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A soucouyant, among other names, is a kind of shape-shifting, blood-sucking hag present in Caribbean folklore.^[1]

Names

The spirit has several regional names:

Ol' Higue or Ole Haig in Guyana,^[2] Belize and Jamaica^[3]^[4]
Asema in Suriname^[5]
Hag in The Bahamas and Barbados
Soucouyant or soucriant in Saint Lucia, Louisiana,^[6] Trinidad, and elsewhere in the Caribbean^{[citation needed]}^[7]

Legend

The Soucouyant is a folklore character who appears as a reclusive old woman (or man) by day. By night, they strip off their wrinkled skin and put it in a mortar. In the form of a fireball, they fly across the dark sky in search of a victim. The Soucouyants can enter the home of their victim through any sized hole such as cracks and keyholes.^{[citation needed]}

Soucouyants suck humans' blood from their arms, necks, legs and other soft regions while the victim sleeps, leaving black and blue marks on the body in the morning.^[8] If the soucouyant draws too much blood, it is believed that the victim will either die and become a soucouyant or perish entirely, leaving the killer to assume their skin. The soucouyant practices black magic. Soucouyants trade their victims' blood for evil powers with Bazil, the demon who resides in the silk cotton tree.^[8]

To expose a soucouyant, it is believed one should heap rice around their house or at the village crossroads; the creature will be obligated to gather the rice, grain by grain, and be caught in the act.^[8] To destroy one, coarse salt must be placed in the mortar with the stripped-off skin so that she perishes, unable to put it back on. The skin of the soucouyant is considered valuable and is part of black magic rituals.^{[citation needed]}

Belief in soucouyants is still preserved to an extent in Guyana, Suriname and some Caribbean islands, including Saint Lucia, Dominica, Haïti and Trinidad.^[9] Many Caribbean islands have plays about the soucouyant and many other folklore characters. Some of these include Trinidad, Grenada and Barbados.^{[citation needed]}

Origin

Soucouyants belong to a class of spirits called jumbies. Some^[who?] believe that soucouyants were brought to the Caribbean from European countries in the form of French vampire-myths. These beliefs intermingled with those of enslaved Africans.^{[citation needed]}

In the French West Indies, specifically the islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique, and also in Suriname, the Soukougnan or Soukounian is a person able to shed his or her skin to turn into a vampiric fireball. In general, these figures can be of any gender and age.^{[citation needed]}

The term "Loogaroo" also used to describe the soucouyant, possibly comes from the French word for werewolf: Loup-garou; often confused with each other since they are pronounced the same.^[10] In Haiti, what would be considered a werewolf, is called jé-rouges ("red eyes").^[11] As in Haiti, the Loogaroo is also common in Mauritian culture.^{[citation needed]}

With the passage of time and gradual changes in the story, the soucouyant is no longer exclusively described as an elderly woman.^[12]

Yoruba Origins

It is likely the origin of the Soucouyant as well as the Bahamian "Hag" have a strong connection to the Aje, or the witch of the Yoruba people. The Hag, which is similar to the Soucouyant, is very similar to the traditional definition of the Aje. Many Bahamians who descended from the Yoruba referred to old Congolese women as witches who shed their skins in the night and sucked human blood. This have many parallels to the Yoruba Aje with a few differences. Among the Yoruba, the Aje leaves her body and turns into an animal, but the Hag sheds her skin and turns into a ball of fire. Both the Hag and the Aje are associated with old women, leaving their bodies behind and sucking blood.

Items of Folk-lore from Bahama Negroes, written by Clavel and published in 1904, describes the Bahamian version. The parallels of the Bahamian Hag and Yoruba was made during the 19th century by Alfred Burdon Ellis in his book about the Yoruba published in 1894. But he associated it with the Yoruba spirit of nightmare, known as Shigidi.

In Divining the self, Velma E Love describes the Aje as "a blood-sucking, wicked, dreadful cannibal who transforms herself into a bird at night and flies to distant places, to hold nocturnal meetings with her fellow witches."

The Bahamian Hag as described by Clavel: "when a hag enters your house, she always shed her skin. When you first see her, she appears like the flame of a candle floating about; in some way, she puts you to sleep, and resumes her body (but without the skin); she then lies on you, and sucks away every drop of blood that God has put in you." There are more references to the Bahamian Hag in Folk-tales of Andros Island, Bahamas, published in 1918 by Elsie Clews Parsons that are the same as the 1904 version of Clavel, but the Hags can also be men.

References

^ Welland, Michael (January 2009). Sand: The Never-Ending Story. University of California Press. pp. 66–67. ISBN 978-0-520-25437-4. Loogaroo.
^ Hopkinson, Nalo, ed. (2001). Skin Folk. Grand Central. p. 104. ISBN 9780759526648. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
^ Abel, Ernest L., ed. (2009). Death Gods: An Encyclopedia of the Rulers, Evil Spirits, and Geographies of the Dead. Abc-Clio. p. 137. ISBN 9780313357138. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
^ Moore, Brian L., ed. (1995). Cultural Power, Resistance, and Pluralism: Colonial Guyana, 1838-1900. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 150. ISBN 9780773513549. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
^ Anatol, Giselle Liza, ed. (2015). The Things That Fly in the Night: Female Vampires in Literature of the Circum-Caribbean and African Diaspora. Rutgers University Press. pp. 6, 8. ISBN 9780813575599. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
^ Broussard, T. (ed.). Cultus des Loogaroo (Cult of the Loogaroo): Louisiana's Own Legend & Lore of the Vampyre. Lulu.com. p. 197. ISBN 9781304190772. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
^ Press, ed. (2009). The Vampire Book. Penguin. p. 46. ISBN 9780756664442. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
^ ^a ^b ^c Courtesy The Heritage Library via the Trinidad Guardian
^ Maberry, Jonathan (September 1, 2006). Vampire Universe: The Dark World of Supernatural Beings That Haunt Us, Hunt …. Citadel. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-8065-2813-7.
^ Bane, Theresa, ed. (2012). Encyclopedia of Vampire Mythology. McFarland. p. 96. ISBN 9780786455812.
^ Gresh, Lois H., ed. (2008). The Twilight Companion: The Unauthorized Guide to the Series. St. Martin's Publishing. ISBN 9781429983334. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
^ Fischer-Hornung, Dorothea; Mueller, Monika, eds. (2016). Vampires and Zombies: Transcultural Migrations and Transnational Interpretations. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 63. ISBN 9781496804754. Retrieved 5 August 2017.

External links

[1] Welland, Michael (January 2009). Sand: The Never-Ending Story. University of California Press. pp. 66–67. ISBN 978-0-520-25437-4. Loogaroo.

[2] Hopkinson, Nalo, ed. (2001). Skin Folk. Grand Central. p. 104. ISBN 9780759526648. Retrieved 5 August 2017.

[3] Abel, Ernest L., ed. (2009). Death Gods: An Encyclopedia of the Rulers, Evil Spirits, and Geographies of the Dead. Abc-Clio. p. 137. ISBN 9780313357138. Retrieved 5 August 2017.

[4] Moore, Brian L., ed. (1995). Cultural Power, Resistance, and Pluralism: Colonial Guyana, 1838-1900. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 150. ISBN 9780773513549. Retrieved 5 August 2017.

[Anatol-5] Anatol, Giselle Liza, ed. (2015). The Things That Fly in the Night: Female Vampires in Literature of the Circum-Caribbean and African Diaspora. Rutgers University Press. pp. 6, 8. ISBN 9780813575599. Retrieved 5 August 2017.

[Broussard-6] Broussard, T. (ed.). Cultus des Loogaroo (Cult of the Loogaroo): Louisiana's Own Legend & Lore of the Vampyre. Lulu.com. p. 197. ISBN 9781304190772. Retrieved 5 August 2017.

[7] Press, ed. (2009). The Vampire Book. Penguin. p. 46. ISBN 9780756664442. Retrieved 5 August 2017.

[HeritageLibrary-8] Courtesy The Heritage Library via the Trinidad Guardian

[9] Maberry, Jonathan (September 1, 2006). Vampire Universe: The Dark World of Supernatural Beings That Haunt Us, Hunt …. Citadel. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-8065-2813-7.

[10] Bane, Theresa, ed. (2012). Encyclopedia of Vampire Mythology. McFarland. p. 96. ISBN 9780786455812.

[11] Gresh, Lois H., ed. (2008). The Twilight Companion: The Unauthorized Guide to the Series. St. Martin's Publishing. ISBN 9781429983334. Retrieved 6 August 2017.

[:0-12] Fischer-Hornung, Dorothea; Mueller, Monika, eds. (2016). Vampires and Zombies: Transcultural Migrations and Transnational Interpretations. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 63. ISBN 9781496804754. Retrieved 5 August 2017.

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@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 * '''Asema''' in [[Suriname]]<ref name="Anatol">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubjQBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT6 |title=The Things That Fly in the Night: Female Vampires in Literature of the Circum-Caribbean and African Diaspora |year=2015 |isbn=9780813575599 |editor=Anatol, Giselle Liza |pages=6, 8 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |access-date=5 August 2017}}</ref>
 * '''Hag''' in [[The Bahamas]] and [[Barbados]]
-* '''Soucouyant''' or '''soucriant''' in Saint Lucia, [[Louisiana]],<ref name="Broussard">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYd0CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA197 |title=Cultus des Loogaroo (Cult of the Loogaroo): Louisiana's Own Legend & Lore of the Vampyre |isbn=9781304190772 |editor=Broussard, T. |page=197 |publisher=Lulu.com |access-date=5 August 2017}}</ref> [[Trinidad]], and elsewhere in the [[Caribbean]]{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g72RAa5EKewC&pg=PT47 |title=The Vampire Book |year=2009 |isbn=9780756664442 |editor=Press |page=46 |publisher=Penguin |access-date=5 August 2017}}</ref>
+* '''Soucouyant''' or '''soucriant''' in [[Saint Lucia]], [[Louisiana]],<ref name="Broussard">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYd0CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA197 |title=Cultus des Loogaroo (Cult of the Loogaroo): Louisiana's Own Legend & Lore of the Vampyre |isbn=9781304190772 |editor=Broussard, T. |page=197 |publisher=Lulu.com |access-date=5 August 2017}}</ref> [[Trinidad]], and elsewhere in the [[Caribbean]]{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g72RAa5EKewC&pg=PT47 |title=The Vampire Book |year=2009 |isbn=9780756664442 |editor=Press |page=46 |publisher=Penguin |access-date=5 August 2017}}</ref>
 ==Legend==
@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 Soucouyants suck humans' blood from their arms, necks, legs and other soft regions while the victim sleeps, leaving [[Bruise|black and blue marks]] on the body in the morning.<ref name=HeritageLibrary>Courtesy The Heritage Library via the [[Trinidad Guardian]]</ref> If the soucouyant draws too much blood, it is believed that the victim will either die and become a soucouyant or perish entirely, leaving the killer to assume their skin. The soucouyant practices [[black magic]]. Soucouyants trade their victims' blood for evil powers with [[Bazil (demon)|Bazil]], the demon who resides in the [[Ceiba pentandra|silk cotton tree]].<ref name=HeritageLibrary />
-To expose a soucouyant, it is believed one should heap rice around their house or at the village crossroads; the creature will be obligated to gather the rice, grain by grain, and be caught in the act.<ref name=HeritageLibrary /> To destroy one, coarse salt must be placed in the mortar with the skin so that they perish, unable to put it back on. The skin of the soucouyant is considered valuable and is part of black magic rituals.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}
+To expose a soucouyant, it is believed one should heap rice around their house or at the village crossroads; the creature will be obligated to gather the rice, grain by grain, and be caught in the act.<ref name=HeritageLibrary /> To destroy one, coarse salt must be placed in the mortar with the stripped-off skin so that she perishes, unable to put it back on. The skin of the soucouyant is considered valuable and is part of black magic rituals.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}
 Belief in soucouyants is still preserved to an extent in Guyana, Suriname and some Caribbean islands, including Saint Lucia, Dominica, Haïti and Trinidad.<ref>{{cite book|last=Maberry|first=Jonathan |title=Vampire Universe: The Dark World of Supernatural Beings That Haunt Us, Hunt …|publisher=Citadel|date=September 1, 2006|pages=203|isbn=978-0-8065-2813-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1axCZifXdwC&q=Loogaroo%2C+skin%2C+tree&pg=PA203}}</ref> Many Caribbean islands have plays about the soucouyant and many other folklore characters. Some of these include Trinidad, Grenada and Barbados.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}
@@ Line 31: / Line 31: @@
 ===Yoruba Origins===
 {{Unreferenced section|date=July 2023}}
-In The Bahamas there is a similar thing known as the Hag. The Hag, which is the same as the Soucouyant but with a different name, is very similar to the traditional definition of the Yoruba witch, known as Aje. Many Bahamians who descended from the Yoruba referred to old Congolese women as witches who shed their skins in the night and sucked your blood. This have many parallels to the Yoruba Aje with a few differences. Among the Yoruba, the Aje left her body and turned into an animal, but the Hag sheds her skin and turns into a ball of fire. Both the Hag and the Aje are associated with old women, leaving their bodies behind and sucking blood. It is likely the origin of the Hag and the Soucouyant have a strong connection to the Aje, or the witch of the Yoruba people.
+It is likely the origin of the Soucouyant as well as the Bahamian "Hag" have a strong connection to the Aje, or the witch of the Yoruba people.  The Hag, which is similar to the Soucouyant, is very similar to the traditional definition of the Aje. Many Bahamians who descended from the Yoruba referred to old Congolese women as witches who shed their skins in the night and sucked human blood. This have many parallels to the Yoruba Aje with a few differences. Among the Yoruba, the Aje leaves her body and turns into an animal, but the Hag sheds her skin and turns into a ball of fire. Both the Hag and the Aje are associated with old women, leaving their bodies behind and sucking blood.
 ''Items of Folk-lore from Bahama Negroes'', written by Clavel and published in 1904, describes the Bahamian version. The parallels of the Bahamian Hag and Yoruba was made during the 19th century by Alfred Burdon Ellis in his book about the Yoruba published in 1894. But he associated it with the Yoruba spirit of nightmare, known as Shigidi.
-In ''Divining the self'', Velma E Love describes the Aje as: "a blood-sucking, wicked, dreadful cannibal who transforms herself into a bird at night and flies to distant places, to hold nocturnal meetings with her fellow witches."
+In ''Divining the self'', Velma E Love describes the Aje as "a blood-sucking, wicked, dreadful cannibal who transforms herself into a bird at night and flies to distant places, to hold nocturnal meetings with her fellow witches."
-The Bahamian Hag as described by Clavel:"when a hag enters your house, she always shed her skin. When you first see her, she appears like the flame of a candle floating about; in some way, she puts you to sleep, and resumes her body (but without the skin); she then lies on you, and sucks away every drop of blood that God has put in you." There are more references to the Bahamian Hag in Folk-tales of Andros Island, Bahamas, published in 1918 by Elsie Clews Parsons that are the same as the 1904 version of Clavel, but the Hags can also be men.
+The Bahamian Hag as described by Clavel: "when a hag enters your house, she always shed her skin. When you first see her, she appears like the flame of a candle floating about; in some way, she puts you to sleep, and resumes her body (but without the skin); she then lies on you, and sucks away every drop of blood that God has put in you." There are more references to the Bahamian Hag in Folk-tales of Andros Island, Bahamas, published in 1918 by Elsie Clews Parsons that are the same as the 1904 version of Clavel, but the Hags can also be men.
 ==See also==