1987 Meerut riots: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|1987 Hindu-Muslim violence in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India}} |
{{short description|1987 Hindu-Muslim violence in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}} |
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{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}} |
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}} |
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The '''1987 Meerut |
The '''1987 Meerut riots''' were a series of [[Religious violence in India|violent communal disturbances]] between [[Hinduism in India|Hindus]] and [[Islam in India|Muslims]] in the northern [[Uttar Pradesh]] town [[Meerut]] which occurred from March to June 1987,<ref>Article itself says "The first acts of violence were between police and Muslim but later on became a communal riot".</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Rivers of Blood: A Comparative Study of Government Massacres|first=Brenda|last=Uekert|year=1995|publisher=Greenwood Publishing|isbn=9780275951658|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I8qWcQNfX_IC&pg=PA97}}</ref> which resulted in the death of more than 350 people.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|title=Riotous fury in India: Innocent people suffer, accused go free|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20030721-riotous-fury-in-india-accused-go-free-innocent-suffer-792142-2003-07-21 | date=21 July 2003 | publisher=India Today | first1=Sheela | last1=Raval | first2=Sayantan | last2=Chakravarty | first3=Farzand | last3=Ahmed | accessdate=10 November 2018 }}</ref> Nearly half of that number was made up of almost 180 Muslims from Hashimpura and Maliana who were killed by members of the UP [[Provincial Armed Constabulary]] in actions after the initial rioting. |
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== Background == |
== Background == |
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Meerut had been the site of five serious communal clashes over the prior two decades, the most significant being in December 1982, that saw the deployment of the PAC and its alleged involvement in the violence that resulted in a reported 150 dead.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=PUDR/PUCL |date=May 1989 |title=Forgotten Massacres: A Report on Aftermath of Meerut |url=https://justiceprojectsouthasia.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/pudr_aftermath-of-meerut_forgotten-massacres.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522184517/https://justiceprojectsouthasia.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/pudr_aftermath-of-meerut_forgotten-massacres.pdf |archive-date=May 22, 2022 |access-date=Jan 13, 2024 |website=Justice Project South Asia}}</ref> |
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⚫ | The tension started in 1986 when the black seal [[Babri Masjid]] in [[Ayodhya]] was opened by the [[Government of India|Government]] which led the Muslim extremists to make some hateful speeches.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/special/the-good-samaritans-of-hashimpura/20150414.htm|title=The good samaritans of Hashimpura|first=Jyoti Punwani and Uttam|last=Ghosh|website=Rediff}}</ref> It was reiterated by Hindus that Babri Masjid was constructed by [[Babur]] after the demolition of a [[Ram Mandir]] back in 1528 A.D.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|title=Devastating communal riots sweep through Meerut and its adjoining areas in Uttar Pradesh|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19870615-devastating-communal-riots-sweep-through-meerut-and-its-adjoining-areas-in-uttar-pradesh-798979-1987-06-15|publisher=India Today | date=15 June 1987 | first=Inderjit | last=Badhwar | accessdate=10 November 2018 }}</ref> |
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⚫ | Inflammatory speeches were made by Muslim extremist leaders, which created communal tensions in the area. This resulted in Muslims organising a rally held in March 1987 by the [[Babri Masjid|All India Babri Masjid Action Committee]], a non-government organization representing Muslims which increased communal tensions in Meerut and ultimately led to communal clashes in April. |
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On 14 April 1987 during a local fair a drunk police officer on duty was struck by a fire cracker and opened fire killing two Muslims. On the same day in Hashimpura a clash broke out when local Muslims objected to a Hindu family playing film music over loudspeakers during a sermon at the nearby [[masjid]]. A shot was fired by a Hindu and Muslims retaliated by setting Hindus shops on fire, resulting in fighting.12 people died in these riots in which the PAC had to be called in, but were withdrawn in the first week of May, barely 10 days before the riots broke out. On May 14 two bombs exploded in Mohalla Chhipiwara and Chhatta Tagi Hussain, followed by another explosion in Mohalla Kainchian two days later.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Sachar |first=Rajindar |date=June 23, 1987 |title=PUCL Report, 1987 By (Justice) Rajindar Sachar (Retd), Shri Inder Kumar Gujral, Prof A M Khusro, Prof Dalip Swamy, and Prof K C Gupta. |url=https://justiceprojectsouthasia.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/pucl-report-maliana-meerut-riots-1987-by-justice-rajindar-sachar.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522184525/https://justiceprojectsouthasia.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/pucl-report-maliana-meerut-riots-1987-by-justice-rajindar-sachar.pdf |archive-date=May 22, 2022 |access-date=Jan 13, 2024 |website=Justice Project South Asia}}</ref> |
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== Violence == |
== Violence == |
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{{See also|Hashimpura massacre|Maliana massacre}} |
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⚫ | Inflammatory speeches made by |
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On the evening of May 16, a Hindu named Ajay Sharma was shot and killed, apparently in a renter-owner land dispute. Various rumours ascribing a communal aspect to the killing would spread in the next two days increasing tensions.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 7, 1987|first1=Inderjit|last1=Badhwar|title=Devastating communal riots sweep through Meerut and its adjoining areas in Uttar Pradesh|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19870615-devastating-communal-riots-sweep-through-meerut-and-its-adjoining-areas-in-uttar-pradesh-798979-1987-06-15|access-date=2021-08-01|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Local police and a contingent of the PAC attempted to arrest a suspect in Hashimpura two days later. Entering the neighborhood at Iftar during Ramzan, the timing of the raid was seen as provocative and resulted in Muslim residents clashing with police nearby Imliyan mosque. According to [[People's Union for Civil Liberties]], a Muslim girl was crushed under a police jeep. This resulted in the police firing at the mob which killed several people.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> The first person killed for communal reasons however was a Hindu store owner, Shashi Bhushan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Badhwar |first=Inderjit |date=June 15, 1987 |title=The Agony of Meerut |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19870615-devastating-communal-riots-sweep-through-meerut-and-its-adjoining-areas-in-uttar-pradesh-798979-1987-06-14 |work=India Today}}</ref> |
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In the subsequent communal fighting, on the morning of the 17th, at least 15 and likely many more people were killed and hundreds of business were burnt in the vicinities of Hapur Road, Golekuan, Pilokheri, Lakhipura, and Shyam Nagar. In Pilokhari several cloth printing factories owned by Hindus were burnt by the mob, burning about a dozen guards inside the factories. At Lisari Road the farm of Nepal Singh was attacked, 6 persons said to have been burnt to death.<ref name=":3" /> A car was also attacked by the Muslim mob, killing the occupant a famous local Hindu doctor named Dr Prabhat, whose father, local CPI leader Professor Harpal Singh helped found the Hashimpura Legal Advisory Committee.<ref name="auto2" /><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|title=Meerut riots of May 1987|url=http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Human-rights/2006/meerut-riots.html|website=pucl.org/|publisher=People's Union for Civil Liberties|access-date=27 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817150551/http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Human-rights/2006/meerut-riots.html|archive-date=17 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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The first acts of violence were between the police and Muslims where police fired on protesting Muslims but later on became a communal riot between Hindus and Muslims. A Hindu shop owner was stabbed to death by Muslim which led Muslims being targeted during the violence by the police and the Hindu rioters which killed Hundreds in the next few days as the riots spread to [[Modinagar]]. Estimated property loss was around 50 crores. Hindu and Muslim doctors faced the wrath of their own community for treating patients of other community.<ref name="auto"/> |
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Although a curfew was introduced and the army deployed by the afternoon, arson continued as did violence, including to areas like Shastri Nagar, Saket and Civil Lines that had not been affected by the nearly dozen acts of communal violence over the previous two decades. In fact, Shastri Nagar was one of the worst affected areas, with a reported 33 (local allegations raising as high as 100) killed in the locality during the initial rioting.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Graff |first1=Violette |last2=Gallonnier |first2=Juliette |date=20 August 2013 |title=Hindu-Muslim Communal Riots in India II (1986-2011) |url=http://massviolence.org/IMG/article_PDF/Hindu-Muslim-Communal-Riots-in,738.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140620025941/http://massviolence.org/IMG/article_PDF/Hindu-Muslim-Communal-Riots-in,738.pdf|archive-date= 20 June 2014|access-date=2024-01-14 |website=SciencesPo Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence}}</ref> At Meerut and Fatehgarh jails prisoners clashed, resulting in five deaths at the former and six or seven deaths at the latter.<ref name=":2" /> |
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According to [[People's Union for Civil Liberties]], after a Muslim girl was crushed under police jeep. This resulted in the police firing at the mob which killed several people. A Car was also attacked by the Muslim mob, killing inside a famous local Hindu doctor named Dr Prabhat.<ref name="rediff.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/special/the-good-samaritans-of-hashimpura/20150414.htm|title=The good samaritans of Hashimpura}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|title=Meerut riots of May 1987|url=http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Human-rights/2006/meerut-riots.html|website=pucl.org/|publisher=People's Union for Civil Liberties|access-date=27 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817150551/http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Human-rights/2006/meerut-riots.html|archive-date=17 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Though doctors father is now fighting for justice for the hundreds of Muslims massacred in Riots by Hindu mob and police personnel.[http://www.rediff.com/news/special/the-good-samaritans-of-hashimpura/20150414.htm] |
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The death of the Hindu shop owner led to Muslims being targeted during the retaliatory violence by the police and the Hindu rioters who killed hundreds in the next few days as the riots spread to [[Modinagar]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-21|title=Heritage Times - 1987 : Twin Massacres of Muslims at Meerut and Maliana by the Police|url=https://heritagetimes.in/1987-meerut-maliana-massacre-muslims/|access-date=2021-08-01|website=Heritage Times|language=en-US}}</ref> Across the border in Delhi, eight were killed. Many Muslims were burnt alive by a Hindu mob in villages on the outskirts of Meerut city.<ref name="auto2"/> Estimated property loss was around 50 [[crore]]s. Hindu and Muslim doctors faced the wrath of their own community for treating patients of the other community.<ref name="auto" /> In the subsequent days, numerous people died in further communal violence, two in a shootout and four in a bomb blast at Bulandshahar, while another blast in Hapur did not claim any lives. Prohibitory orders were enforced in 36 districts, and a complete ban on public meetings was imposed throughout the state.<ref name=":0" /> Despite this, some elements of the police were accused of facilitating more violence. |
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50 gazetted police officers and more than 60 companies of the PAC, the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) and the Army had to control the riots.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2210/stories/20050520001504300.htm|title=Justice out of sight|website=www.frontline.in}}</ref> Many Muslims were burnt alive by a Hindu mob in villages on the outskirts of Meerut city.<ref name="rediff.com"/> |
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On the afternoon of 19th a Hindu mob retaliated for the earlier property damage by Muslims, allegedly with PAC protection. Affected areas included Hapur Road, the Mawana bus stand, stadium, Shastri Nagar, and Miyan Mohammed Nagar where 225/354 houses of mostly poor Muslims were burnt. The residents, alleged that the PA opened fire at 2 p.m. and then started looting and burning. Many persons were burnt alive and 130 families were compensated at the rate of Rs 15,000/- each. On the night of the 19th, three people on a roof in Subash Nagar were killed in firing, allegedly from the direction of Hashimpura.<ref name=":3" /> |
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PAC officials have been charged by court of filling buses with Muslims taken from their homes and killing them . Later throwing those dead bodies in the canal[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/1987-hashimpura-massacre-case-delhi-hc-sentences-16-cops-to-life-imprisonment/articleshow/66442007.cms?from=mdr] |
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50 gazetted police officers and more than 60 companies of the [[Provincial Armed Constabulary|PAC]], the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) and the [[Indian Army|Army]] had to control the riots.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2210/stories/20050520001504300.htm|title=Justice out of sight|website=www.frontline.in}}</ref> In many cases, members of the local police and PAC were implicated unprovoked killings and supporting Hindu rioters, particularly in two infamous cases. On May 22, days after the initial violence, in the neighborhood of Hashimpura, PAC officials have been charged by court of filling buses with Muslims taken from their homes and killing 75 of them, dumping the corpses in two canals outside the city.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/1987-hashimpura-massacre-case-delhi-hc-sentences-16-cops-to-life-imprisonment/articleshow/66442007.cms?from=mdr|title=1987 Hashimpura massacre case: Delhi HC sentences 16 ex-policemen to life imprisonment|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=31 October 2018 }}</ref> In the aftermath of the events, Meerut Bar Association President Anil Bakshi, claimed "Innocent people were framed by the state administration to save the policemen guilty of the massacre."<ref name=":1" /> |
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Although most of the killing was done by the end of May, the violence continued to simmer for months afterwards, with individual killings, assaults and vandalism punctuated by more serious incidents. On July 15, a bomb blast at Bazaza Bazaar killed three, resulting in mobs assembling within two hourns and clashing with police at half a dozen points across the city. A week later, mirroring [[1987 Lalru bus massacre|events in Punjab]], a mob on the Meerut-Bijnor road on the night of July 22, mobs stopped four buses and lynched 11 Muslim passengers. According to Senior Superintendent of Police, G.L. Sharma, the massacre may have been caused by rumors of Muslims abducting devotees during the ongoing Shivaratri celebrations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pachauri |first=Pankaj |date=August 15, 1987 |title=Anguish Without End |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19870815-communal-violence-becomes-a-tradition-in-meerut-shows-no-signs-of-letting-up-799155-1987-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208102154/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19870815-communal-violence-becomes-a-tradition-in-meerut-shows-no-signs-of-letting-up-799155-1987-08-14 |archive-date=Dec 8, 2022 |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> |
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== Trials and 2018 verdict == |
== Trials and 2018 verdict == |
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On 6 September 2018, the Delhi |
On 6 September 2018, the [[Delhi High Court]] [[Reserved decision|reserved its verdict]] in the case. |
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On 31 October 2018, the Delhi |
On 31 October 2018, the Delhi High Court convicted 16 former PAC personnel for life after finding them guilty of the murder of 42 people.<ref>{{cite news|title=India's dismal record in riot convictions|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indias-dismal-record-in-riot-convictions/pmredirectshow/1107533.cms?curpg=3|work=The Times of India}}</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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[[Category:History of Meerut|1987 riots]] |
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[[Category:Murder in Uttar Pradesh]] |
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[[Category:1987 riots]] |
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[[Category:Improvised explosive device bombings in 1987]] |
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[[Category:Improvised explosive device bombings in India]] |
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[[Category:Police brutality in India]] |
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[[Category:Lynching deaths in India]] |
Latest revision as of 23:11, 10 December 2024
The 1987 Meerut riots were a series of violent communal disturbances between Hindus and Muslims in the northern Uttar Pradesh town Meerut which occurred from March to June 1987,[1][2] which resulted in the death of more than 350 people.[3] Nearly half of that number was made up of almost 180 Muslims from Hashimpura and Maliana who were killed by members of the UP Provincial Armed Constabulary in actions after the initial rioting.
Background
[edit]Meerut had been the site of five serious communal clashes over the prior two decades, the most significant being in December 1982, that saw the deployment of the PAC and its alleged involvement in the violence that resulted in a reported 150 dead.[4]
The tension started in 1986 when the black seal Babri Masjid in Ayodhya was opened by the Government which led the Muslim extremists to make some hateful speeches.[5] It was reiterated by Hindus that Babri Masjid was constructed by Babur after the demolition of a Ram Mandir back in 1528 A.D.[6]
Inflammatory speeches were made by Muslim extremist leaders, which created communal tensions in the area. This resulted in Muslims organising a rally held in March 1987 by the All India Babri Masjid Action Committee, a non-government organization representing Muslims which increased communal tensions in Meerut and ultimately led to communal clashes in April.
On 14 April 1987 during a local fair a drunk police officer on duty was struck by a fire cracker and opened fire killing two Muslims. On the same day in Hashimpura a clash broke out when local Muslims objected to a Hindu family playing film music over loudspeakers during a sermon at the nearby masjid. A shot was fired by a Hindu and Muslims retaliated by setting Hindus shops on fire, resulting in fighting.12 people died in these riots in which the PAC had to be called in, but were withdrawn in the first week of May, barely 10 days before the riots broke out. On May 14 two bombs exploded in Mohalla Chhipiwara and Chhatta Tagi Hussain, followed by another explosion in Mohalla Kainchian two days later.[7]
Violence
[edit]On the evening of May 16, a Hindu named Ajay Sharma was shot and killed, apparently in a renter-owner land dispute. Various rumours ascribing a communal aspect to the killing would spread in the next two days increasing tensions.[8] Local police and a contingent of the PAC attempted to arrest a suspect in Hashimpura two days later. Entering the neighborhood at Iftar during Ramzan, the timing of the raid was seen as provocative and resulted in Muslim residents clashing with police nearby Imliyan mosque. According to People's Union for Civil Liberties, a Muslim girl was crushed under a police jeep. This resulted in the police firing at the mob which killed several people.[4][7] The first person killed for communal reasons however was a Hindu store owner, Shashi Bhushan.[9]
In the subsequent communal fighting, on the morning of the 17th, at least 15 and likely many more people were killed and hundreds of business were burnt in the vicinities of Hapur Road, Golekuan, Pilokheri, Lakhipura, and Shyam Nagar. In Pilokhari several cloth printing factories owned by Hindus were burnt by the mob, burning about a dozen guards inside the factories. At Lisari Road the farm of Nepal Singh was attacked, 6 persons said to have been burnt to death.[7] A car was also attacked by the Muslim mob, killing the occupant a famous local Hindu doctor named Dr Prabhat, whose father, local CPI leader Professor Harpal Singh helped found the Hashimpura Legal Advisory Committee.[5][10]
Although a curfew was introduced and the army deployed by the afternoon, arson continued as did violence, including to areas like Shastri Nagar, Saket and Civil Lines that had not been affected by the nearly dozen acts of communal violence over the previous two decades. In fact, Shastri Nagar was one of the worst affected areas, with a reported 33 (local allegations raising as high as 100) killed in the locality during the initial rioting.[11] At Meerut and Fatehgarh jails prisoners clashed, resulting in five deaths at the former and six or seven deaths at the latter.[4]
The death of the Hindu shop owner led to Muslims being targeted during the retaliatory violence by the police and the Hindu rioters who killed hundreds in the next few days as the riots spread to Modinagar.[12] Across the border in Delhi, eight were killed. Many Muslims were burnt alive by a Hindu mob in villages on the outskirts of Meerut city.[5] Estimated property loss was around 50 crores. Hindu and Muslim doctors faced the wrath of their own community for treating patients of the other community.[6] In the subsequent days, numerous people died in further communal violence, two in a shootout and four in a bomb blast at Bulandshahar, while another blast in Hapur did not claim any lives. Prohibitory orders were enforced in 36 districts, and a complete ban on public meetings was imposed throughout the state.[9] Despite this, some elements of the police were accused of facilitating more violence.
On the afternoon of 19th a Hindu mob retaliated for the earlier property damage by Muslims, allegedly with PAC protection. Affected areas included Hapur Road, the Mawana bus stand, stadium, Shastri Nagar, and Miyan Mohammed Nagar where 225/354 houses of mostly poor Muslims were burnt. The residents, alleged that the PA opened fire at 2 p.m. and then started looting and burning. Many persons were burnt alive and 130 families were compensated at the rate of Rs 15,000/- each. On the night of the 19th, three people on a roof in Subash Nagar were killed in firing, allegedly from the direction of Hashimpura.[7]
50 gazetted police officers and more than 60 companies of the PAC, the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) and the Army had to control the riots.[13] In many cases, members of the local police and PAC were implicated unprovoked killings and supporting Hindu rioters, particularly in two infamous cases. On May 22, days after the initial violence, in the neighborhood of Hashimpura, PAC officials have been charged by court of filling buses with Muslims taken from their homes and killing 75 of them, dumping the corpses in two canals outside the city.[14] In the aftermath of the events, Meerut Bar Association President Anil Bakshi, claimed "Innocent people were framed by the state administration to save the policemen guilty of the massacre."[3]
Although most of the killing was done by the end of May, the violence continued to simmer for months afterwards, with individual killings, assaults and vandalism punctuated by more serious incidents. On July 15, a bomb blast at Bazaza Bazaar killed three, resulting in mobs assembling within two hourns and clashing with police at half a dozen points across the city. A week later, mirroring events in Punjab, a mob on the Meerut-Bijnor road on the night of July 22, mobs stopped four buses and lynched 11 Muslim passengers. According to Senior Superintendent of Police, G.L. Sharma, the massacre may have been caused by rumors of Muslims abducting devotees during the ongoing Shivaratri celebrations.[15]
Trials and 2018 verdict
[edit]On 6 September 2018, the Delhi High Court reserved its verdict in the case. On 31 October 2018, the Delhi High Court convicted 16 former PAC personnel for life after finding them guilty of the murder of 42 people.[16]
References
[edit]- ^ Article itself says "The first acts of violence were between police and Muslim but later on became a communal riot".
- ^ Uekert, Brenda (1995). Rivers of Blood: A Comparative Study of Government Massacres. Greenwood Publishing. ISBN 9780275951658.
- ^ a b Raval, Sheela; Chakravarty, Sayantan; Ahmed, Farzand (21 July 2003). "Riotous fury in India: Innocent people suffer, accused go free". India Today. Retrieved 10 November 2018.
- ^ a b c PUDR/PUCL (May 1989). "Forgotten Massacres: A Report on Aftermath of Meerut" (PDF). Justice Project South Asia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
- ^ a b c Ghosh, Jyoti Punwani and Uttam. "The good samaritans of Hashimpura". Rediff.
- ^ a b Badhwar, Inderjit (15 June 1987). "Devastating communal riots sweep through Meerut and its adjoining areas in Uttar Pradesh". India Today. Retrieved 10 November 2018.
- ^ a b c d Sachar, Rajindar (23 June 1987). "PUCL Report, 1987 By (Justice) Rajindar Sachar (Retd), Shri Inder Kumar Gujral, Prof A M Khusro, Prof Dalip Swamy, and Prof K C Gupta" (PDF). Justice Project South Asia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
- ^ Badhwar, Inderjit (7 January 1987). "Devastating communal riots sweep through Meerut and its adjoining areas in Uttar Pradesh". India Today. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
- ^ a b Badhwar, Inderjit (15 June 1987). "The Agony of Meerut". India Today.
- ^ "Meerut riots of May 1987". pucl.org/. People's Union for Civil Liberties. Archived from the original on 17 August 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
- ^ Graff, Violette; Gallonnier, Juliette (20 August 2013). "Hindu-Muslim Communal Riots in India II (1986-2011)" (PDF). SciencesPo Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ "Heritage Times - 1987 : Twin Massacres of Muslims at Meerut and Maliana by the Police". Heritage Times. 21 January 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2021.
- ^ "Justice out of sight". www.frontline.in.
- ^ "1987 Hashimpura massacre case: Delhi HC sentences 16 ex-policemen to life imprisonment". The Economic Times. 31 October 2018.
- ^ Pachauri, Pankaj (15 August 1987). "Anguish Without End". India Today. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
- ^ "India's dismal record in riot convictions". The Times of India.
- Religious riots in India
- History of Meerut
- 1987 murders in India
- Murder in Uttar Pradesh
- 1987 riots
- Mass murder in 1987
- Anti-Muslim violence in India
- 20th-century mass murder in India
- 1980s in Uttar Pradesh
- Arson in India
- Arson in 1987
- 1980s fires in Asia
- Attacks on shopping malls in India
- 1987 mass shootings in Asia
- Mass shootings in India
- Improvised explosive device bombings in 1987
- Improvised explosive device bombings in India
- Police brutality in India
- Lynching deaths in India