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{{Short description|Territory of the Habsburg monarchy}}
{{Infobox country
{{Infobox country
|native_name = {{lang|sr|Кочина крајина}}<br />{{resize|80%|{{nobold|{{transliteration|sr|Kočina krajina}}}}}}
|native_name = ''Serbien''
|conventional_long_name = Habsburg-occupied Serbia
|conventional_long_name = Koča's uprising Serbia
|common_name = Serbia
|common_name = Serbia
|era = [[Early modern period]]
|era = [[Early modern period]]
|status = Territory of the [[Habsburg Monarchy]]
|status = Territory of the [[Habsburg monarchy]]
|event_start = Habsburg occupation
|event_start = Habsburg occupation
|year_start = 1788
|year_start = 1788
|date_start =
|date_start =
|event_end = Habsburg withdrawal, [[Treaty of Sistova]]
|event_end = Habsburg withdrawal, [[Treaty of Sistova]]
|year_end = 1792
|year_end = 1791
|date_end =
|date_end =
|event1 = [[Austro-Turkish War (1787–91)|Austro-Turkish War]]
|event1 = [[Austro-Turkish War (1787–91)|Austro-Turkish War]]
|date_event1 = 1787–1791
|date_event1 = 1788–1791
|p1 = Ottoman Empire
|p1 = Sanjak of Smederevo
|flag_p1 = Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg
|p2 = Military Frontier
|p2 = Military Frontier
|flag_p2 = Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg
|s1 = Sanjak of Smederevo
|s1 = Ottoman Empire
|flag_s1 = Flag of the Ottoman Empire.svg
|image_flag = Flag of Serbia (1792).svg
|image_flag = Flag of Serbia (1792).svg
|flag_border = no
|flag_border = no
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|flag_type = Flag
|flag_type = Flag
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Serbia (1792).svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Serbia (1792).svg
|symbol =
|symbol = Coat of arms of Triballia
|symbol_type =
|symbol_type = Coat of arms
|image_map = Kocina krajina02.png
|image_map = Kocina krajina02.png
|image_map_caption = Habsburg-controlled territory in 1789–90
|image_map_caption = Habsburg-controlled territory in 1789–90
Line 39: Line 37:
|title_representative =
|title_representative =
}}
}}
'''Koča's Frontier''' ({{lang-sr-Cyrl-Latn|Кочина крајина|Kočina krajina}}) refers to the Serbian territory established in the [[Sanjak of Smederevo]], [[Ottoman Empire]], during the [[Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)|Austro-Turkish War]] of 1788–1791. The Habsburg-organized [[Serbian Free Corps]], among whom [[Koča Anđelković]] was a prominent captain (hence the historiographical name), initially held the central part of the sanjak, between February and September 7, 1791; after the Austrians entered the conflict the territory was expanded and became a Habsburg protectorate under military administration, called '''Serbia''' ({{langx|de|Serbien}}). After the Austrian withdrawal and [[Treaty of Sistova]] (1791), the territory was regained by the Ottomans.

'''Koča's frontier''' ({{lang-sr|Кочина крајина}} / ''Kočina krajina'') refers to the Serbian territory established in the [[Sanjak of Smederevo]], [[Ottoman Empire]], during the [[Austro-Turkish War (1787–1791)]]. The Habsburg-organized [[Serbian Free Corps]], among whom [[Koča Anđelković]] was a prominent captain (hence the historiographical name), initially held the central part of the sanjak, between February and September 7, 1788; after the Austrians entered the conflict the territory was expanded and became a Habsburg protectorate under military administration, called '''Serbia''' ({{lang-de|Serbien}}). After the Austrian withdrawal and [[Treaty of Sistova]] (1792), the territory was regained by the Ottomans.


==Background==
==Background==
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===Habsburg-Russian alliance===
===Habsburg-Russian alliance===
Due to conflicts around Caucasus in 1786, relations between Russia and the Ottomans soured. The next year, Joseph II and Catherina II met in Crimea for the second time, which prompted the Ottomans to declare war on Russia.{{sfn|Ćorović|2001}} In the meantime, the Austrians prepared the Serb refugees for war.
Due to conflicts around Caucasus in 1786, relations between Russia and the Ottomans soured. The next year, [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]] and [[Catherine the Great|Catherine II]] met in Crimea for the second time, which prompted the Ottomans to declare war on Russia.{{sfn|Ćorović|2001}} In the meantime, the Austrians prepared the Serb refugees for war.


==History==
==History==
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[[File:Kocina krajina.png|thumbnail|Koča's frontier (area of anti-Ottoman rebellion) in 1788.]]
[[File:Kocina krajina.png|thumbnail|Koča's frontier (area of anti-Ottoman rebellion) in 1788.]]
[[File:Das Koenigreich Serwien, 1791.jpg|thumb|Map of "the Kingdom of Serbia", by Franz Johann Joseph von Reilly (1791).]]
[[File:Das Koenigreich Serwien, 1791.jpg|thumb|Map of "the Kingdom of Serbia", by Franz Johann Joseph von Reilly (1791).]]
A [[Serbian Free Corps]] of 5,000 soldiers had been established in Banat, composed of refugees that had fled earlier conflicts in the Ottoman Empire.<ref name="Schroeder1996">{{cite book|author=Paul W. Schroeder|title=The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BS2z3iGPCigC&pg=PA59|year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-820654-5|pages=58–59}}</ref> The Corps would fight for liberation of Serbia and unification under Habsburg rule.<ref name="Schroeder1996"/> The main commander was the Austrian major [[Mihailo Mihaljević]].{{sfn|Ćorović|2001}} Among volunteers were [[Aleksa Nenadović]], [[:sr:Станко Арамбашић|Stanko Arambašić]], [[Karađorđe Petrović]], the prominent [[Radič Petrović]] and most of all, [[Koča Anđelković]].{{sfn|Ćorović|2001}} The Austrians used the Corps in two failed attempts to seize Belgrade, in late 1787 and early 1788.<ref name="Schroeder1996"/>
A [[Serbian Free Corps]] of 5,000 soldiers had been established in Banat, composed of refugees that had fled earlier conflicts in the Ottoman Empire.<ref name="Schroeder1996">{{cite book|author=Paul W. Schroeder|title=The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BS2z3iGPCigC&pg=PA59|year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-820654-5|pages=58–59}}</ref> The Corps would fight for liberation of Serbia and unification under Habsburg rule.<ref name="Schroeder1996"/> The main commander was the Austrian major [[Mihailo Mihaljević]].{{sfn|Ćorović|2001}} Among volunteers were [[Aleksa Nenadović]], [[:sr:Станко Арамбашић|Stanko Arambašić]], the prominent [[Radič Petrović|Radič]] and [[Karađorđe Petrović|Đorđe Petrović]] but most of all [[Koča Anđelković|Koča the Captain]].{{sfn|Ćorović|2001}} The Austrians used the Corps in two failed attempts to seize Belgrade, in late 1787 and early 1788.<ref name="Schroeder1996"/>


The Austrians entered this war in February 1788, though they had by now lost their best chance for an easy victory.<ref name="Schroeder1996"/> The slow preparations of Russia resulted in the Ottoman concentration on Belgrade.<ref name="Aksan2014">{{cite book|author=Virginia Aksan|title=Ottoman Wars, 1700-1870: An Empire Besieged|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UaesAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA163|date=14 January 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-88403-3|pages=163–}}</ref> The Austrians relied on Russian support in Moldavia, which only began in late 1788, and Joseph II seemed to have been reluctant to fight the Ottomans.<ref name="Aksan2014"/> In July, the Ottomans crossed the Danube and broke into Austrian Banat.<ref name="Aksan2014"/> Shortage of supplies struck both sides, while disease struck the Austrian soldiers.<ref name="Aksan2014"/> As many as 50,000 Serb refugees flooded across the Danube, causing logistical problems for the Austrians.<ref name="Aksan2014"/> In mid-August, Joseph II dispatched 20,400 soldiers into Banat.<ref name="Aksan2014"/>
The Austrians entered this war in February 1788, though they had by now lost their best chance for an easy victory.<ref name="Schroeder1996"/> The slow preparations of Russia resulted in the Ottoman concentration on Belgrade.<ref name="Aksan2014">{{cite book|author=Virginia Aksan|title=Ottoman Wars, 1700-1870: An Empire Besieged|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UaesAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA163|date=14 January 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-88403-3|pages=163–}}</ref> The Austrians relied on Russian support in Moldavia, which only began in late 1788, and Joseph II seemed to have been reluctant to fight the Ottomans.<ref name="Aksan2014"/> In July, the Ottomans crossed the Danube and broke into Austrian Banat.<ref name="Aksan2014"/> Shortage of supplies struck both sides, while disease struck the Austrian soldiers.<ref name="Aksan2014"/> As many as 50,000 Serb refugees flooded across the Danube, causing logistical problems for the Austrians.<ref name="Aksan2014"/> In mid-August, Joseph II dispatched 20,400 soldiers into Banat.<ref name="Aksan2014"/>
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===Habsburg occupation===
===Habsburg occupation===
[[File:Befreites Serbien.jpg|thumb|''Liberated Serbia'', [[Romanticism|romanticist]] work by Johann Georg Mansfeld ]]
[[File:Befreites Serbien.jpg|thumb|''Liberated Serbia'', [[Romanticism|romanticist]] work by Johann Georg Mansfeld ]]
On 8 October 1789, [[Ernst Gideon von Laudon]] [[Siege of Belgrade (1789)|took over Belgrade]]. Austrian forces occupied Serbia, and many Serbs fought in the Habsburg free corps, gaining organization and military skills.<ref name="Alexander2012">{{cite book|author=R. S. Alexander|title=Europe's Uncertain Path 1814-1914: State Formation and Civil Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-XzKVba8xN8C&pg=PA19|date=30 January 2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-0052-6|pages=19–}}</ref> The occupation was accompanied by the Catholic Church which sought to convert the Orthodox Serbs, which made the Serbs look to Russia for aid after the Ottoman regaining of the area in 1792.<ref name="Alexander2012"/>
On 8 October 1789, [[Ernst Gideon von Laudon]] [[Siege of Belgrade (1789)|took over Belgrade]]. Austrian forces occupied Serbia, and many Serbs fought in the Habsburg free corps, gaining organization and military skills.<ref name="Alexander2012">{{cite book|author=R. S. Alexander|title=Europe's Uncertain Path 1814-1914: State Formation and Civil Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-XzKVba8xN8C&pg=PA19|date=30 January 2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-0052-6|pages=19–}}</ref> The occupation was accompanied by the Catholic Church which sought to convert the Orthodox Serbs, which made the Serbs look to Russia for aid after the Ottoman regaining of the area in 1791.<ref name="Alexander2012"/>
By 1791 however the Austrians (the [[Habsburg]]) were forced into withdrawal across the [[Danube]] and [[Sava]] rivers, joined by thousands of [[Serbs|Serbian]] families who feared Ottoman persecution. The [[Treaty of Sistova]] ended the war.
By 1791 however the Austrians (the [[Habsburg]]) were forced into withdrawal across the [[Danube]] and [[Sava]] rivers, joined by thousands of [[Serbs|Serbian]] families who feared Ottoman persecution. The [[Treaty of Sistova]] ended the war.


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==Legacy==
==Legacy==
An annual manifestation, the "Days for Koča's Frontier" (Дани Кочине крајине), takes place in [[Jagodina]] and [[Kladovo]] in honour of the rebellion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/ci/story/124/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE/154171/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5.html|title=Дани Кочине Крајине|language=Serbian|date=12 September 2009}}</ref>
An annual manifestation, the "Days for Koča's Frontier" (Дани Кочине крајине), takes place in [[Jagodina]] and [[Kladovo]] in honour of the rebellion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rts.rs/page/stories/ci/story/124/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE/154171/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5.html|title=Дани Кочине Крајине|language=sr|date=12 September 2009}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
{{Commons category|Habsburg-occupied Serbia (1788–92)}}
{{Commons category|Habsburg-occupied Serbia (1788–92)}}
{{History of Serbia}}
{{History of Serbia}}
* [[Habsburg-occupied Serbia (disambiguation)]]
* [[Habsburg Serbia (disambiguation)]]
* [[Battle of Mainz]], neutral Serbian observers
* [[Battle of Mainz]], neutral Serbian observers


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|last=Ćorović |first=Vladimir |author-link=Vladimir Ćorović |year=2001 |orig-year=1997 |title=Историја српског народа |trans-title=History of the Serbian people |url=http://www.rastko.rs/rastko-bl/istorija/corovic/istorija/index.html |chapter=Kočina krajina |trans-chapter=Kočina landscape |chapter-url=http://www.rastko.rs/rastko-bl/istorija/corovic/istorija/6_15.html |language=Serbian |publisher=Јанус |location=[[Belgrade]]}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|2}}
{{Refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|editor-last=Bataković|editor-first=Dušan T.|editor-link=Dušan T. Bataković|title=Histoire du peuple serbe|trans-title=History of the Serbian People|language=French|date=2005|location=Lausanne|publisher=L’Age d’Homme|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Bataković|editor-first=Dušan T.|editor-link=Dušan T. Bataković|title=Histoire du peuple serbe|trans-title=History of the Serbian People|language=fr|date=2005|location=Lausanne|publisher=L’Age d’Homme|isbn=9782825119587|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Bronza|first=Boro|chapter=The Habsburg Monarchy and the Projects for Division of the Ottoman Balkans, 1771-1788|title=Empires and Peninsulas: Southeastern Europe between Karlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople, 1699–1829|year=2010|location=Berlin|publisher=LIT Verlag|pages=51-62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cz7pbGvCqhwC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Bronza|first=Boro|chapter=The Habsburg Monarchy and the Projects for Division of the Ottoman Balkans, 1771-1788|title=Empires and Peninsulas: Southeastern Europe between Karlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople, 1699–1829|year=2010|location=Berlin|publisher=LIT Verlag|pages=51–62|isbn=9783643106117|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cz7pbGvCqhwC}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Ćirković|first=Sima|authorlink=Sima Ćirković|title=The Serbs|year=2004|location=Malden|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Ćirković|first=Sima|author-link=Sima Ćirković|title=The Serbs|year=2004|location=Malden|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|isbn=9781405142915|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Đorđević|first1=M.|last2=Nedeljković|first2=S.|title=Политичке прилике у београдском пашалуку у предвечерје српске револуције (1787-1804)|journal=Teme-Časopis za Društvene Nauke|year=2015|url=http://teme2.junis.ni.ac.rs/index.php/TEME/article/view/57/54}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Đorđević|first1=M.|last2=Nedeljković|first2=S.|title=Политичке прилике у београдском пашалуку у предвечерје српске револуције (1787-1804)|journal=Teme-Časopis za Društvene Nauke|year=2015|pages=965–979|url=http://teme2.junis.ni.ac.rs/index.php/TEME/article/view/57/54}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Jelavich|first=Barbara|authorlink=Barbara Jelavich|title=History of the Balkans: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries|volume=1|year=1983|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qR4EeOrTm-0C}}
* {{Cite book|last=Jelavich|first=Barbara|author-link=Barbara Jelavich|title=History of the Balkans: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries|volume=1|year=1983|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521252492|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qR4EeOrTm-0C}}
* {{cite web|last=Novaković|first=Stojan|title=Tursko carstvo pred srpski ustanak, 1780-1804|year=1906|url=https://archive.org/stream/turskocarstvopre00nova}} {{small|(Public Domain)}}
* {{cite web|last=Novaković|first=Stojan|title=Tursko carstvo pred srpski ustanak, 1780-1804|year=1906|publisher=Beograd Davidovi|url=https://archive.org/stream/turskocarstvopre00nova}} {{small|(Public Domain)}}
* {{cite book|last=Pantelić|first=Dušan|year=1930|title=Кочина крајина|location=Beograd|publisher=Srpska kraljevska akademija|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-x1WPgAACAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Pantelić|first=Dušan|year=1930|title=Кочина крајина|location=Beograd|publisher=Srpska kraljevska akademija|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-x1WPgAACAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last=Stefanović|first=Radmilo|title=Kočina krajina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_YY6AQAAIAAJ|year=1956|publisher=Prosveta}}
* {{cite book|last=Stefanović|first=Radmilo|title=Kočina krajina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_YY6AQAAIAAJ|year=1956|publisher=Prosveta}}
* {{cite journal|last=Svirčević|first=Miroslav M.|title=Knežinska i seoska samouprava u Srbiji 1739-1788-delokrug i identitet lokalne samouprave u Srbiji od Beogradskog mira (1739) do Austrijsko-turskog rata (1788)|journal=Balcanica|volume=32-33|year=2002|pp=183–196}}
* {{cite journal|last=Svirčević|first=Miroslav M.|title=Knežinska i seoska samouprava u Srbiji 1739-1788-delokrug i identitet lokalne samouprave u Srbiji od Beogradskog mira (1739) do Austrijsko-turskog rata (1788)|journal=Balcanica|issue=32–33|year=2002|pages=183–196|doi=10.2298/BALC0233183S|doi-access=free|hdl=21.15107/rcub_dais_5695|hdl-access=free}}
* {{cite book|last=Radojičić|first=Branko S.|year=2012|title=Аустријско шпијунирање у Београдском пашалуку 1782-1785: Хабзбуршки обавештајци у Србији пред Турско аустријски рат 1788-1791|publisher=|location=Kraljevo|url=https://www.academia.edu/15911569/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%88%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D1%83_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83}}
* {{cite book|last=Radojičić|first=Branko S.|year=2012|title=Аустријско шпијунирање у Београдском пашалуку 1782-1785: Хабзбуршки обавештајци у Србији пред Турско аустријски рат 1788-1791|location=Kraljevo|url=https://www.academia.edu/15911569}}
* {{cite book|last=Roider|first=Karl A., Jr.|title=Austria's Eastern Question, 1700-1790|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rtr_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|year=1982|publisher=Princeton University Press}}
* {{cite book|last=Roider|first=Karl A. Jr. |title=Austria's Eastern Question, 1700-1790|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rtr_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|year=1982|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400856695}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Stavrianos|first=Leften|authorlink=Leften Stavrianos|title=The Balkans Since 1453|year=2000|origyear=1958|location=London|publisher=Hurst|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xcp7OXQE0FMC}}
* {{Cite book|last=Stavrianos|first=Leften|author-link=Leften Stavrianos|title=The Balkans Since 1453|year=2000|orig-year=1958|location=London|publisher=Hurst|isbn=9781850655510|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xcp7OXQE0FMC}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


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{{Rebellions in the Ottoman Empire}}
{{Rebellions in the Ottoman Empire}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Habsburg-occupied Serbia (1788-92)}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Habsburg-occupied Serbia (1788-91)}}
[[Category:Rebellions against the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Rebellions against the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1788]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1788]]
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[[Category:Serbia under Habsburg rule]]
[[Category:Serbia under Habsburg rule]]
[[Category:Habsburg Serbs]]
[[Category:Habsburg Serbs]]
[[Category:1788 establishments in the Habsburg Monarchy]]
[[Category:1788 establishments in the Habsburg monarchy]]
[[Category:1792 disestablishments in the Habsburg Monarchy]]
[[Category:1792 disestablishments in the Habsburg monarchy]]
[[Category:Austro-Turkish Wars]]
[[Category:Austro-Turkish Wars]]
[[Category:Military occupations of Serbia]]
[[Category:1790s in Serbia]]
[[Category:1780s in Serbia]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1792]]

Latest revision as of 23:19, 8 December 2024

Koča's uprising Serbia
Кочина крајина
Kočina krajina
1788–1791
Habsburg-controlled territory in 1789–90
Habsburg-controlled territory in 1789–90
StatusTerritory of the Habsburg monarchy
CapitalBelgrade
Common languagesSerbian, German
Religion
Roman Catholic,
Serbian Orthodox
GovernmentMilitary administration
Historical eraEarly modern period
• Habsburg occupation
1788
1788–1791
• Habsburg withdrawal, Treaty of Sistova
1791
ISO 3166 codeRS
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Sanjak of Smederevo
Military Frontier
Sanjak of Smederevo

Koča's Frontier (Serbian: Кочина крајина, Kočina krajina) refers to the Serbian territory established in the Sanjak of Smederevo, Ottoman Empire, during the Austro-Turkish War of 1788–1791. The Habsburg-organized Serbian Free Corps, among whom Koča Anđelković was a prominent captain (hence the historiographical name), initially held the central part of the sanjak, between February and September 7, 1791; after the Austrians entered the conflict the territory was expanded and became a Habsburg protectorate under military administration, called Serbia (German: Serbien). After the Austrian withdrawal and Treaty of Sistova (1791), the territory was regained by the Ottomans.

Background

[edit]

Serbs

[edit]

The Serbs had taken an active part in the wars fought in the Balkans against the Ottoman Empire, and also organized uprisings.[1] Because of this, they suffered persecution and their territories were devastated.[1] Major migrations from Serbia into Habsburg territory ensued.[1]

Habsburg-Russian alliance

[edit]

Due to conflicts around Caucasus in 1786, relations between Russia and the Ottomans soured. The next year, Joseph II and Catherine II met in Crimea for the second time, which prompted the Ottomans to declare war on Russia.[2] In the meantime, the Austrians prepared the Serb refugees for war.

History

[edit]

Koča's frontier rebellion

[edit]
Koča's frontier (area of anti-Ottoman rebellion) in 1788.
Map of "the Kingdom of Serbia", by Franz Johann Joseph von Reilly (1791).

A Serbian Free Corps of 5,000 soldiers had been established in Banat, composed of refugees that had fled earlier conflicts in the Ottoman Empire.[3] The Corps would fight for liberation of Serbia and unification under Habsburg rule.[3] The main commander was the Austrian major Mihailo Mihaljević.[2] Among volunteers were Aleksa Nenadović, Stanko Arambašić, the prominent Radič and Đorđe Petrović but most of all Koča the Captain.[2] The Austrians used the Corps in two failed attempts to seize Belgrade, in late 1787 and early 1788.[3]

The Austrians entered this war in February 1788, though they had by now lost their best chance for an easy victory.[3] The slow preparations of Russia resulted in the Ottoman concentration on Belgrade.[4] The Austrians relied on Russian support in Moldavia, which only began in late 1788, and Joseph II seemed to have been reluctant to fight the Ottomans.[4] In July, the Ottomans crossed the Danube and broke into Austrian Banat.[4] Shortage of supplies struck both sides, while disease struck the Austrian soldiers.[4] As many as 50,000 Serb refugees flooded across the Danube, causing logistical problems for the Austrians.[4] In mid-August, Joseph II dispatched 20,400 soldiers into Banat.[4]

Habsburg occupation

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Liberated Serbia, romanticist work by Johann Georg Mansfeld

On 8 October 1789, Ernst Gideon von Laudon took over Belgrade. Austrian forces occupied Serbia, and many Serbs fought in the Habsburg free corps, gaining organization and military skills.[5] The occupation was accompanied by the Catholic Church which sought to convert the Orthodox Serbs, which made the Serbs look to Russia for aid after the Ottoman regaining of the area in 1791.[5] By 1791 however the Austrians (the Habsburg) were forced into withdrawal across the Danube and Sava rivers, joined by thousands of Serbian families who feared Ottoman persecution. The Treaty of Sistova ended the war.

Aftermath

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After the war, the Ottomans gave rights to the Serbs to collect local taxes.[6] The displaced janissaries, excluded from the Ottoman Army following reorganization, sought refuge in Serbia (Sanjak of Smederevo) where they tried to revoke the rights granted to the Serbs.[6] These renegade janissaries, called dahije, murdered as many as 150 Serb leaders (knezovi), sparking the First Serbian Uprising (1804).[6] The leader of the uprising, Karađorđe Petrović, had earlier served in the Austrian army as a volunteer during the Habsburg occupation.[6] The uprising expanded into the Serbian Revolution (1804–17), which saw the de facto independence of Serbia.

Legacy

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An annual manifestation, the "Days for Koča's Frontier" (Дани Кочине крајине), takes place in Jagodina and Kladovo in honour of the rebellion.[7]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Ga ́bor A ́goston; Bruce Alan Masters (1 January 2009). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Infobase Publishing. pp. 518–. ISBN 978-1-4381-1025-7.
  2. ^ a b c Ćorović 2001.
  3. ^ a b c d Paul W. Schroeder (1996). The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848. Oxford University Press. pp. 58–59. ISBN 978-0-19-820654-5.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Virginia Aksan (14 January 2014). Ottoman Wars, 1700-1870: An Empire Besieged. Routledge. pp. 163–. ISBN 978-1-317-88403-3.
  5. ^ a b R. S. Alexander (30 January 2012). Europe's Uncertain Path 1814-1914: State Formation and Civil Society. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 19–. ISBN 978-1-4051-0052-6.
  6. ^ a b c d John R. Lampe (28 March 2000). Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country. Cambridge University Press. pp. 48–. ISBN 978-0-521-77401-7.
  7. ^ "Дани Кочине Крајине" (in Serbian). 12 September 2009.

Sources

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Further reading

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