Medan: Difference between revisions

Medan
Medan
City
	City of Medan ; Kota Medan
Regional transcription(s)
• Jawi	ميدن
• Batak	ᯔᯩᯑᯉ᯲
	Skyline of Medan Great Mosque of Medan Maimun Palace Tjong A Fie Mansion Sri Mariamman Temple
	Coat of arms
	Nickname: Parijs van Sumatra (Dutch)
	Motto(s): Bekerja sama dan sama-sama bekerja ; (Working together and everybody work)
	Location within North Sumatra
	Interactive map of Medan
	Medan Location in Sumatra and Indonesia Medan Medan (Indonesia)
	Coordinates: 03°35′22″N 98°40′26″E / 3.58944°N 98.67389°E
Country	Indonesia
Region	Sumatra
Province	North Sumatra
Founded	1 July 1590
Government
• Mayor	Vacant
• Vice Mayor	Vacant
Area
• City	265.1 km2 (102.4 sq mi)
• Urban	478 km2 (185 sq mi)
• Metro	2,831.97 km2 (1,093.43 sq mi)
Elevation	2.5–37.5 m (8–123 ft)
Population (2023 estimate)
• City	2,494,512 (5th)
• Urban	3,632,000 (4th)
• Urban density	7,598/km2 (19,680/sq mi)
• Metro	4,744,323 (5th)
• Metro density	1,675/km2 (4,340/sq mi)
Demonym(s)	Medanese; Medanite
Demographics
• Ethnic groups	Native: Malays and Karo; Majority: Javanese and Batak; Others: Chinese, Minangkabau, Acehnese, Indians, etc.;
• Religion (2019)	65.8% Islam; 24.8% Christianity 20.1% Protestant; 4.6% Catholic; ; 8.6% Buddhism; 0.8% Hinduism; 0.01% Others (incl. Confucianism);
Time zone	UTC+7 (IWST)
Area code	(+62) 61
Vehicle registration	BK
Nominal GDP	2023
- Total	Rp 303.312 trillion (4th); US$ 19.899 billion ; US$ 63,731 billion (PPP)
- Per capita	Rp 105,908 thousand (13th); US$ 8,043; US$ 25,758 (PPP)
- Metro	Rp 483.278 trillion; US$ 31.706 billion; Int$ 101.544 billion (PPP)
- Growth	6.0%
HDI (2023)	0.826 (26th) – very high
Website	pemkomedan.go.id

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Latest revision as of 08:52, 12 December 2024

Medan (/mɛˈdɑːn/ meh-DAHN, Indonesian: [mɛˈdan] ^ⓘ) is the capital and largest city of the Indonesian province of North Sumatra.^[7] The nearby Strait of Malacca, Port of Belawan, and Kualanamu International Airport make Medan a regional hub and multicultural metropolis, acting as a financial centre for Sumatra and a gateway to the western part of Indonesia. About 60% of the economy in North Sumatra is backed by trading, agriculture, and processing industries,^[8] including exports from its 4 million acres of palm oil plantations. The National Development Planning Agency listed Medan as one of the four main central cities in Indonesia, alongside Jakarta, Surabaya, and Makassar. In terms of population, it is the most populous city in Indonesia outside of the island of Java. Its population as of 2023 is approximately equal to the country of Moldova.^[9]^[10]

As of the 2020 Census, Medan had a population of 2,435,252 within its city limits;^[11]^[12] the official population estimate as of mid 2023 was 2,474,166 - comprising 1,231,673 males and 1,242,493 females.^[3] When the surrounding urban area is included, the population is over 3.4 million, making it the fourth largest urban area in Indonesia.^[13] The Medan metropolitan area—which includes neighbouring Binjai, Deli Serdang Regency, and a part of Karo Regency—is the largest metropolitan area outside of Java, with 4,744,323 residents counted in the 2020 Census.^[14]

The city was founded at the confluence of the Deli River and the Babura river by a Karonese man named Guru Patimpus. Then called Kampung Medan Putri, it became part of the Deli Sultanate, established in 1632. In the late 19th century, colonial Dutch seeking new plantation areas chose Medan and Deli as plantation hubs to found the Deli Company. Within a few years, the Dutch tobacco trade transformed Medan into an economic hub, earning it the nickname Het Land Dollar ("the land of the money"). The Deli Railway, established to ship tobacco, rubber, tea, timber, palm oil, and sugar from Medan to the Port of Belawan for worldwide export, brought further rapid development to Medan. The city became first the capital of the State of East Sumatra, and then the provincial capital of North Sumatra.

Etymology

The term medan might be derived from the Batak Karo word madan (ᯔᯑᯉ᯳), which literally means 'healed', 'blessed', or 'recovered'.^[15] The term is associated with the historical Karo figure and founder of the city, traditional doctor Guru Patimpus [id]. The oldest evidence of this term used to refer to the city dates back to c. 13th-15th century during the reign of Aru, the Karo monarch.^[16]

Another popular theory suggests that medan is of Malay origin, literally meaning 'field'. The term medan (مدان) in Malay might be derived from the Malayalam word maitānam (മൈതാനം, 'field'), which is cognate with the Tamil word maitāṉ-am (மைதானம், 'ground').^[17]

History

Medan is located in what was once the Kingdom of Aru, founded by the Karo people and flourishing between the 13th and 16th centuries.^[18] A number of archaeological sites survive near Medan, including Kota Rentang, a port settlement in the Hamparan Perak area;^[19] Kota Cina, an ancient trading site in Medan Marelan;^[20] and Benteng Putri Hijau, a fort ruin in Deli Tua.^[21]

In the sixteenth century, Guru Patimpus Sembiring Pelawi, a Karonese man from the Karo Regency, converted from Pemena to Islam. While traveling to study under Datuk Kota Bangun, Guru Patimpus met and married the Princess of Pulo Brayan [id]. Accompanied by their two sons, Kolok and Kecik, the couple founded Medan village between the Deli and Babura Rivers.^{[citation needed]}

In 1632, the Aceh Sultanate under Gocah Pahlawan expanded to include Medan. Perunggit succeeded his father in 1669, and declared the Deli Sultanate, including Medan, independent of the Aceh Sultanate.

1886 coat of arms of Medan, showing a tobacco plant as the charge

Coolies working in the seedbeds on a tobacco plantation in Medan, c. 1900

Sultan Amaluddin leaving the Great Mosque on his coronation day

Crowd in front of Maimun Palace

Starting in the 1860s, Dutch authorities began to release new land for tobacco plantations. Said Abdullah Bilsagih, brother-in-law of the Deli Sultan Mahmud Perkasa Alam, persuaded Dutch tobacco merchant Jacob Nienhuys to move his business from Java to Deli. Dutch merchants Van der Falk and Elliot, and Chinese brothers Tjong Yong Hian and Tjong A Fie, were also pioneers of Deli's tobacco industry. In 1867, Nienhuys, Jannsen, P.W. Clemen, and Cremer founded De Deli Maatschappij; in 1869, they moved its head office from Labuhan Deli to Medan. This made Medan a centre of the tobacco trade, which continued to grow with the 1869 opening of the Suez Canal.

Sultan Ma'mun Al Rashid Perkasa Alamyah, who ruled from 1873 to 1924, moved the kingdom's capital to Medan. He became known as the builder of early Medan, finishing the construction of the Maimun Palace in 1888 and building the Great Mosque of Medan in 1907. In 1898, a Dutch businessman named Aeint Herman de Boer built Hotel de Boer to accommodate the cruise ships of European tourists which had begun to visit Medan.

During the 1942 Dutch East Indies campaign, the Japanese entered Medan on bicycles and occupied the city. The handover of power was chaotic, but through the use of the Kempetai. Locals of Medan were subjected to enforced Japanese language and worship.^[22] The Japanese were able to hold the city until their surrender in 1945. Following that, Medan came under the authority of the South East Asia Command led by British Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten. With the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence on 17 August, Medan became part of the newly-independent Republic of Indonesia, news announced in Medan on 30 September.

In October, Allied troops landed in Belawan and marched on Medan. The subsequent conflicts between the Allies and the Indonesian Army became known as the Battle of Medan.^[23]^[24] The Allies regained control of Medan in April 1946, and in December 1947 the Dutch established the State of East Sumatra with Medan as its capital. This became part of the United States of Indonesia in 1949, and was dissolved into the Republic of Indonesia in 1950.^[25]

Medan continued to grow as a centre of commerce during the reign of Amaluddin Al Sani Perkasa Alamsyah [id]. Developments of the 1970s, especially palm oil and rubber plantations, made Medan the busiest city outside Java, with the transmigration program bringing many Javanese and Batak migrants.

In May 1998, months of student demonstrations in Medan over the 1997 Asian financial crisis turned into riots when a student was killed in a clash with security forces. The next day, the mobs became bigger, and many shops and vehicles in the business district (mostly owned by Chinese residents) were burned and looted. As a result, a curfew was imposed for more than two weeks until peace returned.^[26]

On 5 September 2005, Mandala Airlines Flight 091 stalled a minute after taking off from Medan's old Polonia International Airport for a flight to Jakarta. The aircraft crashed into a heavily populated residential area along Djamin Ginting road in Padang Bulan. Of the 117 passengers and crews on board, only 17 survived, and an additional 49 civilians on the ground were killed.^[27] As a result, Kualanamu International Airport was built in Deli Serdang to replace the old airport, with construction finished in 2012. After the move to the new airport, height restriction laws in Medan were relaxed.

Geography

Medan is in the northeastern part of Sumatra island, in the province of North Sumatra. The city is a semi-enclave within Deli Serdang Regency, bordered by that regency on three sides and by the Strait of Malacca to the north. The natural harbor formed where the Deli and Babura rivers feed into the straits has contributed to Medan's growth as a trading port.^[28]

Medan's elevation varies between 2.5 and 37.5 m (8 ft 2 in and 123 ft 0 in) above sea level, with the Barisan Mountains to the south, and volcanoes such as Sibayak Mountain and Sinabung Mountain 50 to 70 km (31 to 43 mi) from the city.^{[citation needed]}

Climate

Medan features a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen: Af) with no real dry season.^[29] Its driest month (January) on average sees about one-third the precipitation of its wettest month (October), with a total annual precipitation of about 2,200 mm (87 in). Autumn (September - November) is the rainiest season, and the temperature is still coolest in winter (December and January). Temperatures in the city average approximately 27 °C (81 °F) throughout the year.

Climate data for Medan (Kualanamu International Airport, 2000–2020)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	35.0 (95.0)	36.1 (97.0)	36.1 (97.0)	37.2 (99.0)	36.1 (97.0)	37.2 (99.0)	37.2 (99.0)	37.2 (99.0)	36.1 (97.0)	35.0 (95.0)	35.0 (95.0)	34.4 (93.9)	37.2 (99.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	31.2 (88.2)	31.9 (89.4)	32.7 (90.9)	32.8 (91.0)	32.9 (91.2)	33.0 (91.4)	32.6 (90.7)	32.4 (90.3)	31.8 (89.2)	31.4 (88.5)	31.1 (88.0)	30.8 (87.4)	32.1 (89.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)	27.3 (81.1)	27.7 (81.9)	28.3 (82.9)	28.5 (83.3)	28.6 (83.5)	28.5 (83.3)	28.5 (83.3)	28.0 (82.4)	27.7 (81.9)	27.5 (81.5)	27.4 (81.3)	27.2 (81.0)	27.9 (82.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	23.4 (74.1)	23.4 (74.1)	23.8 (74.8)	24.2 (75.6)	24.4 (75.9)	24.0 (75.2)	23.7 (74.7)	23.6 (74.5)	23.5 (74.3)	23.7 (74.7)	23.8 (74.8)	23.6 (74.5)	23.8 (74.8)
Record low °C (°F)	18.3 (64.9)	18.3 (64.9)	18.3 (64.9)	19.4 (66.9)	18.3 (64.9)	17.2 (63.0)	16.1 (61.0)	18.3 (64.9)	18.8 (65.8)	17.7 (63.9)	15.5 (59.9)	18.3 (64.9)	15.5 (59.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	120.1 (4.73)	79.0 (3.11)	121.6 (4.79)	184.7 (7.27)	207.8 (8.18)	177.8 (7.00)	201.9 (7.95)	192.2 (7.57)	301.9 (11.89)	324.6 (12.78)	212.1 (8.35)	222.7 (8.77)	2,346.4 (92.39)
Average precipitation days	9.7	6.3	8.0	9.3	12.2	8.9	10.5	12.4	16.7	17.8	15.2	13.1	140.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours	129.6	141.0	153.1	131.2	134.8	157.9	153.9	143.9	123.1	116.3	104.8	98.1	1,587.7
Source 1: Meteomanz^[30]
Source 2: Worldwide Bioclimatic Classification System (extremes)^[31] WeatherOnline (sun, 2010–2019)^[32]

Government

Medan was governed by Abdillah from 2000 until 2008, when he and his vice mayor were caught by the Corruption Eradication Commission. Syamsul Arifin, the governor of North Sumatra Province, appointed Affifudin Lubis [id] as acting mayor, followed by Rahudman Harahap after Lubis's 2009 resignation. Harahap resigned in order to run for office in the 2010 mayoral election, leaving Arifin himself to become acting mayor. In 2013, Harahap was also arrested for corruption, and his deputy Dzulmi Eldin became acting mayor.^[33]

Dzulmi Eldin was elected mayor in 2016,^[34] and served until his arrest for corruption in 2019. He was replaced by his vice mayor, Akhyar Nasution, who served until the end of his term in 2021.

The current mayor of Medan is Bobby Nasution, with vice mayor Aulia Rachman [id].^[35]

Administrative divisions

Medan is divided into 21 districts (Indonesian: kecamatan), tabulated below with their areas and populations at the 2010 Census,^[36] and the 2020 Census,^[12] together with the official estimates as of mid-2023.^[3] The table also includes the number of urban villages/neighbourhoods (Indonesian: kelurahan) in each district, and their postal codes.

Kode Wilayah	Name of District (kecamatan)	Area in km²	Pop'n Census 2010	Pop'n Census 2020	Pop'n Estimate mid 2023	No. of villages	Postal codes
12.71.07	Medan Tuntungan	25.16	80,942	97,249	100,132	9	20134-20141
12.71.11	Medan Johor	16.73	123,851	151,756	154,868	6	20142-20146
12.71.09	Medan Amplas	10.65	113,143	129,726	131,770	7	20147-20149, 20219 & 20229
12.71.04	Medan Denai	9.37	141,395	169,643	171,896	6	20226-20228
12.71.10	Medan Area	4.24	96,544	117,029	118,057	12	20211-20217
12.71.01	Medan Kota	5.75	72,580	84,666	84,778	12	20211-20219
12.71.15	Medan Maimun	3.02	39,581	49,231	49,708	6	20151-20159
12.71.16	Medan Polonia	8.77	52,794	59,915	60,679	5	20152-20157
12.71.17	Medan Baru	5.43	39,516	36,522	36,191	6	20153-20156
12.71.21	Medan Selayang	16.45	98,317	103,176	104,144	6	20131-20133
12.71.02	Medan Sunggal	13.26	112,744	129,063	133,273	6	20121-20128
12.71.03	Medan Helvetia	13.05	144,257	164,910	168,292	7	20123-20126
12.71.19	Medan Petisah	5.28	61,749	71,844	72,432	7	20112-20119
12.71.05	Medan Barat	6.34	70,771	88,602	89,248	6	20111-20117
12.71.20	Medan Timur	8.89	108,633	116,985	117,035	11	20231-20239
12.71.18	Medan Perjuangan	4.54	93,328	103,813	105,317	9	20232-20237
12.71.14	Medan Tembung	7.85	133,579	146,534	149,274	7	20221-20225
12.71.06	Medan Deli	18.83	166,793	189,321	191,743	6	20241-20244
12.71.13	Medan Labuhan	35.09	111,173	133,765	135,622	6	20251-20254, 20524 & 20525
12.71.12	Medan Marelan	30.03	140,414	182,515	189,469	5	20250-20256
12.71.08	Medan Kota Belawan	33.27	95,506	108,987	110,238	6	20411-20415
	Totals	281.99	2,097,610	2,435,252	2,474,166	151

The city centre consists of Medan Petisah, Medan Baru, Medan Polonia, Medan Maimun, Medan Kota, and Medan Barat (West Medan). Medan Labuhan is one of the largest districts by area (together with Medan Belawan and Medan Marelan) and lies in the northern part of the city. Medan Tuntungan serves as the gateway to Karo Regency, Medan Helvetia to Binjai City and Langkat, and Medan Amplas to Tebing Tinggi and Pematang Siantar.

Demographics

Medan is Indonesia's largest city outside Java, and its fourth largest altogether (after Jakarta, Surabaya and Bandung). The population more than quadrupled in less than fifty years, growing from 568,000 in 1968^[37] to 2.1 million in 2010. As of 2020, Medan had a population of 2,435,252 and the larger metropolitan area had a population of 4,756,863.

Administrative division	Area in km²	Pop'n Census 2010	Pop'n Census 2020	Pop'n Estimate mid 2023	Pop'n density 2023 (/km²)	Ref
Medan (City)	281.99	2,097,610	2,435,252	2,474,166	8,774	^[38]
Binjai (City)	90.45	246,154	291,842	303,272	3,353	^[38]
Deli Serdang Regency	2,497.72	1,790,431	1,931,441	2,018,164	808	^[38]
Karo Regency (part)	234.96	86,244	98,328	101,798	433	^[38]
Greater Medan	3,105.12	4,220,439	4,756,863	4,897,400	1,577	^[38]

Ethnicities and languages

Ethnicities of Medan^[39]
Ethnic group			Percentage
Batak			34.39%
Javanese			33.03%
Chinese			10.65%
Minangkabau			8.60%
Malays			6.59%
Acehnese			2.78%
Others			3.96%

The dominant ethnic groups in Medan are Batak and Javanese, with smaller Malays, Acehnese, Indian, Nias, and Sundanese populations.^[39]

The Bataks in Medan are of three subethnicities. The native Karo mostly live in the southern parts of Medan, including Padang Bulan, Medan Johor and Tuntungan. The Toba, whom the Dutch employed on their oil palm plantations, live in Marindal and Amplas, or in nearby city centres such as the Medan Perjuangan district. Finally, the Mandailing, who migrated to Medan after Indonesian independence in search of job opportunities, mainly live in Medan Tembung. The primary languages spoken by Bataks in Medan are Batak and Karo.

The large Javanese community in Medan is primarily composed of the descendants of people transported from Java in the 19th century to be employed as contract workers at various plantations in North Sumatra. For the most part, they speak the local dialect of Javanese.

The Malays are also natives of Medan, having lived as fishermen in the outskirts of the city since the Aru era. Starting in the 18th century, they began to spread throughout the city, with large numbers living in Medan Maimun, Kota Matsum, Labuhan and Belawan and speaking Malay.

Immigration from southern China to Deli began in the 16th century, and accelerated in the 19th and early 20th centuries as immigrants sought employment as planters and coolies. Medan is home to the largest Chinese population in Sumatra, mostly concentrated around the city centre. Most Chinese people in Medan speak Medan Hokkien, a local dialect, but many also speak Mandarin, Teochew, or Cantonese.

Minangkabau came to Medan since the late of the 19th century. Minangs migration surged from the 1960s to the 1980s, becoming 10.9% of the population and founding Padang restaurants throughout the city. Most Minangkabau people in Medan speak Minangkabau. They are mostly concentrated around the city centre, near Central Market (Pajak Sentral), Kota Matsum and Sukaramai.^[40]

Many Acehnese sought sanctuary in Medan after the insurgency in Aceh in the late 1970s. They now own a number of Mie Aceh restaurants around the Setia Budi and Sunggal areas. Most speak Acehnese, and Gayonese is also common.

Medan also has a substantial Tamil Indonesian community. Kampung Madras, a busy area in the city centre, is well-known as a Tamil neighbourhood.

The different linguistic communities in Medan communicate in a slang called Bahasa Medan or Dialek Medan (Medanese slang). This dialect of Indonesian includes loanwords from the various local languages, especially Malay.

Religion

Religion of Medan – 2019 Census^[41]
Religion			Percent
Islam			65.78%
Protestant			20.14%
Buddhism			8.65%
Catholic			4.63%
Hinduism			0.79%
Others			0.01%

Most of Medan's inhabitants are Muslim, accounting for approximately 65 percent of the population. The substantial Christian demographic (about 25 percent of the total population) includes Catholics, Methodists, and Lutherans, such as the Batak Christian Protestant Church. Buddhists make up about 9 percent of the population, and there are smaller Hindu, Confucian, and Sikh communities. Some Bataknese follow traditional religions such as Pemena and Parmalim.

Gunung Timur Temple, on Jalan Hang Tuah, is Medan's oldest Taoist temple. Maha Vihara Maitreya, on Jalan Cemara Asri, is the largest Buddhist temple in southeast Asia. The city's oldest church, Medan Cathedral, on Jalan Pemuda, was originally built as Indische Kerk by the Dutch and Indian community. Sri Mariamman Temple, on Jalan Zainul Arifin in Kampung Madras, is the city's oldest Hindu temple, built around 1881; it is surrounded by over a hundred statues of various deities. Graha Maria Annai Velangkanni, a Catholic church in an Indo-Mogul style, was built on Jalan Sakura III in 2005, dedicated to a Marian apparition in 17th century Tamil Nadu. At one point before and during the Japanese occupation of the city, Japanese migrants created a Shinto shrine, Hirohara Shrine, to accommodate the increasing worshipers of Japanese residents.^[42] It was later rebuilt during the Japanese occupation of the city in 1944 to accommodate the mandatory worship by locals.^[22] The former shrine still stands as the last Shinto shrine in Southeast Asia.^[43]^[44]

Al-Mashun Great Mosque (Muslim)
GPIB Immanuel, Medan (Protestant)
Maha Vihara Maitreya (Buddhist)
Sri Mariamman Temple (Hindu)
Gunung Timur Temple (Taoist)
Graha Maria Annai Velangkanni (Catholic)
Hirohara Jinja (formerly Shinto)

Economy

The Medan metropolitan area was recognized as an Indonesian National Strategic Region (Indonesian: Kawasan Strategis Nasional) by Government Regulation No 28/2008. As a major commercial and economic hub of Indonesia, Medan is a centre for the production and trade of commodities including cinnamon, tobacco, tea, coffee, rubber, and palm oil. It also has a growing manufacturing sector, producing goods such as cars, machinery, tile, and paper and pulp.

Medan's location makes it the main hub of international trade in western Indonesia, with exports going to Europe, North America, and the Middle East. Its trade and tourism businesses have also become essential to the Indonesia–Malaysia–Thailand Growth Triangle.^[45] Many multinational companies maintain offices in the city, such as Asian Agri,^[46] London Sumatra,^[47] Musim Mas,^[48] Philips Lighting, Toba Pulp Lestari, Marriott, Wilmar, ABB Group and DBS Bank. Rapid development in Medan has resulted in an upward trend in residential property prices.^[49]

Medan is one of the major shopping centres of Indonesia, along with Jakarta, Bandung and Surabaya. Shopping malls in Medan include:

Cambridge City Square
Centre Point
DeliPark Mall
Focal Point
Lippo Plaza Mall
Manhattan Times Square
Medan Mall
Plaza Medan Fair
Ringroad City Walks
Sun Plaza
Thamrin Plaza

Cuisine

Medan is known as "the culinary heaven of Indonesia" for its variety of ethnic cuisines and prominent street hawkers. Prominent restaurants in Medan include Nelayan (halal-Chinese seafood and dim sum), Garuda and Uda Sayang (nasi padang and gulai), Sate Afrizal Amir (sate padang), Cahaya Baru (chapati and tandoori), OnDo Batak grill and Tesalonika (babi panggang (grilled pork) and saksang), Jalan Selat Panjang and Jalan Semarang (Chinese food), Jalan Pagaruyung (Indian and Malay food), and Jalan Padan Bulan (Batak food). Other major culinary destinations in Medan include Merdeka Walk, an outdoor area with a number of restaurants, and Pasar Rame, a daily outdoor market.^[50]

The local cuisine in Medan comes from a variety of culinary traditions. Soto Medan is a savoury stew of mixed meats and coconut milk, usually served with rice and perkedel. Bika ambon, a popular local cake, is traditionally flavoured with pandanus, but can also be found in banana, durian, cheese, and chocolate flavours. Babi Panggang Karo, grilled pork dipped in blood curd, may be served with sambal andaliman made from local peppers. Tau Kua He Ci (豆干虾炸) is a local Chinese variant of rojak, made with fried prawn, vegetables, tofu, and chili sauce. Medanese swiss rolls (Bolu Meranti) and dried anchovies are popular souvenirs.

Tourism

Landmarks

Many examples of colonial Dutch architecture survive in Medan. Prominent instances include the old City Hall, the Medan Post Office, Inna Dharma Deli Hotel, Titi Gantung bridge, the Lonsum [id] building, the Tjong A Fie Mansion, the A.V.R.O.S. building, the Warenhuis building, and the Tirtanadi Water Tower.

The Sultan of Deli (whose position is now purely ceremonial) still lives in Maimoon Palace, built 1887-1891. The Great Mosque of Medan, built in 1906, was designed in a Moroccan style by the Dutch architect A.J. Dingemans.^[51]

Museums

The North Sumatra Museum, located south of the city's centre, was formally opened in April 1982 by Daoed Joesoef [id], Minister of Education and Culture. The museum's collection centres around artefacts of North Sumatran ethnic groups.

The Bukit Barisan Museum is a military museum opened by Brigade General Leo Lopulisa [id] on 21 June 1971. Located at 8 Jalan H. Zainul Arifin, the museum houses a number of historic weapons used in the 1958 revolt in North Sumatra, and displays paintings of the rebellion against the Netherlands.^[52]

The Rahmat International Wildlife Museum & Gallery, which opened in 1999, is considered the city's outstanding taxidermy collection. It is located on Jalan Letjen S. Parman No.309.^[53]

Transportation

Airport

The Kualanamu International Airport (KNO) opened on 25 July 2013 as a replacement for the Polonia Airport. Located 39 km (24 mi) from downtown Medan, it is Indonesia's first airport with a direct rail link to the city. The airport has a 224,298 m² (2,414,324 sq ft) passenger terminal, and serves as a hub for Garuda Indonesia, Indonesia AirAsia, Lion Air, Susi Air and Wings Air,^[54] with direct domestic flights to many major cities in Sumatra, as well as Java-international flights to locations abroad including Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Saudi Arabia, and Sri Lanka.

Seaport

The Port of Belawan is on the northeast coast of Sumatra, 19 km (12 mi) north of Medan and accessible by a railway across the channel south of the island.^[55] Originally built in 1890 for European tobacco exports, the harbour was expanded in 1907 with a new section for Chinese and indigenous traders.

The growth of northern Sumatra's rubber and palm oil plantations in the early twentieth century brought new developments to the port. Several major berthing facilities were built in the 1920s, and by 1938 the port handled the greatest cargo value of any in the Dutch East Indies. Trade volumes dropped substantially after Indonesian independence, but reached pre-independence levels again in the mid-1960s. A major restructuring in 1985 saw the construction of a container terminal; it almost immediately captured about one-fifth of Indonesia's containerized exports. Major products exported include rubber, palm oil, tea, and coffee.^[56]

The current port has two terminals. The first, which handles passengers, offers ferry services to cities including Penang, Langkawi, Batam, Jakarta, and Surabaya. The second, Belawan International Container Terminal (BICT), is used for export and import services, and is one of the largest shipping industry ports in Indonesia.

Roads

Major roads through Medan include the Trans-Sumatran Highway and the Belmera Toll Road. Other toll roads link the city to the airport, Binjai, and Tebing Tinggi.

Railway

The largest train station in Medan is Medan Station. The city also has a number of smaller stations, including Medan Pasar, Pulu Brayan, Titi Papan, Labuhan, and Belawan. Of these, Titi Papan and Pulu Brayan serve exclusively freight trains, while the others also serve passenger trains.

Express trains run between Medan and cities including Tebing Tinggi, Pematang Siantar, Tanjungbalai, and Rantau Prapat, and the Kualanamu Airport Railink Services express train runs between Medan Station and Kualanamu International Airport Station. Other rail lines connect Medan to cities such as Binjai and Belawan.

An elevated railway over several rail lines around Medan avoids level crossings and reduces traffic congestion.^[57]

Public transport

Both auto rickshaws and cycle rickshaws are widely available in Medan, for a cheap pre-negotiated fare. Ride-sharing services Gojek and Grab are also in widespread use.

While taxis exist, most locals use sudako, Medan's share taxi system. These minibuses follow routes indicated by numbers displayed on the vehicle; route maps are not published, instead typically being spread by word-of-mouth.

Medan and its nearby urban areas have two bus rapid transit systems, Trans Mebidang and Medan Electric Bus, each with several active corridors.

Trans Mebidang

Corridor	Origin–Destination
1	Medan – Binjai
2	Medan – Lubuk Pakam

Medan Electric Bus

Corridor	Origin–Destination
1	Pinang Baris – Lapangan Merdeka
2	Amplas – Lapangan Merdeka
3	Belawan – Lapangan Merdeka
4	Medan Tuntungan – Lapangan Merdeka
5	Tembung – Lapangan Merdeka

Media

Television

Medan's television stations include public and private national networks, as well as local channels. TVRI Sumatera Utara, a public station serving North Sumatra, is headquartered in the city. Channels currently available in Medan include:

CNN Indonesia
TVRI Sumatera Utara
Indosiar
MNCTV
Trans TV
ANtv
GTV
RCTI
SCTV
tvOne
Magna TV HD
Metro TV
Trans7
NET. – 43 UHF
iNews – 45 UHF
DAAI TV – 49 UHF
RTV 53 UHF
MYTV – 55 UHF
Kompas TV – 59 UHF
CTV Network – 61 UHF

Radio

RRI Medan is the only public radio in Medan. Several local languages are also served on the radio, such as Kardopa Radio (in the Batak language), CityRadio FM and A-Radio FM (in the Chinese language) and Symphony FM (in the Malay language). Other popular stations in Medan include Prambors FM, MNC Trijaya FM, I-Radio, KISS FM, VISI FM, and Delta FM.

Newspapers

Mimbar Umum is Medan's oldest newspaper. Other major newspapers based in Medan include Waspada, Analisa, Jurnal Medan, Berita Sore, Harian Global, Harian Medan Bisnis, Sumut Pos, Posmetro Medan, Sinar Indonesia Baru, and Tribun Medan, as well as national Mandarin language newspapers such as Harian Indonesia (印尼星洲日报), Guo Ji Ri Bao (国际日报) and Shangbao (印尼商报) and English newspapers like The Jakarta Post.

Literature

From the 1930s through the 1960s, Medan was the source of a major body of Indonesian literature, known as "Roman Medan". These books usually depicted local life in Medan and surrounding areas of Deli.

Several romance novel writers grew up in Medan, including Hamka, Joesoef Sou'yb [id], Tamar Djaja [id], Matu Mona [id], and A. Damhoeri [id].^[58]

Sport

Football is one of the most popular sports in Medan, with five local clubs: Persatuan Sepakbola Medan dan Sekitarnya (known as PSMS Medan), Medan Jaya, Medan Chiefs, Bintang PSMS and Medan United. Teladan Stadium, Medan's multi-purpose stadium, is used primarily for football matches.

Medan also has a Wushu training centre, Jalan Plaju, and a basketball club, Angsapura Sania.

Healthcare

Medan has more than 30 registered hospitals, three public and the rest private.

Pirngadi General Hospital
Adam Malik General Hospital
Haji General Hospital
St. Elisabeth Hospital
Martha Friska Hospital
Columbia Asia Hospital
Permata Bunda Hospital
Murni Teguh Hospital
Advent Hospital
Siloam-Dhirga Surya Hospital
Imelda Hospital
Vina Estetica Hospital
Stella Maris Hospital
Putri Hijau Military Hospital
Mitra Sejati General Hospital
Bunda Thamrin Hospital
Royal Prima Hospital
Methodist Hospital
Sumatra Eye Center
Eshmun Hospital

Education

Elementary, middle, and high schools

Medan has more than 827 registered elementary schools, 337 middle schools and 288 high schools, including state-owned, private, religious, and international schools.

Chandra Kumala School
Cinta Budaya School (Chong Wen) (中文学校)
Medan Independent School
Methodist High School (2–3) Medan
Nanyang Zhi Hui School (南洋之晖学校)
Perguruan Santo Thomas Medan
Prime One School
Singapore Intercultural Schools Medan
SMA Negeri 1 Medan (state-owned high school)
SMA Negeri 2 Medan (state-owned high school)
SMA Negeri 3 Medan (state-owned high school)
SMA Negeri 4 Medan (state-owned high school)
SMP Negeri 18 Medan (state-owned middle school)
Sutomo School (1–2) (蘇東中學)^[59]
Telkom Vocational School (Medan)
Yayasan Pendidikan Shafiatul Amaliyah
Yayasan Pendidikan Harapan
SMK Tritech Informatika Medan

Universities and Colleges

Medan's 72 registered universities,^[60] academies, polytechnics, and colleges include:

Dharmawangsa University
HKBP Nommensen University
IT&B Campus
Medan State Polytechnic
Medan Tourism Academy
Mikroskil University
Muhammadiyah University of North Sumatra
Pelita Harapan University
Prima University
State University of Medan^[61]
STBA-PIA (亚洲-国际友好学院)
STIE Eka Prasetya
Universitas Darma Agung (UDA)
Universitas Methodist Indonesia
University of North Sumatra^[62]
University of Pembangunan Panca Budi
Technology Institute of Medan

International relations

Consulates

Medan hosts several consulates and general consulates from foreign countries,^[63] such as:

Twin towns – sister cities

Medan is twinned with:^[79]

George Town, Penang Island, Malaysia (10 October 1984)^[80]
Ichikawa, Chiba Prefecture, Japan (4 November 1989)^[81]
Gwangju, South Jeolla Province, South Korea (24 September 1997)^[82]
Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China (17 December 2002)^[83]
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States (30 October 2014)^[84]

Notable people

References

^ "Medan Het Parijs van Sumatra, Medan Paris di Sumatra". Teknomuda (in Indonesian). 2 September 2017. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
^ "Medan, Sang Parijs van Sumatera". BatakPedia (in Indonesian). 7 January 2020. Archived from the original on 4 July 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, Kota Medan Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.1271)
^ "Demographia World Urban Areas, 16th Annual Edition" (PDF). February 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
^ "PU-net". perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
^ ^a ^b Badan Pusat Statistik Sumatra Utara (2024). "Provinsi Sumatera Utara Dalam Angka 2024". Medan: Badan Pusat Statistik.
^ Kumar, Pankaj; Mishra, Binaya Kumar; Avtar, Ram; Chakraborty, Shamik (2021). "Quantifying future water environment using numerical simulations: a scenario-based approach for sustainable groundwater management plan in Medan, Indonesia". Global Groundwater. Elsevier. pp. 585–596. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818172-0.00043-8. ISBN 9780128181720. S2CID 230551984. Medan is the capital city of North Sumatra province.
^ "Medan Business: Top Sectors, Economies, Business Setup". 23 July 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
^ "26. Z. Irian Jaya". bappenas.go.id (Word DOC) (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
^ Geografi. Grasindo. ISBN 9789797596194. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
^ "Jumlah Penduduk menurut Jenis Kelamin dan Kabupaten/Kota Sumatra Utara 2011–2016". Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Sumatra Utara (in Indonesian). 3 October 2017. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
^ ^a ^b Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
^ "Demographia World Urban Areas, 14th Annual Edition" (PDF). April 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
^ "PU-net". Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
^ Joustra, M. (1907). Karo-Bataksch Woordenboek [Karo Batak dictionary] (in Dutch).
^ Pelly, Usman; R., Ratna; Kardarmadja, M. Sunjata (1984). Sejarah sosial daerah Sumatra Utara, Kotamadya Medan [Sociohistory of North Sumatra, Medan Municipality] (in Indonesian). Indonesia: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
^ Meuraxa, Dada (1973). Sejarah kebudayaan suku-suku di Sumatera Utara [Cultural history of tribes in North Sumatra] (in Indonesian). Indonesia: Sasterawan.
^ Dominik Bonatz; John Miksic; J. David Neidel, eds. (2009). From Distant Tales: Archaeology and Ethnohistory in the Highlands of Sumatra. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-0784-5. Archived from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
^ Juraidi (23 August 2008). "Menelusuri Jejak Kerajaan Aru". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 17 September 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
^ "Museum Kota Cina, Situs Awal Perdagangan Penting di Pantai Timur Sumatera Abad XI". SeMedan.com (in Indonesian). 3 January 2016. Archived from the original on 14 July 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
^ Repelita Wahyu Oetomo (8 June 2014). "Benteng Putri Hijau Berdasarkan Data Sejarah dan Arkeologi" (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 28 January 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
^ ^a ^b Saito, Shizuo (1 March 1977). 私の軍政記 : インドネシア独立前夜. Japan Indonesia Association. OCLC 673871439.
^ Reid, Anthony (2014), The Blood of the People: Revolution & the End of Traditional Rule in Northern Sumatra, Singapore: NUS Press, ISBN 978-9971-69-637-5
^ Said, H. Mohammed (April 1973). "What was the Social Revolution of 1946 in East Sumatra" (PDF). Indonesia. 15 (15). Cornell University: Indonesia Southeast Asia Program Publications: 153. doi:10.2307/3350795. hdl:1813/53556. JSTOR 3350795. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 October 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
^ Kahin, George McTurnan (1970). Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia. Cornell University Press. pp. 225, 461–463. ISBN 0-8014-9108-8. Archived from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
^ Shenon, Philip (24 April 1994). "Rioters Attack Ethnic Chinese In Indonesia". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737–230 PK-RIM Medan-Polonia Airport (MES)". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network.
^ Usman Pelly, Sejarah Kota Madya Medan, 1950–1979; Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan R.I., Proyek Inventarisasi dan Dokumentasi Sejarah Nasional, Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional, 1985
^ "Medan, Indonesia Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
^ "SYNOP/BUFR observations. Data by months". Meteomanz. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
^ Worldwide Bioclimatic Classification System. "INDONESIA – POLONIA". www.globalbioclimatics.org. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
^ "Total Hours of Sunshine – Medan – Climate Robot Indonesia". www.weatheronline.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
^ "KPK Arrests Mandailing Natal Mayor for Alleged Bribery". Archived from the original on 1 March 2014.
^ "Eldin-Akhyar confirm their victory of Medan city election". Archived from the original on 28 June 2017.
^ "Gubsu Lantik Wali Kota Medan dan Wakil Wali Kota Medan Periode 2021–2024". pemkomedan.go.id. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
^ Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
^ Ensiklopedi Umum, Penerbitan Jajasan Kanisius, 1973
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Sumatera Utara". sumut.bps.go.id. Archived from the original on 9 December 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
^ ^a ^b Leo Suryadinata, Evi Nurvidya Arifin, Aris Ananta, Indonesia's Population: ethnicity and religion in a changing political landscape, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2003.
^ Usman Pelly, Urbanisasi dan Adaptasi: Peranan Misi Budaya Minangkabau dan Mandailing, LP3ES, 1994
^ "Sensus Penduduk 2019: Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut – Kota Medan". Badan Pusat Statistik (in Indonesian). Badan Pusat Statistik. 2019. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
^ "Dibeli Pemprov Sumut, Medan Club Sudah Ditetapkan Sebagai Cagar Budaya oleh Pemko Medan". Tribun-medan.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 17 April 2024.
^ "スマトラ.メダンにある日本の歴史遺産紘原神社 - 「老人タイムス」私説". goo blog (in Japanese). Retrieved 17 April 2024.
^ Inamiya, Yasuhito; Nakajima, Michio (November 2019). 非文字資料研究叢書２「神国」の残影｜国書刊行会 [Remnants of “Sacred Country” | Photographic Records of Sites of Overseas Shrines] (in Japanese). Kokusho Publishing Association. ISBN 978-4-336-06342-7. Archived from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
^ https://www.rdi.or.id/storage/files/publication/84.pdf Medan City: Development and Governance under the Decentralisation Era
^ "Kantor Asian Agri". Asian Agri Official Website. 20 April 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ "London Sumatra: About Company". LONSUM Official Website. 18 February 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ "Hubungi Kami – Musim Mas". Musim Mas Official Website. 1 January 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ Analysis (2015). "Transport infrastructure a key part of Medan's development plans". Archived from the original on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
^ "Medan: Entry Point to North Sumatra". Indonesia.travel. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
^ "Medan Urban development by planters and entrepreneurs" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
^ "North Sumatra Museum". Indonesia Tourism. Archived from the original on 10 January 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
^ Gunawan, Apriadi (30 March 2011). "A glimpse of wildlife in Medan museum". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
^ "All systems go for Medan". TTGmice. Archived from the original on 5 February 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
^ "Belawan". britannica. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
^ "Port of Medan/Belawan". seaport.homestad. Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
^ Siregar, Wahyudi Aulia (13 July 2017). "Semester II-2019, Jalur Layang Kereta Api di Medan Beroperasi : Okezone Economy". Okezone (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
^ Koko Hendri Lubis, Roman Medan: Sebuah Kota Membangun Harapan, PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta, 2018
^ "3 Best High Schools for recommendation in Medan". Kabar Lampung. 10 February 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ "Top Universities in North Sumatra". UniRank. 10 January 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ "State University of Medan". Top Universities. 16 July 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ "Universitas Sumatera Utara". Top Universities. 16 July 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ "Kedutaan Besar dan Konsulat Asing". Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ "Australian Consulate Medan". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ "Honorary Consulate of Belgium in Medan". Federal Public Service Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ "Consulate-General of the People's Republic of China in Medan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ "The Danish consulates in Indonesia (Medan)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Denmark). Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ "Konsul Kehormatan Republik Federal Jerman di Medan/Sumatera-Utara". Ministry for Foreign Affairs (East Germany). Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ "Consulate General of India, Medan". Ministry of External Affairs (India). Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ "Konsulat Jenderal Jepang di Medan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan). Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ "Consulate General of Malaysia, Medan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ "Netherlands Honorary Consulate in Medan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands). Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ "Norwegian consulate in Medan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Norway). Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ "Poland Honorary Consulate in Medan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland). Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ "Consulate-General of the Republic of Singapore in Medan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Singapore). Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ "Royal Thai Honorary Consulate in Medan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Thailand). Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ "Turkish Honorary Consulate in Medan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey). Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ "Konsulat AS di Medan". United States Department of State. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
^ "Medan Menjalin Hubungan Kota Kembar Keempat". Archived from the original on 23 April 2007. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
^ Hans Michelmann (28 January 2009). Foreign Relations in Federal Countries. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. pp. 198–. ISBN 978-0-7735-7618-6.
^ "A Sight-seeing Guide to Ichikawa City's International Exchanges" (PDF). city.ichikawa.lg.jp. Ichikawa. November 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
^ "Sister Cities". gwangju.go.kr. Gwangju. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
^ "Chengdu Sister and partner cities". Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
^ "City will host Indonesian sister city signing ceremony Thursday" (online magazine, press release). onMilwaukee.com. 28 October 2014. Archived from the original on 4 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.

External links

Media related to Medan at Wikimedia Commons
Medan travel guide from Wikivoyage
Medan at Wikinews
The dictionary definition of Medan at Wiktionary
Geographic data related to Medan at OpenStreetMap
Official Government website (in Indonesian)
Medanesia – Medan Forum (in Indonesian)

[1] "Medan Het Parijs van Sumatra, Medan Paris di Sumatra". Teknomuda (in Indonesian). 2 September 2017. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2020.

[2] "Medan, Sang Parijs van Sumatera". BatakPedia (in Indonesian). 7 January 2020. Archived from the original on 4 July 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2020.

[Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-3] Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, Kota Medan Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.1271)

[Demog16th-4] "Demographia World Urban Areas, 16th Annual Edition" (PDF). February 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2020.

[5] "PU-net". perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.

[sumut-6] Badan Pusat Statistik Sumatra Utara (2024). "Provinsi Sumatera Utara Dalam Angka 2024". Medan: Badan Pusat Statistik.

[Kumar_Mishra_Avtar_Chakraborty_2021_pp._585–596-7] Kumar, Pankaj; Mishra, Binaya Kumar; Avtar, Ram; Chakraborty, Shamik (2021). "Quantifying future water environment using numerical simulations: a scenario-based approach for sustainable groundwater management plan in Medan, Indonesia". Global Groundwater. Elsevier. pp. 585–596. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818172-0.00043-8. ISBN 9780128181720. S2CID 230551984. Medan is the capital city of North Sumatra province.

[Medan_Business-8] "Medan Business: Top Sectors, Economies, Business Setup". 23 July 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2022.

[9] "26. Z. Irian Jaya". bappenas.go.id (Word DOC) (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2019.

[10] Geografi. Grasindo. ISBN 9789797596194. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2019.

[bps2016-11] "Jumlah Penduduk menurut Jenis Kelamin dan Kabupaten/Kota Sumatra Utara 2011–2016". Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Sumatra Utara (in Indonesian). 3 October 2017. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 8 April 2018.

[Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2021-12] Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.

[Demographia-13] "Demographia World Urban Areas, 14th Annual Edition" (PDF). April 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020.

[mebidangro-14] "PU-net". Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.

[KB-15] Joustra, M. (1907). Karo-Bataksch Woordenboek [Karo Batak dictionary] (in Dutch).

[AR-16] Pelly, Usman; R., Ratna; Kardarmadja, M. Sunjata (1984). Sejarah sosial daerah Sumatra Utara, Kotamadya Medan [Sociohistory of North Sumatra, Medan Municipality] (in Indonesian). Indonesia: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.

[MD-17] Meuraxa, Dada (1973). Sejarah kebudayaan suku-suku di Sumatera Utara [Cultural history of tribes in North Sumatra] (in Indonesian). Indonesia: Sasterawan.

[Archaeology_Highlands_of_Sumatra-Aru-18] Dominik Bonatz; John Miksic; J. David Neidel, eds. (2009). From Distant Tales: Archaeology and Ethnohistory in the Highlands of Sumatra. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-0784-5. Archived from the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.

[Kompas-Aru-19] Juraidi (23 August 2008). "Menelusuri Jejak Kerajaan Aru". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 17 September 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.

[20] "Museum Kota Cina, Situs Awal Perdagangan Penting di Pantai Timur Sumatera Abad XI". SeMedan.com (in Indonesian). 3 January 2016. Archived from the original on 14 July 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.

[Oetomo-21] Repelita Wahyu Oetomo (8 June 2014). "Benteng Putri Hijau Berdasarkan Data Sejarah dan Arkeologi" (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 28 January 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.

[:11-22] Saito, Shizuo (1 March 1977). 私の軍政記 : インドネシア独立前夜. Japan Indonesia Association. OCLC 673871439.

[23] Reid, Anthony (2014), The Blood of the People: Revolution & the End of Traditional Rule in Northern Sumatra, Singapore: NUS Press, ISBN 978-9971-69-637-5

[24] Said, H. Mohammed (April 1973). "What was the Social Revolution of 1946 in East Sumatra" (PDF). Indonesia. 15 (15). Cornell University: Indonesia Southeast Asia Program Publications: 153. doi:10.2307/3350795. hdl:1813/53556. JSTOR 3350795. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 October 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2019.

[25] Kahin, George McTurnan (1970). Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia. Cornell University Press. pp. 225, 461–463. ISBN 0-8014-9108-8. Archived from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2019.

[26] Shenon, Philip (24 April 1994). "Rioters Attack Ethnic Chinese In Indonesia". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 22 February 2023.

[ASN-27] Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737–230 PK-RIM Medan-Polonia Airport (MES)". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network.

[28] Usman Pelly, Sejarah Kota Madya Medan, 1950–1979; Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan R.I., Proyek Inventarisasi dan Dokumentasi Sejarah Nasional, Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional, 1985

[29] "Medan, Indonesia Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.

[Meteomanz-30] "SYNOP/BUFR observations. Data by months". Meteomanz. Retrieved 22 March 2024.

[31] Worldwide Bioclimatic Classification System. "INDONESIA – POLONIA". www.globalbioclimatics.org. Retrieved 20 February 2019.

[32] "Total Hours of Sunshine – Medan – Climate Robot Indonesia". www.weatheronline.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2020.

[33] "KPK Arrests Mandailing Natal Mayor for Alleged Bribery". Archived from the original on 1 March 2014.

[34] "Eldin-Akhyar confirm their victory of Medan city election". Archived from the original on 28 June 2017.

[35] "Gubsu Lantik Wali Kota Medan dan Wakil Wali Kota Medan Periode 2021–2024". pemkomedan.go.id. Retrieved 22 November 2022.

[Biro_Pusat_Statistik_2011-36] Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.

[37] Ensiklopedi Umum, Penerbitan Jajasan Kanisius, 1973

[:0-38] "Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Sumatera Utara". sumut.bps.go.id. Archived from the original on 9 December 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2016.

[leo-39] Leo Suryadinata, Evi Nurvidya Arifin, Aris Ananta, Indonesia's Population: ethnicity and religion in a changing political landscape, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2003.

[40] Usman Pelly, Urbanisasi dan Adaptasi: Peranan Misi Budaya Minangkabau dan Mandailing, LP3ES, 1994

[41] "Sensus Penduduk 2019: Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut – Kota Medan". Badan Pusat Statistik (in Indonesian). Badan Pusat Statistik. 2019. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.

[:9-42] "Dibeli Pemprov Sumut, Medan Club Sudah Ditetapkan Sebagai Cagar Budaya oleh Pemko Medan". Tribun-medan.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 17 April 2024.

[:3-43] "スマトラ.メダンにある日本の歴史遺産紘原神社 - 「老人タイムス」私説". goo blog (in Japanese). Retrieved 17 April 2024.

[:5-44] Inamiya, Yasuhito; Nakajima, Michio (November 2019). 非文字資料研究叢書２「神国」の残影｜国書刊行会 [Remnants of “Sacred Country” | Photographic Records of Sites of Overseas Shrines] (in Japanese). Kokusho Publishing Association. ISBN 978-4-336-06342-7. Archived from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.

[45] ttps://www.rdi.or.id/storage/files/publication/84.pdf Medan City: Development and Governance under the Decentralisation Era

[46] "Kantor Asian Agri". Asian Agri Official Website. 20 April 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[47] "London Sumatra: About Company". LONSUM Official Website. 18 February 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[48] "Hubungi Kami – Musim Mas". Musim Mas Official Website. 1 January 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[49] Analysis (2015). "Transport infrastructure a key part of Medan's development plans". Archived from the original on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2017.

[50] "Medan: Entry Point to North Sumatra". Indonesia.travel. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014.

[51] "Medan Urban development by planters and entrepreneurs" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2010.

[52] "North Sumatra Museum". Indonesia Tourism. Archived from the original on 10 January 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2014.

[53] Gunawan, Apriadi (30 March 2011). "A glimpse of wildlife in Medan museum". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2015.

[54] "All systems go for Medan". TTGmice. Archived from the original on 5 February 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2012.

[55] "Belawan". britannica. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014.

[56] "Port of Medan/Belawan". seaport.homestad. Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2014.

[57] Siregar, Wahyudi Aulia (13 July 2017). "Semester II-2019, Jalur Layang Kereta Api di Medan Beroperasi : Okezone Economy". Okezone (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2018.

[58] Koko Hendri Lubis, Roman Medan: Sebuah Kota Membangun Harapan, PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta, 2018

[59] "3 Best High Schools for recommendation in Medan". Kabar Lampung. 10 February 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[60] "Top Universities in North Sumatra". UniRank. 10 January 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[61] "State University of Medan". Top Universities. 16 July 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[62] "Universitas Sumatera Utara". Top Universities. 16 July 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[Perpustakaan_Nasional-63] "Kedutaan Besar dan Konsulat Asing". Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[64] "Australian Consulate Medan". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[65] "Honorary Consulate of Belgium in Medan". Federal Public Service Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[66] "Consulate-General of the People's Republic of China in Medan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[67] "The Danish consulates in Indonesia (Medan)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Denmark). Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[68] "Konsul Kehormatan Republik Federal Jerman di Medan/Sumatera-Utara". Ministry for Foreign Affairs (East Germany). Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[69] "Consulate General of India, Medan". Ministry of External Affairs (India). Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[70] "Konsulat Jenderal Jepang di Medan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan). Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[71] "Consulate General of Malaysia, Medan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia. Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[72] "Netherlands Honorary Consulate in Medan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands). Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[73] "Norwegian consulate in Medan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Norway). Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[74] "Poland Honorary Consulate in Medan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland). Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[75] "Consulate-General of the Republic of Singapore in Medan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Singapore). Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[76] "Royal Thai Honorary Consulate in Medan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Thailand). Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[77] "Turkish Honorary Consulate in Medan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey). Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[78] "Konsulat AS di Medan". United States Department of State. Retrieved 30 August 2022.

[79] "Medan Menjalin Hubungan Kota Kembar Keempat". Archived from the original on 23 April 2007. Retrieved 10 September 2013.

[Michelmann2009-80] Hans Michelmann (28 January 2009). Foreign Relations in Federal Countries. McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. pp. 198–. ISBN 978-0-7735-7618-6.

[81] "A Sight-seeing Guide to Ichikawa City's International Exchanges" (PDF). city.ichikawa.lg.jp. Ichikawa. November 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2020.

[82] "Sister Cities". gwangju.go.kr. Gwangju. Retrieved 13 April 2020.

[ChenduSisterCities-83] "Chengdu Sister and partner cities". Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2018.

[84] "City will host Indonesian sister city signing ceremony Thursday" (online magazine, press release). onMilwaukee.com. 28 October 2014. Archived from the original on 4 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

v t e Regencies and cities of North Sumatra
Capital: Medan
Regencies	Asahan Batubara Dairi Deli Serdang Humbang Hasundutan Karo Labuhan Batu South Labuhan Batu North Labuhan Batu Langkat Mandailing Natal Nias West Nias South Nias North Nias Padang Lawas North Padang Lawas Pakpak Bharat Samosir Serdang Bedagai Simalungun South Tapanuli Central Tapanuli North Tapanuli Toba
Cities	Binjai Gunung Sitoli Medan Padang Sidempuan Pematangsiantar Sibolga Tanjungbalai Tebing Tinggi
See also: List of regencies and cities of Indonesia

Authority control databases
International	VIAF FAST WorldCat
National	Germany United States Spain Israel
Geographic	MusicBrainz area
Other	IdRef NARA