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{{Short description|Japanese politician (1830–1859)}}
{{refimprove|date=April 2014}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2014}}
{{Japanese name|Yoshida}}
{{family name hatnote|[[Yoshida]]|lang=Japanese}}
{{Infobox academic
{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix = <!-- see [[MOS:HONOURIFIC]] -->
| honorific_prefix = Senior Fourth Rank
| name = Yoshida Shōin
| name = Yoshida Shōin
| honorific_suffix =
| honorific_suffix =
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| native_name_lang = ja
| native_name_lang = ja
| birth_name = {{Nihongo|Sugi Toranosuke|杉 寅之助}}
| birth_name = {{Nihongo|Sugi Toranosuke|杉 寅之助}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1830|09|20}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1830|09|20}}
| birth_place = [[Hagi, Yamaguchi|Hagi]], [[Nagato Province]]
| birth_place = [[Hagi, Yamaguchi|Hagi]], [[Nagato Province]], Japan
| death_date = {{death date and age|1859|11|21|1830|09|20}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1859|11|21|1830|09|20}}
| death_place = [[Edo]], [[Japan]]
| death_place = [[Edo]], Japan
| death_cause = [[decapitation]]
| death_cause = [[Decapitation]]
| region =
| region =
| nationality = [[Japanese people|Japanese]]
| nationality = [[Japanese people|Japanese]]
| citizenship =
| citizenship =
| residence =
| residence =
| other_names = Torajirō
| other_names = {{Nihongo|Torajirō|寅次郎}}
| occupation = scholar
| occupation = scholar
| period = 1857–1858
| period =
| known_for =
| known_for =
| title =
| title =
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| school_tradition =
| school_tradition =
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors = [[Sakuma Shōzan]]
| academic_advisors = [[Yusuke Yamada]] <br> [[Sakuma Shōzan]] <br> [[Asaka Gonsai]] <br> [[Miyabe Teizō]] <br> [[Yamaga Sosui]]
| influences = <!--must be referenced from a third party source-->
| influences = <!--must be referenced from a third party source-->
| era = [[Edo period]]
| era = [[Edo period]]
| discipline = <!--major academic discipline – e.g. Physicist, Sociologist, New Testament scholar, Ancient Near Eastern Linguist-->
| discipline = <!--major academic discipline – e.g. Physicist, Sociologist, New Testament scholar, Ancient Near Eastern Linguist-->
| sub_discipline = <!--academic discipline specialist area – e.g. Sub-atomic research, 20th Century Danish specialist, Pauline research, Arcadian and Ugaritic specialist-->
| sub_discipline = <!--academic discipline specialist area – e.g. Sub-atomic research, 20th Century Danish specialist, Pauline research, Arcadian and Ugaritic specialist-->
| workplaces = [[Shōka Sonjuku]]
| workplaces = [[Meirinkan]] <br> [[Shōka Sonjuku]]
| doctoral_students = <!--only those with WP articles-->
| doctoral_students = <!--only those with WP articles-->
| notable_students = [[Takasugi Shinsaku]] <br> [[Kido Takayoshi]] <br> [[Itō Hirobumi]] <br> [[Kusaka Genzui]] <br> [[Inoue Kaoru]] <br> [[Yamagata Aritomo]]
| notable_students = [[Takasugi Shinsaku]] <br> [[Kido Takayoshi]] <br> [[Akane Taketo]] <br> [[Itō Hirobumi]] <br> [[Kusaka Genzui]] <br> [[Inoue Kaoru]] <br> [[Yamagata Aritomo]]
| main_interests =
| main_interests =
| notable_works =
| notable_works =
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}}
}}


{{Nihongo|'''Yoshida Shōin'''|吉田松陰||born {{Nihongo|'''Sugi Toranosuke'''|杉 寅之助}}; September 20, 1830 – November 21, 1859}}, commonly named '''Torajirō''' (寅次郎), was one of Japan's most distinguished intellectuals in the late years of the [[Tokugawa shogunate]]. He devoted himself to nurturing many ''[[Shishi (organization)|ishin shishi]]'' who in turn made major contributions to the [[Meiji Restoration]].
{{Nihongo|'''Yoshida Shōin'''|吉田松陰||born {{Nihongo|'''Sugi Toranosuke'''|杉 寅之助}}; September 20, 1830 – November 21, 1859}}, commonly named {{Nihongo|'''Torajirō'''|寅次郎}}, was one of Japan's most distinguished intellectuals in the late years of the [[Tokugawa shogunate]]. He devoted himself to nurturing many ''[[Shishi (organization)|ishin shishi]]'' who in turn made major contributions to the [[Meiji Restoration]].


==Early life==
==Early life==
[[File:Birthplace of Yoshida Shoin.jpg|left|thumb|Birthplace of Yoshida Shōin]]
[[File:Birthplace of Yoshida Shoin.jpg|left|thumb|Birthplace of Yoshida Shōin]]
[[File:Well of first bath of Yoshida Shoin.jpg|left|thumb|Well of first bath of Yoshida Shōin]]
[[File:Well of first bath of Yoshida Shoin.jpg|left|thumb|Well of first bath of Yoshida Shōin]]
Born Sugi Toranosuke in Hagi in the Chōshū region of Japan, he was the second son of Sugi Yurinosuke (1804–1865), a modest rank Samurai and his wife Kodama Taki (1807–1890). Yurinosuke had two younger brothers, Yoshida Daisuke and Tamaki Bunnoshin. Sugi Toranosuke's eldest brother was Sugi Umetarō (1828–1910), his four younger sisters were Sugi Yoshiko (later Kodama Yoshiko) (1832–1924), [[Sugi Hisa]] (later Odamura Hisa) (1839–1881), Sugi Tsuya (1841–1843), and [[Sugi Fumi]] (later Katori Miwako) (1843–1921), his youngest brother was Sugi Toshisaburō (1845–1876).
Born Sugi Toranosuke in Hagi in the Chōshū region of Japan, he was the second son of Sugi Yurinosuke (1804–1865), a modest rank Samurai and his wife Kodama Taki (1807–1890). Yurinosuke had two younger brothers, Yoshida Daisuke and Tamaki Bunnoshin. Sugi Toranosuke's eldest brother was Sugi Umetarō (1828–1910), his four younger sisters were Sugi Yoshiko (later Kodama Yoshiko) (1832–1924), [[Sugi Hisa]] (later Odamura Hisa) (1839–1881), Sugi Tsuya (1841–1843), and [[Sugi Fumi]] (later Katori Miwako) (1843–1921), his youngest brother was Sugi Toshisaburō (1845–1876).


Sugi Toranosuke was later adopted at the age of four by Yoshida Daisuke and was renamed to Yoshida Shōin. The process of adopting younger sons from the Sugi house was established generations before Shoin's birth. To avoid financial insolvency, the Sugi house controlled two additional samurai lineages-the Tamaki and the Yoshida lineages. The oldest male became the Sugi heir and the younger Sugi sons were adopted by the Tamaki and Yoshida lines as their heirs-to ensure the Sugi succession was protected, this required the head of the house in the Yoshida line and most generations the Tamaki line to remain unmarried. Daisuke, already in ill health, died one year later at the age of 28, leaving Yoshida Shoin as the heir of the Yoshida lineage at five years of age.<ref name="Huber, 1981">Huber, T. (1981). ''Revolutionary Origins of Modern Japan''. Stanford, Ca: Stanford University Press</ref> His house was also the instructor to the ''[[daimyō]]'' in military studies. Due to Shōins young age, four men were appointed to represent the Yoshida house as instructors. Shōin's younger uncle, Tamaki, set about accelerating Shōin's education to prepare the boy for his eventual duties as Yamaga instructor. This period of intense study suggests a formative experience that shaped Shoin into an educator and activist that helped spur the Meiji Restoration.<ref name="Huber, 1981"/>
Sugi Toranosuke was later adopted at the age of four by Yoshida Daisuke and was renamed to Yoshida Shōin. The process of adopting younger sons from the Sugi house was established generations before Shoin's birth. To avoid financial insolvency, the Sugi house controlled two additional samurai lineages-the Tamaki and the Yoshida lineages. The oldest male became the Sugi heir and the younger Sugi sons were adopted by the Tamaki and Yoshida lines as their heirs-to ensure the Sugi succession was protected, this required the head of the house in the Yoshida line and most generations the Tamaki line to remain unmarried. Daisuke, already in ill health, died one year later at the age of 28, leaving Yoshida Shoin as the heir of the Yoshida lineage at five years of age.<ref name="Huber, 1981">Huber, T. (1981). ''Revolutionary Origins of Modern Japan''. Stanford, Ca: Stanford University Press</ref> His house was also the instructor to the ''[[daimyō]]'' in military studies.
Due to Shōin's young age, four men were appointed to represent the Yoshida house as instructors. Shōin's younger uncle, Tamaki, set about accelerating Shōin's education to prepare the boy for his eventual duties to be trained as a Yamaga instructor. In 1839 at the age of 9, he was taught by a military art instructor at [[Meirinkan]]. At the age of 11, his talent was recognized for his excellent performance for his lecture to the ''daimyō'' [[Mōri Takachika]]. At the age of 13, he led the Chōshū forces to conducted a Western fleet extermination exercise.

In 1845, he received a lecture on the Naganuma Military Arts by [[Yusuke Yamada]]. In 1851, he went to [[Edo]] and studied the Western military science under [[Sakuma Shōzan]] and [[Asaka Gonsai]]. In 1851, he studied under [[Miyabe Teizō]] and [[Yamaga Sosui]] from the [[Higo Domain]]. This period of intense study suggests a formative experience that shaped Shōin into an educator and activist that helped spur the Meiji Restoration.<ref name="Huber, 1981"/>


[[File:Yoshida Shoin2.jpg|thumb|Yoshida Shōin]]
[[File:Yoshida Shoin2.jpg|thumb|Yoshida Shōin]]
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On January{{nbsp}}16, 1853, Yoshida Shōin was granted permission to return to Edo to continue his studies. His timing for his return to Edo turned out to coincide with [[Matthew Perry (naval officer)|Matthew Perry]]’s arrival in Japan.<ref name="Huber, 1981"/>
On January{{nbsp}}16, 1853, Yoshida Shōin was granted permission to return to Edo to continue his studies. His timing for his return to Edo turned out to coincide with [[Matthew Perry (naval officer)|Matthew Perry]]’s arrival in Japan.<ref name="Huber, 1981"/>


[[Image:Yoshida Shoin headed to the Black Ships.jpg|thumb|Yoshida Shōin headed for the Black Ships]]
[[File:Yoshida Shoin headed to the Black Ships.jpg|thumb|Yoshida Shōin headed for the Black Ships]]


==Attempt to escape and imprisonment==
==Attempt to escape and imprisonment==
[[Matthew C. Perry|Matthew Perry]] visited Japan in 1853 and 1854. Several months after Perry's arrival at Uraga, [[Sakuma Shōzan]] petitioned the Bakufu to allow promising candidates to go to the United States to study the ways of the West. The petition was denied but Sakuma and Shoin resolved that Shoin would stow away onboard Perry's ship to visit the west for study.<ref name="Huber, 1981"/> Shortly before Perry left, Yoshida and a friend went to [[Shimoda, Shizuoka|Shimoda]] where Perry's [[Black Ships]] were anchored, and tried to gain admittance. They first presented a letter asking to be let aboard one of his ships. Then, in the dead of night Yoshida tried to secretly climb aboard. Perry's troops noticed them, and they were refused. Shortly thereafter, they were caged by [[Tokugawa bakufu]] troops. Even in a cage, they managed to smuggle a written message to Perry. Yoshida Shōin was sent to a jail in Edo, then to one in Hagi where he was sentenced to [[house arrest]].
[[Matthew C. Perry|Matthew Perry]] visited Japan in 1853 and 1854. Several months after Perry's arrival at Uraga, [[Sakuma Shōzan]] petitioned the Bakufu to allow promising candidates to go to the United States to study the ways of the West. The petition was denied but Sakuma and Shoin resolved that Shoin would stow away onboard Perry's ship to visit the west for study.<ref name="Huber, 1981"/> Shortly before Perry left, Yoshida and a friend went to [[Shimoda, Shizuoka|Shimoda]] where Perry's [[Black Ships]] were anchored, and tried to gain admittance. They first presented a letter asking to be let aboard one of his ships.
Then, in the dead of night Yoshida tried to secretly climb aboard the ship {{USS|Powhatan|1850|6}}. Perry's troops noticed them, and they were refused. Shortly thereafter, they were caged by [[Tokugawa bakufu]] troops. Even in a cage, they managed to smuggle a written message to Perry. Yoshida Shōin was sent to a jail in Edo, then to one in Hagi where he was sentenced to [[house arrest]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nippon.com/en/features/c01801/yoshida-shoin-the-revolutionary-and-teacher-who-helped-bring-down-the-shogunate.html|title=Yoshida Shōin: The Revolutionary and Teacher Who Helped Bring Down the Shogunate|date=2015-02-04|website=nippon.com|language=en|access-date=2019-03-18}}</ref>


Yoshida had never introduced himself to Perry, who never learned his name.
Yoshida had never introduced himself to Perry, who never learned his name.
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While in jail, he ran a school. After his release, he took over his uncle's tiny private school, [[Shōka Sonjuku]] to teach the youth military arts and politics. Since he was forbidden from travelling, he had his students travel Japan as investigators.
While in jail, he ran a school. After his release, he took over his uncle's tiny private school, [[Shōka Sonjuku]] to teach the youth military arts and politics. Since he was forbidden from travelling, he had his students travel Japan as investigators.


[[Image:Cave shimoda 2007-02-24.jpg|thumb|left|The cave where Yoshida hid overnight before trying to board a 'black ship'.]]
[[File:Cave shimoda 2007-02-24.jpg|thumb|left|The cave where Yoshida hid overnight before trying to board a 'black ship']]


By 1858, [[Ii Naosuke]], the [[bakufu]] [[Tairō]] who signed treaties with the Western powers, began to round up [[sonnō jōi]] rebels in [[Kyoto|Kyōto]], [[Edo]], and eventually the provinces. Many of Yoshida Shoin's followers were caught up in the dragnet. That year, Yoshida Shōin put down the brush and took up the sword. When [[Ii Naosuke]] sent a servant to (unsuccessfully) ask the emperor to support one of his treaties with the foreigners, Yoshida Shōin led a revolt, calling on ''[[rōnin]]'' to aid him, but received very little support. Nonetheless, he and a small band of students attacked and attempted to kill Ii's servant in Kyoto. The revolt failed, and Yoshida Shoin was again imprisoned in Chōshū.
By 1858, [[Ii Naosuke]], the [[bakufu]] [[Tairō]] who signed treaties with the Western powers, began to round up [[sonnō jōi]] rebels in [[Kyoto|Kyōto]], [[Edo]], and eventually the provinces. Many of Yoshida Shoin's followers were caught up in the dragnet. That year, Yoshida Shōin put down the brush and took up the sword. When [[Ii Naosuke]] sent a servant to (unsuccessfully) ask the emperor to support one of his treaties with the foreigners, Yoshida Shōin led a revolt, calling on ''[[rōnin]]'' to aid him, but received very little support. Nonetheless, he and a small band of students attacked and attempted to kill Ii's servant in Kyoto. The revolt failed, and Yoshida Shoin was again imprisoned in Chōshū.


==Death==
==Death==
In 1859, Chōshū was ordered to send its most dangerous insurgents to Edo's prisons. Once there, Yoshida Shōin confessed the assassination plot, and, from jail, continued to plot the rebellion. He did not expect to be executed until the Tokugawa executed three of his friends. In October 15, he asked for a piece of tissue paper to clear his nasal passage, then recited his final death poem: 'Parental love exceeds one’s love for his parents. How will they take the tidings of today?'. Two days later in October 17, he was informed of his death sentence. When it was Yoshida's turn, he was brought to an open courtyard adjacent to the prison, and led to the scaffold. With perfect composure he kneeled atop a straw mat, beyond which was a rectangular hole dug in the rich, dark earth to absorb the blood. Upon his death by [[decapitation]], his executioner Yamada Asaemon said that he died a noble death. He was 29 years old.
In 1859, Chōshū was ordered to send its most dangerous insurgents to Edo's prisons. Once there, Yoshida Shōin confessed the assassination plot, and, from jail, continued to plot the rebellion. He did not expect to be executed until the Tokugawa executed three of his friends. In October 15, he asked for a piece of tissue paper to clear his nasal passage, then recited his final death poem: 'Parental love exceeds one's love for his parents. How will they take the tidings of today?'. Two days later in October 17, he was informed of his death sentence. When it was Yoshida's turn in November 21, he was brought to an open courtyard adjacent to the prison, and led to the scaffold. With perfect composure he kneeled atop a straw mat, beyond which was a rectangular hole dug in the rich, dark earth to absorb the blood. Upon his death by [[decapitation]], his executioner Yamada Asaemon said that he died a noble death. He was 29 years old.


After his execution, he was first buried by [[Itō Hirobumi]] and his Chōshū comrades near the execution site. In 1863, he was later reburied by his supporters at Wakabayashi, Edo.
After his execution, he was first buried by [[Itō Hirobumi]] and his Chōshū comrades near the execution site. In 1863, he was later reburied by his supporters at Wakabayashi, Edo.


⚫
==Posthumous influence==
[[File:Tombs of Yoshida Shoin and Yoshida Daisuke.jpg|thumb|Tombs of Yoshida Shōin and Yoshida Daisuke.]]
⚫
At least five of his students, [[Takasugi Shinsaku]], [[Katsura Kogorō]], [[Inoue Kaoru]], [[Itō Hirobumi]] and [[Yamagata Aritomo]] later became widely known, and virtually all of the survivors of the Sonjuku group became officers in the Meiji Restoration. Takasugi led rifle companies against the ''shōgun''{{'}}s army when it failed to conquer Chōshū in 1864, rapidly leading to the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate. Itō Hirobumi became Japan's first prime minister.

[[File:YoshidaShoin20130923.jpg|thumb|Tomb Memorial (not actual grave) of Yoshida Shōin in [[Ekō-in]]]]

[[File:Yoshida Shoin Stone monument.jpg|thumb|Yoshida Shōin Stone Monument]]


==Legacy==
[[Image:Yoshida shoin statue shimoda 2007-02-24.jpg|thumb|A statue of Yoshida in [[Shimoda, Shizuoka|Shimoda]], [[Shizuoka Prefecture]], where he tried to board one of Perry's "black ships"]]
⚫
In 1882, Yoshida Shōin was enshrined at [[Shōin shrine]] in [[Wakabayashi]], [[Setagaya|Setagaya-ku]] ({{lang|ja|世田谷区若林4丁目}}35-1), in [[Tokyo]], and the current shrine's main building was built in 1927,<ref>[http://www.shoinjinja.org Shoin Jinja official website] Retrieved December 2, 2015 {{in lang|ja}}</ref> as well as in his birthplace [[Hagi, Yamaguchi|Hagi]], [[Yamaguchi Prefecture]] (山口県萩市椿東1537).

⚫
==Posthumous influence==
⚫
At least six of his students, [[Takasugi Shinsaku]], [[Katsura Kogorō]], [[Kusaka Genzui]], [[Inoue Kaoru]], [[Itō Hirobumi]] and [[Yamagata Aritomo]] later became widely known, and virtually all of the survivors of the Sonjuku group became officers in the Meiji Restoration. Takasugi led rifle companies against the ''shōgun''{{'}}s army when it failed to conquer Chōshū in 1864, rapidly leading to the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate. Itō Hirobumi became Japan's first prime minister.


In 1888 Yoshida was enshrined into the [[Yasukuni Shrine]] and was posthumously awarded Senior Fourth Rank by 1889.
==Current legacies==
[[File:Yoshida Shoin Stamp.JPG|thumb|Yoshida Shōin Stamp]]
⚫
In 1882, Yoshida Shōin was enshrined at [[Shōin shrine]] in Wakabayashi, [[Setagaya|Setagaya-ku]] ({{lang|ja|世田谷区若林4丁目}}35-1), in [[Tokyo]], and the current shrine's main building was built in 1927.<ref> [http://www.shoinjinja.org Shoin Jinja official website] Retrieved December 2, 2015 {{ja icon}} </ref> as well as in his birthplace [[Hagi, Yamaguchi|Hagi]], [[Yamaguchi Prefecture]] (山口県萩市椿東1537).


[[Shoin University]] was named after him. There are two other universities whose names include Shoin in Japan, but they are unrelated to him.<ref> [[Shoin University]] website [http://www.shoin-u.ac.jp/univ/info/kengaku/ 建学の精神] Retrieved December 2, 2015 {{ja icon}}</ref>
[[Shoin University]] was named after him. There are two other universities whose names include Shoin in Japan, but they are unrelated to him.<ref>[[Shoin University]] website [http://www.shoin-u.ac.jp/univ/info/kengaku/ 建学の精神] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801234420/http://www.shoin-u.ac.jp/univ/info/kengaku/ |date=2017-08-01 }} Retrieved December 2, 2015 {{in lang|ja}}</ref>


''[[Hana Moyu]]'' is a 2015 [[Japanese television drama]] [[NHK]] [[Taiga drama]] series that premiered on January 4, 2015, and ended on December 13, 2015. The series starred [[Mao Inoue]] who portrayed Sugi Fumi,a younger sister of Yoshida Shōin. The role of Yoshida Shōin was played by actor [[Yūsuke Iseya]].
''[[Hana Moyu]]'' is a 2015 [[Japanese television drama]] [[NHK]] [[Taiga drama]] series that premiered on January 4, 2015, and ended on December 13, 2015. The series starred [[Mao Inoue]] who portrayed Sugi Fumi, a younger sister of Yoshida Shōin. The role of Yoshida Shōin was played by actor [[Yūsuke Iseya]].


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
*{{cite news |last=Gregg |first=N. Taylor |title=Hagi Where Japan's Revolution Began |url=http://www.shotokai.com/ingles/history/hagi.html}} National Geographic Magazine (June, 1984). Article Readers (1) Prof. Albert Craig; Harvard Yenching Institute, (2) Prof. History Dept., Kyoto University, (3) Prof. Thomas Huber, Duke University.
* {{cite news |last=Gregg |first=N. Taylor |title=Hagi Where Japan's Revolution Began |url=http://www.shotokai.com/ingles/history/hagi.html |access-date=2005-04-04 |archive-date=2006-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107022532/http://www.shotokai.com/ingles/history/hagi.html |url-status=dead }} National Geographic Magazine (June, 1984). Article Readers (1) Prof. Albert Craig; Harvard Yenching Institute, (2) Prof. History Dept., Kyoto University, (3) Prof. Thomas Huber, Duke University.


== External links ==
==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Yoshida Shōin}}
{{Commons category|Yoshida Shōin}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Yoshida Shōin}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Yoshida Shōin}}
* [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] on Yoshida Shōin (Yoshida Torajirō) – see [http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/stevenson/robert_louis/s848fs/chapter5.html].
* [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] on Yoshida Shōin (Yoshida Torajirō) – see [https://web.archive.org/web/20120414161537/http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/s/stevenson/robert_louis/s848fs/chapter5.html].
*[http://yoshidashoin.wordpress.com/ Yoshida Shoin] – Daily quotes in English and Japanese
* [http://yoshidashoin.wordpress.com/ Yoshida Shoin] – Daily quotes in English and Japanese
*[http://www.yoshida-shoin.com/ yoshida-shoin.com] – About Yoshida Shoin (Japanese)
* [http://www.yoshida-shoin.com/ yoshida-shoin.com] – About Yoshida Shoin (Japanese)
* http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/CivilizationUnknown/id/1277
* http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/CivilizationUnknown/id/1277
* http://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/datas/91.html
* http://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/datas/91.html
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[[Category:1830 births]]
[[Category:1830 births]]
[[Category:1859 deaths]]
[[Category:1859 deaths]]
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[[Category:Japanese politicians]]
[[Category:People of Bakumatsu]]
[[Category:People of Bakumatsu]]
[[Category:Meiji Restoration]]
[[Category:Meiji Restoration]]
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[[Category:19th-century executions by Japan]]
[[Category:19th-century executions by Japan]]
[[Category:Executed Japanese people]]
[[Category:Executed Japanese people]]
[[Category:People from Yamaguchi Prefecture]]
[[Category:Politicians from Yamaguchi Prefecture]]
[[Category:People from Chōshū domain]]
[[Category:People from Chōshū Domain]]
[[Category:19th-century Japanese philosophers]]
[[Category:19th-century Japanese educators]]
⚫
[[Category:Deified Japanese men]]
[[Category:Japanese scholars of Yangming]]

Latest revision as of 21:02, 30 November 2024

In this Japanese name, the surname is Yoshida.
Senior Fourth Rank
Yoshida Shōin
吉田 松陰
Born
Sugi Toranosuke (杉 寅之助)

(1830-09-20)September 20, 1830
Hagi, Nagato Province, Japan
DiedNovember 21, 1859(1859-11-21) (aged 29)
Edo, Japan
Cause of deathDecapitation
NationalityJapanese
Other namesTorajirō (寅次郎)
Occupationscholar
Parent(s)Sugi Yurinosuke (father)
Kodama Taki (mother)
RelativesSugi Umetarō (brother)
Kodama Yoshiko (sister)
Odamura Hisa (sister)
Sugi Tsuya (sister)
Miwako Katori (sister)
Sugi Toshisaburō (brother) Tamaki Bunnoshin (uncle)
Yoshida Daisuke (adoptive father)
Academic background
Academic advisorsYusuke Yamada
Sakuma Shōzan
Asaka Gonsai
Miyabe Teizō
Yamaga Sosui
Academic work
EraEdo period
InstitutionsMeirinkan
Shōka Sonjuku
Notable studentsTakasugi Shinsaku
Kido Takayoshi
Akane Taketo
Itō Hirobumi
Kusaka Genzui
Inoue Kaoru
Yamagata Aritomo

Yoshida Shōin (吉田松陰, born Sugi Toranosuke (杉 寅之助); September 20, 1830 – November 21, 1859), commonly named Torajirō (寅次郎), was one of Japan's most distinguished intellectuals in the late years of the Tokugawa shogunate. He devoted himself to nurturing many ishin shishi who in turn made major contributions to the Meiji Restoration.

Early life

[edit]
Birthplace of Yoshida Shōin
Well of first bath of Yoshida Shōin

Born Sugi Toranosuke in Hagi in the Chōshū region of Japan, he was the second son of Sugi Yurinosuke (1804–1865), a modest rank Samurai and his wife Kodama Taki (1807–1890). Yurinosuke had two younger brothers, Yoshida Daisuke and Tamaki Bunnoshin. Sugi Toranosuke's eldest brother was Sugi Umetarō (1828–1910), his four younger sisters were Sugi Yoshiko (later Kodama Yoshiko) (1832–1924), Sugi Hisa (later Odamura Hisa) (1839–1881), Sugi Tsuya (1841–1843), and Sugi Fumi (later Katori Miwako) (1843–1921), his youngest brother was Sugi Toshisaburō (1845–1876).

Sugi Toranosuke was later adopted at the age of four by Yoshida Daisuke and was renamed to Yoshida Shōin. The process of adopting younger sons from the Sugi house was established generations before Shoin's birth. To avoid financial insolvency, the Sugi house controlled two additional samurai lineages-the Tamaki and the Yoshida lineages. The oldest male became the Sugi heir and the younger Sugi sons were adopted by the Tamaki and Yoshida lines as their heirs-to ensure the Sugi succession was protected, this required the head of the house in the Yoshida line and most generations the Tamaki line to remain unmarried. Daisuke, already in ill health, died one year later at the age of 28, leaving Yoshida Shoin as the heir of the Yoshida lineage at five years of age.[1] His house was also the instructor to the daimyō in military studies.

Due to Shōin's young age, four men were appointed to represent the Yoshida house as instructors. Shōin's younger uncle, Tamaki, set about accelerating Shōin's education to prepare the boy for his eventual duties to be trained as a Yamaga instructor. In 1839 at the age of 9, he was taught by a military art instructor at Meirinkan. At the age of 11, his talent was recognized for his excellent performance for his lecture to the daimyō Mōri Takachika. At the age of 13, he led the Chōshū forces to conducted a Western fleet extermination exercise.

In 1845, he received a lecture on the Naganuma Military Arts by Yusuke Yamada. In 1851, he went to Edo and studied the Western military science under Sakuma Shōzan and Asaka Gonsai. In 1851, he studied under Miyabe Teizō and Yamaga Sosui from the Higo Domain. This period of intense study suggests a formative experience that shaped Shōin into an educator and activist that helped spur the Meiji Restoration.[1]

Yoshida Shōin

Rewards of Punishment

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At the end of 1851, Yoshida left for a four-month trip across Northeastern Japan. He had been granted verbal permission from the Chōshū government but left before receiving his written permission in an act of defiance. This act of defiance was a serious offense known as dappan or "fleeing the han". He returned to Hagi in 1852. His punishment from the daimyō was costly but sweet for Shōin. He was stripped of his samurai status and his stipend of 57 koku with it. His father, Sugi Yurinosuke, was appointed as his guardian. Shōin was then granted 10 years of leisure in which he could study in any part of Japan that he chose.[1]

On January 16, 1853, Yoshida Shōin was granted permission to return to Edo to continue his studies. His timing for his return to Edo turned out to coincide with Matthew Perry’s arrival in Japan.[1]

Yoshida Shōin headed for the Black Ships

Attempt to escape and imprisonment

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Matthew Perry visited Japan in 1853 and 1854. Several months after Perry's arrival at Uraga, Sakuma Shōzan petitioned the Bakufu to allow promising candidates to go to the United States to study the ways of the West. The petition was denied but Sakuma and Shoin resolved that Shoin would stow away onboard Perry's ship to visit the west for study.[1] Shortly before Perry left, Yoshida and a friend went to Shimoda where Perry's Black Ships were anchored, and tried to gain admittance. They first presented a letter asking to be let aboard one of his ships.

Then, in the dead of night Yoshida tried to secretly climb aboard the ship USS Powhatan. Perry's troops noticed them, and they were refused. Shortly thereafter, they were caged by Tokugawa bakufu troops. Even in a cage, they managed to smuggle a written message to Perry. Yoshida Shōin was sent to a jail in Edo, then to one in Hagi where he was sentenced to house arrest.[2]

Yoshida had never introduced himself to Perry, who never learned his name.

While in jail, he ran a school. After his release, he took over his uncle's tiny private school, Shōka Sonjuku to teach the youth military arts and politics. Since he was forbidden from travelling, he had his students travel Japan as investigators.

The cave where Yoshida hid overnight before trying to board a 'black ship'

By 1858, Ii Naosuke, the bakufu Tairō who signed treaties with the Western powers, began to round up sonnō jōi rebels in Kyōto, Edo, and eventually the provinces. Many of Yoshida Shoin's followers were caught up in the dragnet. That year, Yoshida Shōin put down the brush and took up the sword. When Ii Naosuke sent a servant to (unsuccessfully) ask the emperor to support one of his treaties with the foreigners, Yoshida Shōin led a revolt, calling on rōnin to aid him, but received very little support. Nonetheless, he and a small band of students attacked and attempted to kill Ii's servant in Kyoto. The revolt failed, and Yoshida Shoin was again imprisoned in Chōshū.

Death

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In 1859, Chōshū was ordered to send its most dangerous insurgents to Edo's prisons. Once there, Yoshida Shōin confessed the assassination plot, and, from jail, continued to plot the rebellion. He did not expect to be executed until the Tokugawa executed three of his friends. In October 15, he asked for a piece of tissue paper to clear his nasal passage, then recited his final death poem: 'Parental love exceeds one's love for his parents. How will they take the tidings of today?'. Two days later in October 17, he was informed of his death sentence. When it was Yoshida's turn in November 21, he was brought to an open courtyard adjacent to the prison, and led to the scaffold. With perfect composure he kneeled atop a straw mat, beyond which was a rectangular hole dug in the rich, dark earth to absorb the blood. Upon his death by decapitation, his executioner Yamada Asaemon said that he died a noble death. He was 29 years old.

After his execution, he was first buried by Itō Hirobumi and his Chōshū comrades near the execution site. In 1863, he was later reburied by his supporters at Wakabayashi, Edo.

Posthumous influence

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At least five of his students, Takasugi Shinsaku, Katsura Kogorō, Inoue Kaoru, Itō Hirobumi and Yamagata Aritomo later became widely known, and virtually all of the survivors of the Sonjuku group became officers in the Meiji Restoration. Takasugi led rifle companies against the shōgun's army when it failed to conquer Chōshū in 1864, rapidly leading to the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate. Itō Hirobumi became Japan's first prime minister.

Legacy

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In 1882, Yoshida Shōin was enshrined at Shōin shrine in Wakabayashi, Setagaya-ku (世田谷区若林4丁目35-1), in Tokyo, and the current shrine's main building was built in 1927,[3] as well as in his birthplace Hagi, Yamaguchi Prefecture (山口県萩市椿東1537).

In 1888 Yoshida was enshrined into the Yasukuni Shrine and was posthumously awarded Senior Fourth Rank by 1889.

Shoin University was named after him. There are two other universities whose names include Shoin in Japan, but they are unrelated to him.[4]

Hana Moyu is a 2015 Japanese television drama NHK Taiga drama series that premiered on January 4, 2015, and ended on December 13, 2015. The series starred Mao Inoue who portrayed Sugi Fumi, a younger sister of Yoshida Shōin. The role of Yoshida Shōin was played by actor Yūsuke Iseya.

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e Huber, T. (1981). Revolutionary Origins of Modern Japan. Stanford, Ca: Stanford University Press
  2. ^ "Yoshida Shōin: The Revolutionary and Teacher Who Helped Bring Down the Shogunate". nippon.com. 2015-02-04. Retrieved 2019-03-18.
  3. ^ Shoin Jinja official website Retrieved December 2, 2015 (in Japanese)
  4. ^ Shoin University website 建学の精神 Archived 2017-08-01 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved December 2, 2015 (in Japanese)
  • Gregg, N. Taylor. "Hagi Where Japan's Revolution Began". Archived from the original on 2006-01-07. Retrieved 2005-04-04. National Geographic Magazine (June, 1984). Article Readers (1) Prof. Albert Craig; Harvard Yenching Institute, (2) Prof. History Dept., Kyoto University, (3) Prof. Thomas Huber, Duke University.
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