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{{Short description|Portion of escarpment in central Lincolnshire, England}}
[[Image:Lincoln Cliff.JPG|thumb|300px|Lincoln Cliff, April 2005]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lincoln Cliff
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead -->
| settlement_type = [[Natural region]]
| image_skyline = File:Lincoln Cliff.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Lincoln Cliff at Coleby
| image_flag =
| flag_alt =
| image_seal =
| seal_alt =
| image_shield =
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map = Lincoln Cliff Map-topographic.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = The Lincoln Cliff (or Lincoln Edge) and all the settlements along its route.
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_relief = y
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[United Kingdom]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Counties of England|Counties]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Lincolnshire]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Countries of the United Kingdom|Constituent country]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[England]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Regions of England|Region]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[East Midlands]]<br />{{nowrap|[[Yorkshire and the Humber]]}}
<!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion -->
<!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->
| area_footnotes =
| area_urban_footnotes = <!-- <ref name="auto"> </ref> -->
| area_rural_footnotes = <!-- <ref name="auto"/> -->
| area_metro_footnotes = <!-- <ref name="auto"/> -->
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| timezone1 = [[Greenwich Mean Time]]
| utc_offset1 = ±0
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}}


The '''Lincoln Cliff''' or '''Lincoln Edge''' is the portion of a major [[escarpment]] that runs north-south through [[Lindsey (government district)|Lindsey]] and [[Kesteven]], in central [[Lincolnshire]] and is a prominent landscape feature in a generally flat portion of the county.<ref name=EN>{{cite web |url=http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/Images/jca45+47_tcm6-5658.pdf |title=Northern Lincolnshire Edge with Coversands and Southern Lincolnshire Edge |publisher=Natural England |accessdate=2013-04-08 }}</ref>
The '''Lincoln Cliff''' or '''Lincoln Edge''' is a portion of a major [[escarpment]] that runs north–south through the historic divisions of [[Lindsey (government district)|Lindsey]] and [[Kesteven]] in central [[Lincolnshire]] and is a prominent landscape feature in a generally flat portion of the county.<ref name=EN>{{cite web |url=http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/Images/jca45+47_tcm6-5658.pdf |title=Northern Lincolnshire Edge with Coversands and Southern Lincolnshire Edge |publisher=Natural England |accessdate=8 April 2013 }}</ref> Towards its northern end, near [[Scunthorpe]], it is sometimes referred to as the '''Trent Cliff'''.<ref>{{citation| title = Humberside in the Eighties| year = 1987| editor-first = David| editor-last = Symes| isbn = 0-85958-119-5 | pages = 333, 340 }}</ref> The name preserves an obsolete sense of the word "[[cliff]]", which could historically refer to a hillside as well as a precipitous rock face.<ref>{{cite OED|cliff|id=34291}}</ref>


==Description==
The scarp is formed by resistant Middle Jurassic rocks, principally the [[Lincolnshire limestone|Lincolnshire Limestone]] series,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/geodiversity/englands/counties/area_ID22.aspx |title=Lincolnshire |publisher= Natural England |at=Geological highlights: |accessdate=2013-03-20}}</ref> and is remarkable for its length and straightness. It runs for over 50 miles from the [[Leicestershire]] border near [[Grantham]] to the [[Humber|River Humber]], and is broken only twice by river gaps at [[Ancaster, Lincolnshire|Ancaster]] and [[Lincoln, England|Lincoln]], through which the rivers [[River Slea|Slea]] and [[River Witham|Witham]] respectively flow.<ref name=EN/><ref name=NK>{{ cite web |url=http://www.n-kesteven.gov.uk/upload/public/attachments/754/lca_final_copy_with_amendments_22_oct_07.pdf |title=North Kesteven Landscape Character Assessment | author=David Tyldesley and Associates | publisher=North Kesteven District Council | date=September 2007 |accessdate=2013-04-08}}</ref>
[[File:View from the Lincoln Cliff, above Welbourn - geograph.org.uk - 2124286.jpg|thumb|View from Lincoln Cliff above Welbourn (2009)]]
The scarp is formed by resistant [[Jurassic]] age rocks, principally the [[Lincolnshire Limestone Formation]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/geodiversity/englands/counties/area_ID22.aspx |title=Lincolnshire |publisher=Natural England |at=Geological highlights |accessdate=20 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218031043/http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/geodiversity/englands/counties/area_ID22.aspx |archivedate=18 February 2013 }}</ref> and is remarkable for its length and straightness. However it is modest in height, rising about 50 metres or less above the surrounding landscape. It runs for over 50 miles from the [[Leicestershire]] border near [[Grantham]] to the [[Humber Estuary]], and is broken only twice by river gaps at [[Ancaster, Lincolnshire|Ancaster]] and [[Lincoln, England|Lincoln]], through which the rivers [[River Slea|Slea]] and [[River Witham|Witham]] respectively flow.<ref name=EN/><ref name=NK>{{ cite web |url=http://www.n-kesteven.gov.uk/upload/public/attachments/754/lca_final_copy_with_amendments_22_oct_07.pdf |title=North Kesteven Landscape Character Assessment | author=David Tyldesley and Associates | publisher=North Kesteven District Council | date=September 2007 |accessdate=8 April 2013}}</ref>


To the West of the Cliff north of Lincoln lies the River Trent, with the valley of the Witham to the west south of Lincoln. The top of the Cliff is followed by two historically significant roads. Closely following the escarpment is an ancient trackway, loosely known as the [[Jurassic Way]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heritageconnectlincoln.com/lara-raz/the-jurassic-way/849 |title=The Jurassic Way |publisher=City of Lincoln council ; English Heritage |accessdate=2013-03-20}}; Not to be confused with the modern footpath of the same name designated by Northampton county council</ref> which in large parts now consists of the [[A607 road|A607]] south of Lincoln and the [[B1398 road|B1398]] to the north. The second road is the [[Roman roads in Britain|Roman]] [[Ermine Street]] that runs parallel a few miles to the east of the Edge.
To the west of the Cliff north of Lincoln lies the River Trent, with the valley of the Witham to the west south of Lincoln. The top of the Cliff is followed by two historically significant roads. Closely following the escarpment is an ancient trackway, loosely known as the [[Jurassic Way]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heritageconnectlincoln.com/lara-raz/the-jurassic-way/849 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821072942/http://www.heritageconnectlincoln.com/lara-raz/the-jurassic-way/849 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=21 August 2014 |title=The Jurassic Way |publisher=City of Lincoln Council/English Heritage |accessdate=20 March 2013}}; Not to be confused with the modern footpath of the same name designated by Northampton County Council</ref> which in large parts now consists of the [[A607 road|A607]] south of Lincoln and the [[B1398 road|B1398]] to the north. The second road is the [[Roman roads in Britain|Roman]] [[Ermine Street]], the modern [[A15 road (Great Britain)|A15]], that runs parallel a few miles to the east of the Edge.


North of Lincoln, the name Lincoln Cliff, or simply the Cliff, is locally used to refer to the entire ridge of Jurassic Limestone, not just its steep western scarp. This can be seen in placenames such as Welton Cliff, Saxby Cliff and Caenby Cliff, reflecting parish-based divisions of the ridge. This use of the name is not found south of Lincoln, where the term Cliff refers only to the scarp itself, as distinct from the limestone plateau (which is here called the Lincoln Heath). To minimise confusion, some people prefer the name Lincoln Edge or Lincolnshire Edge for the scarp that runs from Grantham to the Humber, reserving the name Lincoln Cliff for the section of limestone ridge north of Lincoln.<ref name=NK/>
South of Lincoln the 'cliff villages' that lie on the escarpment are as follows, listed in order of southerly procession:


==Geology==
*[[File:Valley view - geograph.org.uk - 330637.jpg|thumb|Looking west from [[Coleby, North Kesteven|Coleby]] south of Lincoln.]][[Harmston]]
One of several west-facing scarps within the county, Lincoln Cliff or Edge is formed from a series of [[sedimentary rock]]s which dip very gently to the east. The older rocks to the west of the scarp are of [[Early Jurassic]] age whilst those to the east are of [[Middle Jurassic]] origin;
*[[Inferior Oolite Group]] (''Middle Redbourne Group'')(Middle Jurassic epoch)
**[[Lincolnshire Limestone Formation]] (''Lincolnshire Limestone'')
**[[Grantham Formation]] (''Lower Estuarine Beds'') / [[Northampton Sand Formation]]
*[[Lias Group]] (Lower Jurassic epoch)
**[[Whitby Mudstone Formation]] (''Upper Lias'' or ''Coleby Mudstones'')
**[[Marlstone Rock Formation]] (''Marlstone Rock Bed'')
**[[Charmouth Mudstone Formation]] (''Middle Lias'' or ''Coleby Mudstones'')


Parts of this sequence of rocks have gone by different names in the past indicated above by italicised names in brackets, and these continue to be found in older geological literature and maps. The Charmouth Mudstones form the lower ground to the west and the lowest part of the "cliff" whilst the Lincolnshire Limestone forms the plateau surface to the east of the scarp. <ref>{{cite web |title=Market Rasen England and Wales Sheet 102 Solid and Drift Geology 1:50000 Provisional Series |url=http://www.largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/mapsportal.html?id=1001592 |website=Maps Portal |publisher=British Geological Survey |accessdate=30 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales) Brigg Sheet 89 1:50,000 series Solid edition |url=http://www.largeimages.bgs.ac.uk/iip/mapsportal.html?id=1001580 |website=Maps Portal |publisher=British Geological Survey |accessdate=30 June 2020}}</ref>
*[[Bracebridge Heath]]
*[[Waddington, Lincolnshire|Waddington]]
*[[Coleby, North Kesteven|Coleby]]
*[[Boothby Graffoe]]
*[[Navenby]]
*[[Wellingore]]
*[[Welbourn]]
*[[Leadenham]]
*[[Fulbeck]]


The two gaps in the ridge at Lincoln and at Ancaster are interpreted as indicating the former course of the eastward flowing [[River Trent|proto-Trent]]. The river flowed from the Nottingham area towards the [[North Sea]] via the [[Vale of Belvoir]] and the gap in the ridge at [[Ancaster, Lincolnshire|Ancaster]]. At a later stage it used the Lincoln Gap before assuming its present northerly course to join with the [[River Ouse, Yorkshire|Yorkshire Ouse]] to form the [[Humber]].<ref>Posnansky, M. ''The Pleistocene Succession in the Middle Trent Basin''. Proc. Geologists' Assoc 71 (1960), pp.285–311</ref>
North of Lincoln, the name Lincoln Cliff, or simply the Cliff, is locally used to refer to the entire ridge of Jurassic Limestone, not just its steep western scarp. This can be seen in placenames such as Welton Cliff, Saxby Cliff and Caenby Cliff, reflecting parish-based divisions of the ridge. This use of the name is not found south of Lincoln, where the term Cliff refers only to the scarp itself, as distinct from the limestone plateau (which is here called the Lincoln Heath). To minimise confusion, some people prefer the name Lincoln Edge or Lincolnshire Edge for the scarp that runs from Grantham to the Humber, reserving the name Lincoln Cliff for the section of limestone ridge north of Lincoln.<ref name=NK/>

==List of cliff villages==
[[File:Coleby Low Fields - geograph.org.uk - 330637.jpg|thumb|Looking west from Coleby south of Lincoln]]

From north to south the "towns, villages and city (Lincoln)" are as follows along the cliff, most of them between Lincoln and Grantham are linked together by the [[A607]], which closely follows the cliff:
{{colbegin}}
* [[Winteringham]], on the bank of the Humber
* [[Winterton, Lincolnshire|Winterton]]
* [[Roxby, Lincolnshire|Roxby]]
* [[Burton upon Stather]]
* [[Scunthorpe]] (Town)
* [[Kirton in Lindsey]] (Town)
* [[Grayingham]]
* [[Blyborough]]
* [[Willoughton]]
* [[Hemswell]]
* [[Harpswell, Lincolnshire|Harpswell]]
* [[Glentworth, Lincolnshire|Glentworth]]
* [[Fillingham]]
* [[Ingham, Lincolnshire|Ingham]]
* [[Cammeringham]]
* [[Brattleby]]
* [[Aisthorpe]]
* [[Welton, Lincolnshire#Welton Cliff|Welton Cliff]]
* [[Welton, Lincolnshire|Welton]]
* [[Scampton]]
* [[North Carlton, Lincolnshire|North Carlton]]
* [[South Carlton]]
* [[Burton, Lincolnshire|Burton by Lincoln]]
* [[Lincoln, England|Lincoln]] – break in the Edge ([[River Witham]]) (City)
* [[Canwick]]
* [[Bracebridge Heath]]
* [[Waddington, Lincolnshire|Waddington]]
* [[Harmston]]
* [[Coleby, North Kesteven|Coleby]]
* [[Boothby Graffoe]]
* [[Navenby]]
* [[Wellingore]]
* [[Welbourn]]
* [[Leadenham]]
* [[Fulbeck]]
* [[Caythorpe, Lincolnshire|Caythorpe]]
* [[Normanton, Lincolnshire|Normanton]]
* [[Carlton Scroop]]
* [[Ancaster, Lincolnshire|Ancaster]] – break in the Edge ([[River Slea]])
* [[Honington, Lincolnshire|Honington]]
* [[Barkston]]
* [[Syston, Lincolnshire|Syston]]
* [[Belton, South Kesteven|Belton]]
* [[Londonthorpe]]
* [[Manthorpe, Grantham|Manthorpe]]
* [[Grantham]] (Town)
{{colend}}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}
*[http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/9888/1/OR10013.pdf report including summary of the geology ''2 Study area'']


==See also==
==External links==
*{{cite report |url= http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/9888/1/OR10013.pdf |title=Landslide nature and distribution on the Market Rasen 1:50k geological sheet |publisher=British Geological Survey |last1=Jenkins |first1=G.O. |last2= Freeborough |first2=K.A. |last3=Morgan |first3=D.J.R. |year=2010 |access-date=20 June 2022}}
[[Spring line village]]


{{Coord|53.20|-0.53|type:landmark_dim:80000_region:GB|display=title}}
{{Coord|53.20|-0.53|type:landmark_dim:80000_region:GB|display=title}}


{{Lincolnshire}}
[[Category:Escarpments of England]]
[[Category:Escarpments of England]]
[[Category:Cliffs of England]]
[[Category:Ridges of England]]
[[Category:Landforms of Lincolnshire]]
[[Category:Landforms of Lincolnshire]]

Latest revision as of 14:46, 12 December 2024

Lincoln Cliff
Natural region
Lincoln Cliff at Coleby
Lincoln Cliff at Coleby
The Lincoln Cliff (or Lincoln Edge) and all the settlements along its route.
The Lincoln Cliff (or Lincoln Edge) and all the settlements along its route.
CountryUnited Kingdom
Constituent countryEngland
RegionEast Midlands
Yorkshire and the Humber
CountiesLincolnshire
Time zoneUTC±0 (Greenwich Mean Time)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (British Summer Time)

The Lincoln Cliff or Lincoln Edge is a portion of a major escarpment that runs north–south through the historic divisions of Lindsey and Kesteven in central Lincolnshire and is a prominent landscape feature in a generally flat portion of the county.[1] Towards its northern end, near Scunthorpe, it is sometimes referred to as the Trent Cliff.[2] The name preserves an obsolete sense of the word "cliff", which could historically refer to a hillside as well as a precipitous rock face.[3]

Description

[edit]
View from Lincoln Cliff above Welbourn (2009)

The scarp is formed by resistant Jurassic age rocks, principally the Lincolnshire Limestone Formation,[4] and is remarkable for its length and straightness. However it is modest in height, rising about 50 metres or less above the surrounding landscape. It runs for over 50 miles from the Leicestershire border near Grantham to the Humber Estuary, and is broken only twice by river gaps at Ancaster and Lincoln, through which the rivers Slea and Witham respectively flow.[1][5]

To the west of the Cliff north of Lincoln lies the River Trent, with the valley of the Witham to the west south of Lincoln. The top of the Cliff is followed by two historically significant roads. Closely following the escarpment is an ancient trackway, loosely known as the Jurassic Way,[6] which in large parts now consists of the A607 south of Lincoln and the B1398 to the north. The second road is the Roman Ermine Street, the modern A15, that runs parallel a few miles to the east of the Edge.

North of Lincoln, the name Lincoln Cliff, or simply the Cliff, is locally used to refer to the entire ridge of Jurassic Limestone, not just its steep western scarp. This can be seen in placenames such as Welton Cliff, Saxby Cliff and Caenby Cliff, reflecting parish-based divisions of the ridge. This use of the name is not found south of Lincoln, where the term Cliff refers only to the scarp itself, as distinct from the limestone plateau (which is here called the Lincoln Heath). To minimise confusion, some people prefer the name Lincoln Edge or Lincolnshire Edge for the scarp that runs from Grantham to the Humber, reserving the name Lincoln Cliff for the section of limestone ridge north of Lincoln.[5]

Geology

[edit]

One of several west-facing scarps within the county, Lincoln Cliff or Edge is formed from a series of sedimentary rocks which dip very gently to the east. The older rocks to the west of the scarp are of Early Jurassic age whilst those to the east are of Middle Jurassic origin;

Parts of this sequence of rocks have gone by different names in the past indicated above by italicised names in brackets, and these continue to be found in older geological literature and maps. The Charmouth Mudstones form the lower ground to the west and the lowest part of the "cliff" whilst the Lincolnshire Limestone forms the plateau surface to the east of the scarp. [7][8]

The two gaps in the ridge at Lincoln and at Ancaster are interpreted as indicating the former course of the eastward flowing proto-Trent. The river flowed from the Nottingham area towards the North Sea via the Vale of Belvoir and the gap in the ridge at Ancaster. At a later stage it used the Lincoln Gap before assuming its present northerly course to join with the Yorkshire Ouse to form the Humber.[9]

List of cliff villages

[edit]
Looking west from Coleby south of Lincoln

From north to south the "towns, villages and city (Lincoln)" are as follows along the cliff, most of them between Lincoln and Grantham are linked together by the A607, which closely follows the cliff:

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Northern Lincolnshire Edge with Coversands and Southern Lincolnshire Edge" (PDF). Natural England. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
  2. ^ Symes, David, ed. (1987), Humberside in the Eighties, pp. 333, 340, ISBN 0-85958-119-5
  3. ^ "cliff". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  4. ^ "Lincolnshire". Natural England. Geological highlights. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2013.
  5. ^ a b David Tyldesley and Associates (September 2007). "North Kesteven Landscape Character Assessment" (PDF). North Kesteven District Council. Retrieved 8 April 2013.
  6. ^ "The Jurassic Way". City of Lincoln Council/English Heritage. Archived from the original on 21 August 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link); Not to be confused with the modern footpath of the same name designated by Northampton County Council
  7. ^ "Market Rasen England and Wales Sheet 102 Solid and Drift Geology 1:50000 Provisional Series". Maps Portal. British Geological Survey. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  8. ^ "Geological Survey of Great Britain (England and Wales) Brigg Sheet 89 1:50,000 series Solid edition". Maps Portal. British Geological Survey. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  9. ^ Posnansky, M. The Pleistocene Succession in the Middle Trent Basin. Proc. Geologists' Assoc 71 (1960), pp.285–311
[edit]

53°12′N 0°32′W / 53.20°N 0.53°W / 53.20; -0.53

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