either a [[spoken language]] or a [[sign language]]. Natural languages are distinguished from [[Constructed language|constructed]] and [[formal language]]s such as [[Programming language|those used to program computers]] or to study [[logic]].<ref name="john lyons">{{cite book |last=Lyons |first=John |title=Natural Language and Universal Grammar |url=https://archive.org/details/naturallanguageu0000lyon |url-access=registration |year=1991 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0521246965 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturallanguageu0000lyon/page/68 68–70]}}</ref>
 == Defining natural language ==
 Natural language can be broadly defined as different from
-* artificial and [[constructed language]]s, e.g. [[Programming language|computer programming languages]]
+* artificial and [[constructed language]]s, e.g. [[computer programming language]]s
 * constructed [[international auxiliary language]]s
-* non-human [[Biocommunication (science)|communication systems in nature]] such as [[whale vocalization|whale and other marine mammal vocalization]]s or [[honey bee]]s' [[waggle dance]].<ref name="animalwise">{{cite web |last1=Norris |first1=Paul F |title=The Honeybee Waggle Dance – Is it a Language? |url=https://animalwise.org/2011/08/25/the-honeybee-waggle-dance-%E2%80%93-is-it-a-language/ |website=AnimalWise |access-date=10 April 2019 |date=25 August 2011}}</ref>
+* non-human [[Biocommunication (science)|communication systems in nature]] such as [[whale vocalization|whale and other marine mammal vocalization]]s or [[honey bee]]s' [[waggle dance]].<ref name="animalwise">{{cite web |last1=Norris |first1=Paul F |title=The Honeybee Waggle Dance – Is it a Language? |url=https://animalwise.org/2011/08/25/the-honeybee-waggle-dance-%E2%80%93-is-it-a-language/ |website=AnimalWise |access-date=10 April 2019 |date=25 August 2011 |archive-date=20 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820220552/https://animalwise.org/2011/08/25/the-honeybee-waggle-dance-%e2%80%93-is-it-a-language/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
-All [[variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of [[world language]]s are natural languages, including those that are associated with [[linguistic prescription|linguistic prescriptivism]] or [[list of language regulators|language regulation]]. ([[Nonstandard dialect]]s can be viewed as a [[wild type]] in comparison with [[standard language]]s.) An [[official language]] with a regulating academy such as [[Standard French]], overseen by the [[Académie Française]], is classified as a natural language (e.g. in the field of [[natural language processing]]), as its prescriptive aspects do not make it constructed enough to be a constructed language or controlled enough to be a [[controlled natural language]].
+All [[variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of [[world language]]s are natural languages, including those that are associated with [[linguistic prescriptivism]] or [[language regulation]]. ([[Nonstandard dialect]]s can be viewed as a [[wild type]] in comparison with [[standard language]]s.) An [[official language]] with a regulating academy such as [[Standard French]], overseen by the {{Lang|fr|[[Académie Française]]|italic=no}}, is classified as a natural language (e.g. in the field of [[natural language processing]]), as its prescriptive aspects do not make it constructed enough to be a constructed language or controlled enough to be a [[controlled natural language]].
 == Controlled languages ==
@@ Line 22: / Line 23: @@
 == International constructed languages ==
 {{Main|International auxiliary language}}
-Although constructed, [[International auxiliary language]]s such as [[Esperanto]] and [[Interlingua]] are not considered natural languages, with the possible exception of true native speakers of such languages.<ref name="Gopsill, F. P. 1990">Gopsill, F. P., "A historical overview of international languages". In ''International languages: A matter for Interlingua''. Sheffield, England: British Interlingua Society, 1990.</ref> Natural languages evolve, through fluctuations in vocabulary and syntax, to incrementally improve human communication. In contrast, Esperanto was created by Polish ophthalmologist [[L. L. Zamenhof]] in the late 19th century.
+Being constructed, [[International auxiliary language]]s such as [[Esperanto]] and [[Interlingua]] are not considered natural languages, with the possible exception of true native speakers of such languages.<ref name="Gopsill, F. P. 1990">Gopsill, F. P., "A historical overview of international languages". In ''International languages: A matter for Interlingua''. Sheffield, England: British Interlingua Society, 1990.</ref> Natural languages evolve, through fluctuations in vocabulary and syntax, to incrementally improve human communication. In contrast, Esperanto was created by Polish ophthalmologist [[L. L. Zamenhof]] in the late 19th century.
 Some natural languages have become organically "standardized" through the synthesis of two or more pre-existing natural languages over a relatively short period of time through the development of a [[pidgin]], which is not considered a language, into a stable [[creole language]]. A creole such as [[Haitian Creole]] has its own grammar, vocabulary and literature. It is spoken by over 10 million people worldwide and is one of the two official languages of the [[Republic of Haiti]].
-As of 1996, there were 350 attested families with one or more [[native Esperanto speakers|native speakers of Esperanto]]. [[Latino sine flexione]], another international auxiliary language, is no longer widely spoken.
+As of 1996, there were 350 attested families with one or more [[native speakers of Esperanto]]. [[Latino sine flexione]], another international auxiliary language, is no longer widely spoken.
 == See also ==
 * {{annotated link|Language acquisition}}
 * {{annotated link|Origin of language}}
-* {{annotated link|Formal semantics of natural languages}}
+* {{annotated link|Formal semantics (natural language)}}
+* {{annotated link|Whistled language}}
 == Notes ==
@@ Line 38: / Line 40: @@
 == References ==
 {{refbegin}}
-* [[Alice ter Meulen|ter Meulen, Alice]], 2001, "Logic and Natural Language," in Goble, Lou, ed., ''The Blackwell Guide to Philosophical Logic''. Blackwell.
+* [[Alice ter Meulen|ter Meulen, Alice]], 2001, "Logic and Natural Language", in Goble, Lou, ed., ''The Blackwell Guide to Philosophical Logic''. Blackwell.
 {{refend}}
+{{Authority control}}
 [[Category:Natural language processing]]