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| BoilingPtC = 140
| BoilingPtC = 140
| BoilingPt_notes = at 10 mmHg
| BoilingPt_notes = at 10 mmHg
| Solubility = }}
| Solubility = 1.2 g/L (0 °C)
| Solubility2 = 20 g/L<ref name=":8">{{cite web |title=Hinokitiol - Product Information |url=https://www.caymanchem.com/pdfs/17538.pdf |website=www.caymanchem.com |publisher=Cayman Chemical}}</ref>
| Solvent2 = ethanol
| Solubility3 = 30 g/L<ref name=":8" />
| Solvent3 = dimethyl sulfoxide
| Solubility4 = 12.5 g/L<ref name=":8" />
| Solvent4 = dimethylformamide
}}
|Section3={{Chembox Hazards
|Section3={{Chembox Hazards
| MainHazards =
| MainHazards =
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'''Hinokitiol''' ('''β-thujaplicin''') is a natural [[Terpenoid|monoterpenoid]] found in the wood of trees in the family [[Cupressaceae]]. It is a [[tropolone]] derivative and one of the [[thujaplicin]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chedgy RJ, Lim YW, Breuil C | title = Effects of leaching on fungal growth and decay of western redcedar | journal = Canadian Journal of Microbiology | volume = 55 | issue = 5 | pages = 578–86 | date = May 2009 | pmid = 19483786 | doi = 10.1139/W08-161 }}</ref> Hinokitiol is widely used in oral care and treatment products.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}
'''Hinokitiol''' ('''β-thujaplicin''') is a natural [[monoterpenoid]] found in the wood of trees in the family [[Cupressaceae]]. It is a [[tropolone]] derivative and one of the [[thujaplicin]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chedgy RJ, Lim YW, Breuil C | title = Effects of leaching on fungal growth and decay of western redcedar | journal = Canadian Journal of Microbiology | volume = 55 | issue = 5 | pages = 578–86 | date = May 2009 | pmid = 19483786 | doi = 10.1139/W08-161 }}</ref> Hinokitiol is used in oral and skin care products,<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Hinokitiol {{!}} 499-44-5 |url=https://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB8714323.htm |website=www.chemicalbook.com}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=Suzuki |first1=Joichiro |last2=Tokiwa |first2=Tamami |last3=Mochizuki |first3=Maho |last4=Ebisawa |first4=Masato |last5=Nagano |first5=Takatoshi |last6=Yuasa |first6=Mohei |last7=Kanazashi |first7=Mikimoto |last8=Gomi |first8=Kazuhiro |last9=Arai |first9=Takashi |title=Effects of a newly designed toothbrush for the application of periodontal disease treatment medicine (HinoporonTM) on the plaque removal and the improvement of gingivitis. |journal=Nihon Shishubyo Gakkai Kaishi (Journal of the Japanese Society of Periodontology) |date=2008 |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=30–38 |doi=10.2329/perio.50.030}}</ref> and is a [[food additive]] used in [[Japan]].<ref name=":12">{{cite web |title=The Japan Food chemical Research Faundation |url=https://www.ffcr.or.jp/en/tenka/list-of-existing-food-additives/list-of-existing-food-additives.html |website=www.ffcr.or.jp}}</ref>


== History ==
Hinolitiol was originally isolated in Taiwanese hinoki in 1936.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Murata I, Itô S, Asao T | title = Tetsuo Nozoe: chemistry and life | journal = Chemical Record | volume = 12 | issue = 6 | pages = 599–607 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23242794 | doi = 10.1002/tcr.201200024 | doi-access = free }}</ref> It is almost absent in Japanese hinoki while it is contained in high concentration (about 0.04% of heartwood mass) in ''[[Juniperus cedrus]]'', hiba cedar wood (''[[Thujopsis dolabrata]]'') and western red cedar (''[[Thuja plicata]]''). It can be readily extracted from the cedarwood with solvent and ultrasonication.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chedgy RJ, Daniels CR, Kadla J, Breuil C | s2cid = 95994935 | doi = 10.1515/HF.2007.033 | title = Screening fungi tolerant to Western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn) extractives. Part 1. Mild extraction by ultrasonication and quantification of extractives by reverse-phase HPLC | year = 2007 | journal = Holzforschung | volume = 61 | issue = 2 | pages = 190–194}}</ref>
Hinokitiol was discovered by a Japanese chemist [[Tetsuo Nozoe]] in 1936. It was isolated from the [[essential oil]] component of the [[heartwood]] of ''[[Chamaecyparis taiwanensis|Taiwanese hinoki]]'', from which the compound ultimately adopted its name.<ref name=":9">{{cite journal |title=Tetsuo Nozoe (1902−1996) |journal=European Journal of Organic Chemistry |date=February 2004 |volume=2004 |issue=4 |pages=899–928 |doi=10.1002/ejoc.200300579}}</ref> Hinokitiol is the first non-benzenoid aromatic compound identified.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nakanishi |first1=Koji |title=Tetsuo Nozoe's “Autograph Books by Chemists 1953-1994”: An Essay |journal=The Chemical Record |date=June 2013 |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=343–352 |doi=10.1002/tcr.201300007}}</ref> The compound has a heptagonal molecular structure and was first synthesyzed by [[Ralph Raphael]] in 1951.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Archer |first1=Mary D. |last2=Haley |first2=Christopher D. |title=The 1702 Chair of Chemistry at Cambridge : Transformation and Change. |date=2007 |publisher=Cambridge Univ Pr |isbn=9780521030854 |page=243}}</ref> Due to its iron-chelating activity hinokitiol has been called an “Iron Man molecule” in the scientific media, which is ironic because Tetsuo is translated into English as “Iron Man”.<ref name=":11" /> Taiwanese hinoki is native to [[East Asian]] countries, particularly to [[Japan]] and [[Taiwan]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Monograph of Cupressaceae and ''Sciadopitys'' |last=Farjon |first=A. |year= 2005 |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens |location=Kew |isbn=1-84246-068-4}}</ref> Hinokitiol has also been found in other trees of the ''[[Cupressaceae]]'' family, including [[Thuja plicata|''Thuja plicata'' Donn ex D. Don]] which is common in the [[Pacific Northwest]].


Woods that are rich in hinokitiol were used by people of ancient [[Japan]] for creating long-standing buildings, such as the [[Chūson-ji|Konjiki-dō]], a japanese national treasure, one of the buildings of [[Chūson-ji]] complex, a temple in [[Iwate Prefecture]]. It kept it from harm against [[insects]], [[Wood-decay fungus|wood-rotting fungi]] and [[molds]] for a long time of about 840 years. Additionally, there are some old famous Buddhist temples and [[Shinto shrine|Shinto shrines]] using trees, later known to contain hinokitiol.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Inamori |first1=Yoshihiko |last2=Morita |first2=Yasuhiro |last3=Sakagami |first3=Yoshikazu |last4=Okabe |first4=Toshihoro |last5=Ishida |first5=Nakao |title=The Excellence of Aomori Hiba (Hinokiasunaro) in Its Use as Building Materials of Buddhist Temples and Shinto Shrines |journal=Biocontrol Science |date=2006 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=49–54 |doi=10.4265/bio.11.49}}</ref> Beginning in the 2000s, the biological properties of hinokitiol have become of research interest, focusing on its biological properties.<ref name=":11">{{cite web |title=Hinokitiol |url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/molecule-of-the-week/archive/h/hinokitiol.html |website=American Chemical Society |language=en}}</ref> And the resistance of [[cypress]] trees to [[Wood-decay fungus|wood decay]] was the leading reason prompting to study their chemical content and to find the substances responsible for those properties.<ref name=":5">{{cite journal |last1=Cook |first1=J. W. |last2=Raphael |first2=R. A. |last3=Scott |first3=A. I. |title=149. Tropolones. Part II. The synthesis of α-, β-, and γ-thujaplicins |journal=J. Chem. Soc. |date=1951 |volume=0 |issue=0 |pages=695–698 |doi=10.1039/JR9510000695}}</ref>
Hinokitiol is structurally related to [[tropolone]], which lacks the isopropyl substituent. Tropolones are well-known [[chelating agent]]s.{{mcn|date=July 2020}}


== Antimicrobial activity ==
== Natural occurrence ==
Hinokitiol has been found in the [[Hardwood|hardwoods]] of the trees of the ''[[Cupressaceae]]'' family, including ''[[Chamaecyparis obtusa]]'' (Hinoki cypress), ''[[Thuja plicata]]'' (Western red cedar), [[Thujopsis|''Thujopsis dolabrata'' var. ''hondai'']] (Hinoki asunaro), ''[[Juniperus cedrus]]'' (Canary Islands juniper), ''[[Cedrus atlantica]]'' (Atlas cedar), ''[[Cupressus lusitanica]]'' (Mexican white cedar), ''[[Chamaecyparis lawsoniana]]'' (Port Orford cedar), ''[[Chamaecyparis taiwanensis]]'' (Taiwan cypress), ''[[Chamaecyparis thyoides]]'' (Atlantic white cedar), ''[[Cupressus arizonica]]'' (Arizona cypress), ''[[Cupressus macnabiana]]'' (MacNab cypress), ''[[Cupressus macrocarpa]]'' (Monterey cypress), ''[[Juniperus chinensis]]'' (Chinese juniper), ''[[Juniperus communis]]'' (Common juniper), ''[[Juniperus californica]]'' (California juniper), ''[[Juniperus occidentalis]]'' (Western juniper), ''[[Juniperus oxycedrus]]'' (Cade), ''[[Juniperus sabina]]'' (Savin juniper), ''[[Calocedrus decurrens]]'' (California incense-cedar), ''[[Calocedrus formosana]]'' (Taiwan incense-cedar), ''[[Platycladus orientalis]]'' (Chinese thuja), ''[[Thuja occidentalis]]'' (Northern white-cedar), ''[[Thuja standishii]]'' (Japanese thuja), ''[[Tetraclinis articulata]]'' (Sandarac).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Okabe |first1=T |last2=Saito |first2=K |title=Antibacterial and preservative effects of natural Hinokitiol (beta-Thujaplicin) extracted from wood |journal=Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis |date=1994 |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=257–266 |url=https://europepmc.org/article/cba/269244}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite journal |last1=Morita |first1=Yasuhiro |last2=Matsumura |first2=Eiko |last3=Okabe |first3=Toshihiro |last4=Fukui |first4=Toru |last5=Shibata |first5=Mitsunobu |last6=Sugiura |first6=Masaaki |last7=Ohe |first7=Tatsuhiko |last8=Tsujibo |first8=Hiroshi |last9=Ishida |first9=Nakao |last10=Inamori |first10=Yoshihiko |title=Biological Activity of α-Thujaplicin, the Isomer of Hinokitiol |journal=Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin |date=2004 |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=899–902 |doi=10.1248/bpb.27.899}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rebia |first1=Rina Afiani |last2=binti Sadon |first2=Nurul Shaheera |last3=Tanaka |first3=Toshihisa |title=Natural Antibacterial Reagents (Centella, Propolis, and Hinokitiol) Loaded into Poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-(R)-3-hydroxyhexanoate] Composite Nanofibers for Biomedical Applications |journal=Nanomaterials |date=22 November 2019 |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=1665 |doi=10.3390/nano9121665}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite journal |last1=Saniewski |first1=Marian |last2=Horbowicz |first2=Marcin |last3=Kanlayanarat |first3=Sirichai |title=The Biological Activities of Troponoids and Their Use in Agriculture A Review |journal=Journal of Horticultural Research |date=10 September 2014 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=5–19 |doi=10.2478/johr-2014-0001}}</ref>


Its concentration in the trees are 0.1-0.2% in ''[[Chamaecyparis taiwanensis]]'' (2 mg of hinokitiol per 1 g of dry sawdust), 0.04% in ''[[Juniperus cedrus]]'' and ''[[Thujopsis dolabrata|Thujopsis dolabrata'' var. ''hondai]]'' (0.4 mg of hinokitiol per 1 g of dry sawdust), and 0.02% in ''[[Chamaecyparis obtusa]]'' (0.2 mg of hinokitiol per 1 g of dry sawdust).<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" />
⚫
Hinokitiol has been shown to possess inhibitory effects on ''[[Chlamydia trachomatis]]'' and may be clinically useful as a topical drug.<ref>{{cite book | last = Chedgy | first = Russell | name-list-style = vanc | title = Secondary metabolites of Western red cedar (Thuja plicata): their biotechnological applications and role in conferring natural durability. | publisher = LAP Lambert Academic Publishing | date = 2010 | isbn = 978-3-8383-4661-8 }}</ref>


There are three naturally found [[thujaplicin]]s: α-thujaplicin, β-thujaplicin (hinokitiol) and γ-thujaplicin. Hinokitiol is the most common isomer and it appears to be the only isomer that exerts all biological activities attributed to thujaplicins.<ref name=":4">{{cite journal |last1=Bentley |first1=Ronald |title=A fresh look at natural tropolonoids |journal=Nat. Prod. Rep. |date=2008 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=118–138 |doi=10.1039/B711474E}}</ref><ref name=":7" />
== Products containing hinokitiol ==


== Biosynthesis ==
⚫
Hinokitiol is used in a range of consumer products including cosmetics, toothpastes, oral sprays, sunscreens and hair-growth.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} In 2006, hinokitiol was categorised under the Domestic Substances List in Canada as non-persistent, non-bioaccumulative and non-toxic to aquatic organisms.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Secretariat|first1=Treasury Board of Canada|title=Detailed categorization results of the Domestic Substances List - Open Government Portal|url=https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/1d946396-cf9a-4fa1-8942-4541063bfba4|access-date=2020-06-17|website=open.canada.ca}}</ref>
There are different pathways to synthesize thujaplicins. Hinokitiol, as other thujaplicins, can be synthesized by [[cycloaddition]] of isopropyl[[cyclopentadiene]] and dichloro ketene, [[1,3-dipolar cycloaddition]] of 5-isopropyl-1-methyl-3-oxidopyridinium, [[Ring expansion and contraction|ring expansion]] of 2-isopropylcyclohexanone, regiocontrolled [[hydroxylation]] of oxyallyl [[(4+3) cycloaddition|(4+3) cycloadducts]], [[Regioselectivity|regioselectively]] from (''R'')-(+)-[[limonene]], and from troponeirontricarbonyl complex.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Soung |first1=Min-Gyu |last2=Matsui |first2=Masanao |last3=Kitahara |first3=Takeshi |title=Regioselective Synthesis of β- and γ-Thujaplicins |journal=Tetrahedron |date=September 2000 |volume=56 |issue=39 |pages=7741–7745 |doi=10.1016/S0040-4020(00)00690-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Na |last2=Song |first2=Wangze |last3=Schienebeck |first3=Casi M. |last4=Zhang |first4=Min |last5=Tang |first5=Weiping |title=Synthesis of naturally occurring tropones and tropolones |journal=Tetrahedron |date=December 2014 |volume=70 |issue=49 |pages=9281–9305 |doi=10.1016/j.tet.2014.07.065}}</ref> Hinokitiol can also be isolated through [[Plant tissue culture|plant cell suspension cultures]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=J. |last2=Fujita |first2=K. |last3=Yamada |first3=J. |last4=Sakai |first4=K. |title=Improved β-thujaplicin production in Cupressus lusitanica suspension cultures by fungal elicitor and methyl jasmonate |journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology |date=1 April 2001 |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=301–305 |doi=10.1007/s002530000555}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yamada |first1=J. |last2=Fujita |first2=K. |last3=Sakai |first3=K. |title=Effect of major inorganic nutrients on β-thujaplicin production in a suspension culture of Cupressus lusitanica cells |journal=Journal of Wood Science |date=April 2003 |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=172–175 |doi=10.1007/s100860300027}}</ref> or readily extracted from the wood with chemical [[solvents]] and [[ultrasonication]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chedgy |first1=Russell J. |last2=Daniels |first2=C.R. |last3=Kadla |first3=John |last4=Breuil |first4=Colette |title=Screening fungi tolerant to Western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn) extractives. Part 1. Mild extraction by ultrasonication and quantification of extractives by reverse-phase HPLC |journal=Holzforschung |date=1 March 2007 |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=190–194 |doi=10.1515/HF.2007.033}}</ref>

(1) Synthesis of hinokitiol from troponeirontricarbonyl complex:
[[File:Biosynthesis of beta-thujaplicin from troponeirontricarbonyl complex.svg|800px|center]]

(2) Synthesis of hinokitiol by electro-reductive alkylation of substituted cycloheptatrienes:
[[File:Biosynthesis of beta-thujaplicin through electroreductive alkylation.svg|1100px|center]]

(3) Synthesis of hinokitiol through ring expansion of 2-isopropylcyclohexanone:
[[File:Biosynthesis of beta-thujaplicin from 2-isopropylcyclohexanone.svg|800px|center]]

(4) Synthesis of hinokitiol through oxyallyl cation [4+3] cyclization (Noyori's synthesis):
[[File:Biosynthesis of β-thujaplicin through oxyallyl cation (4+3) cyclization.svg|1300px|center]]

== Chemistry ==
Hinokitiol is a [[tropolone]] derivative containing an unsaturated seven-membered carbon ring. It is a [[Monoterpene|monoterpenoid]] – [[Tropone|cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one]] substituted by a [[hydroxy group]] at position 2 and an [[Propyl group|isopropyl group]] at position 4.<ref>{{cite web |title=2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one, 2-hydroxy-3-(1-methylethyl)- |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/80297 |website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |publisher=PubChem |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hinokitiol |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Hinokitiol |website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |publisher=PubChem |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=gamma-Thujaplicin |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/12649 |website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |publisher=PubChem |language=en}}</ref> It is a [[enol]] and a cyclic [[ketone]]. It derives from a hydride of a [[Cycloheptatriene|cyclohepta-1,3,5-triene]]. Thujaplicins are soluble in organic solvents and aqueous buffers.<ref name=":8" /> Hinokitiol provides acetone on vigorous oxidation and gives the saturated monocyclic diol upon catalytic hydrogenation.<ref name=":9" /> It is stable to alkali and acids, forming salts or remaining unchanged, but does not convert to catechol derivatives.
Hinokitiol, as other thujaplicins and tropolones, reversibly binds metal ions. It forms complex salts with metal ions.

=== Ionophore ===
{{Main|Ionophore}}
Hinokitiol, as other [[tropolone]]s, reversibly binds metal ions (i.e. [[Zinc|Zn]]<sup>2+</sup>, [[Iron|Fe]]<sup>2+</sup>, [[Copper|Cu]]<sup>2+</sup>, [[Cobalt|Co]]<sup>2+</sup>, [[Manganese|Mn]]<sup>2+</sup>, [[Silver|Ag]]<sup>2+</sup>) and form complex [[Salt (chemistry)|salts]]. It is considered as a broad-spectrum [[Ionophore|metallophore]], and an efficient [[iron]]-[[Chelation|chelating agent]].<ref name=":6" /> The iron complex with hinokitiol with the formula (C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>11</sub>O<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub>Fe is called hinokitin. [[Chamaecyparis obtusa|Hinoki]] oil is rich in hinokitin which has an appearance of dark red crystals.<ref name=":9" /> The complexes made of iron and tropolones display high thermodynamic stability and has shown to have a stronger binding constant than the trnasferrin-iron complex.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hendershott |first1=Lynn |last2=Gentilcore |first2=Rita |last3=Ordway |first3=Frederick |last4=Fletcher |first4=James |last5=Donati |first5=Robert |title=Tropolone: A lipid solubilizing agent for cationic metals |journal=European Journal of Nuclear Medicine |date=May 1982 |volume=7 |issue=5 |doi=10.1007/BF00256471}}</ref> It is believed that metal-binding activity may be the principal mechanism of action underlying the most part of its biological activities, especially binding iron, zinc and copper ions.<ref name=":7">{{cite journal |last1=Falcone |first1=Eric |title=Investigating the Antiproliferative Activity of Synthetic Troponoids |journal=Doctoral Dissertations |date=5 October 2016 |url=https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/1302}}</ref> By binding different metal ions and serving as an [[ionophore]] it accelerates the intracellular uptake of those ions and increases their intracellular levels, thus influencing on different biological activities. It is shown that a synergistic effect in some biological activities and settings may occur when ionophores are combined with the ions they bind.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ding |first1=Wei-Qun |last2=Lind |first2=Stuart E. |title=Metal ionophores – An emerging class of anticancer drugs |journal=IUBMB Life |date=November 2009 |volume=61 |issue=11 |pages=1013–1018 |doi=10.1002/iub.253}}</ref> As an ionohore, its molecule has an hydrophilic center and a hydrophobic part. The hydrophobic part interacts with biological membranes. The hydrophilic center binds metal ions and form ionophore-ion complexes.

== Biological properties ==
Hinokitiol and other [[thujaplicin]]s have been mainly investigated in ''in-vitro'' studies and animal models for their possible biological properties, such as antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, antiplasmodial effects. However, no evidence exists from clinical studies to support these findings.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> It has also shown to have insecticidal, pesticidal and antibrowning effects. The vast majority of these properties are thought to be due to the metal ion-binding activity. Hinokitiol appeared to exert all ''in-vitro'' activities attributed to thujaplicins.<ref name=":7" />

⚫
Hinokitiol has been shown to possess inhibitory effects on ''[[Chlamydia trachomatis]]'' and may be clinically useful as a topical drug.<ref>{{cite book | last = Chedgy | first = Russell | name-list-style = vanc | title = Secondary metabolites of Western red cedar (Thuja plicata): their biotechnological applications and role in conferring natural durability. | publisher = LAP Lambert Academic Publishing | date = 2010 | isbn = 978-3-8383-4661-8 }}</ref><ref name=":11" />

=== Safety ===
⚫
The safety of hinokitiol has been tested in rats and no carcinogenic effect to rats was found.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=IMAI |first1=Norio |last2=DOI |first2=Yuko |last3=NABAE |first3=Kyoko |last4=TAMANO |first4=Seiko |last5=HAGIWARA |first5=Akihiro |last6=KAWABE |first6=Mayumi |last7=ICHIHARA |first7=Toshio |last8=OGAWA |first8=Kumiko |last9=SHIRAI |first9=Tomoyuki |title=LACK OF HINOKITIOL (BETA-THUJAPLICIN) CARCINOGENICITY IN F344/DuCrj RATS |journal=The Journal of Toxicological Sciences |date=2006 |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=357–370 |doi=10.2131/jts.31.357}}</ref> In 2006, hinokitiol was categorized under the Domestic substances list (DSL) in Canada as non-persistent, non-bioaccumulative and non-toxic to aquatic organisms.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Secretariat|first1=Treasury Board of Canada|title=Detailed categorization results of the Domestic Substances List - Open Government Portal|url=https://open.canada.ca/data/en/dataset/1d946396-cf9a-4fa1-8942-4541063bfba4|access-date=2020-06-17|website=open.canada.ca}}</ref>

== Uses ==
=== Skin and oral care products ===
Hinokitiol is used in a range of consumer products intended for skin care, such as [[soap]]s, [[skin lotion]]s, [[Eyewash|eyelid cleanser]], [[shampoos]] and [[Hair care|hair tonics]];<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hwang |first1=S. L. |last2=Kim |first2=J.-C. |title=In vivo hair growth promotion effects of cosmetic preparations containing hinokitiol-loaded poly( ε -caprolacton) nanocapsules |journal=Journal of Microencapsulation |date=January 2008 |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=351–356 |doi=10.1080/02652040802000557}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gilbard |first1=Jeffrey P |last2=Douyon |first2=Yanick |last3=Huson |first3=Robert B |title=Time-Kill Assay Results for a Linalool-Hinokitiol-Based Eyelid Cleanser for Lid Hygiene: |journal=Cornea |date=May 2010 |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=559–563 |doi=10.1097/ICO.0b013e3181bd9f79}}</ref> for oral care, such as [[toothpaste]]s, [[breath spray]]s.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kumbargere Nagraj |first1=Sumanth |last2=Eachempati |first2=Prashanti |last3=Uma |first3=Eswara |last4=Singh |first4=Vijendra Pal |last5=Ismail |first5=Noorliza Mastura |last6=Varghese |first6=Eby |title=Interventions for managing halitosis |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |date=11 December 2019 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD012213.pub2}}</ref>


In April 2020, Advance Nanotek, an Australian producer of zinc oxide, filed a joint patent application with AstiVita Limited, for an anti-viral composition that included oral care products.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IP Australia: AusPat|url=http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/ols/auspat/applicationDetails.do?applicationNo=2020900820 |website=Australian Government - IP Australia|access-date=2020-05-20}}</ref>
In April 2020, Advance Nanotek, an Australian producer of zinc oxide, filed a joint patent application with AstiVita Limited, for an anti-viral composition that included oral care products.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IP Australia: AusPat|url=http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/ols/auspat/applicationDetails.do?applicationNo=2020900820 |website=Australian Government - IP Australia|access-date=2020-05-20}}</ref>


== History ==
=== Insect repellent ===
{{Main|Insect repellent}}
Hinokitiol was discovered in 1936 by [[Tetsuo Nozoe]] from the essential oil component of Taiwan cypress. The compound has a heptagonal molecular structure.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
Hinokitiol is found to have [[Insecticide|insecticidal]] and [[Pesticide|pesticidal]] activities against crop-damaging [[termite]]s (''[[Reticulitermes speratus]]'', ''[[Coptotermes formosanus]]'') and beetles (''[[Lasioderma serricorne]]'', ''[[Callosobruchus chinensis]]'').<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=INAMORI |first1=Yoshihiko |last2=SAKAGAMI |first2=Yoshikazu |last3=MORITA |first3=Yasuhiro |last4=SHIBATA |first4=Mistunobu |last5=SUGIURA |first5=Masaaki |last6=KUMEDA |first6=Yuko |last7=OKABE |first7=Toshihiro |last8=TSUJIBO |first8=Hiroshi |last9=ISHIDA |first9=Nakao |title=Antifungal Activity of Hinokitiol-Related Compounds on Wood-Rotting Fungi and Their Insecticidal Activities. |journal=Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin |date=2000 |volume=23 |issue=8 |pages=995–997 |doi=10.1248/bpb.23.995}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> It has also shown to act against certain mites (''[[Dermatophagoides farinae]]'', ''[[Tyrophagus putrescentiae]]'') and mosquito larvae (''[[Aedes aegypti]]'', ''[[Culex pipiens]]''). Hinokitiol is supplemented in commercial tick and [[insect repellent]]s.<ref name=":4" />


== Research directions==
=== Food preservative ===
{{Main|Food preservation}}
In experimental studies hinokitiol has been shown to act against ''[[Botrytis cinerea]]'', a necrotrophic fungus causing gray mold in many plant species and known to damage [[Horticulture|horticultural]] [[crop]]s. Thus it has been suggested to be used for [[Postharvest|post-harvest]] [[Fruit waxing|waxing]] to prevent [[Post-harvest losses (vegetables)|post-harvest decay]].<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Ying |last2=Liu |first2=Xiaoyun |last3=Chen |first3=Tong |last4=Xu |first4=Yong |last5=Tian |first5=Shiping |title=Antifungal effects of hinokitiol on development of Botrytis cinerea in vitro and in vivo |journal=Postharvest Biology and Technology |date=January 2020 |volume=159 |pages=111038 |doi=10.1016/j.postharvbio.2019.111038}}</ref> Hinokitiol is a registered [[food additive]] in Japan.<ref name=":12" /> Hinokitiol appears to suppress [[food browning]] through inhibiting [[enzymatic browning|browning enzymes]], particularly tyrosinase and other [[polyphenol oxidase]]s by chelating [[copper]] ions.<ref name=":6" /> This effect has been shown on different vegetables, fruits, mushrooms, flowers, plants, other agricultural products and seafood.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aladaileh |first1=Saleem |last2=Rodney |first2=Peters |last3=Nair |first3=Sham V. |last4=Raftos |first4=David A. |title=Characterization of phenoloxidase activity in Sydney rock oysters (Saccostrea glomerata) |journal=Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology |date=December 2007 |volume=148 |issue=4 |pages=470–480 |doi=10.1016/j.cbpb.2007.07.089}}</ref> Due to the latter effects, hinokitiol is used in [[food packaging]] as a [[shelf-life]] extending agent.<ref>{{cite book |last1=L. Brody |first1=Aaron |last2=Strupinsky |first2=E. P. |last3=Kline |first3=Lauri R. |title=Active Packaging for Food Applications |date=2001 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9780367397289 |edition=1}}</ref>


=== In animals ===
=== Wood preservative ===
{{Main|Wood preservation}}
Hinokitiol is one of the chemical compounds isolated from trees, known as ''[[Wood#Extractives|extractives]]'', responsible for natural durability of certain trees. Hinokitiol is found in the [[heartwood]] of naturally durable trees belonging to the ''[[Cupressaceae]]'' family.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Tripti |last2=Singh |first2=Adya P. |title=A review on natural products as wood protectant |journal=Wood Science and Technology |date=September 2012 |volume=46 |issue=5 |pages=851–870 |doi=10.1007/s00226-011-0448-5}}</ref> These compounds give the wood natural resistance to [[Wood-decay fungus|decay]] and insect attacks due to their fungicidal, insecticidal and pesticidal activities. Thereby, hinokitiol, as some other natural extractives, is suggested to be used as a [[Wood preservation|wood preservative]] for [[timber]] treatment.<ref name=":10">{{cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Junyi |last2=Shen |first2=Yu |last3=Pang |first3=Song |last4=Gao |first4=Yun |last5=Xiao |first5=Guoyong |last6=Li |first6=Shujun |last7=Xu |first7=Yingqian |title=Application of hinokitiol potassium salt for wood preservative |journal=Journal of Environmental Sciences |date=December 2013 |volume=25 |pages=S32–S35 |doi=10.1016/S1001-0742(14)60621-5}}</ref>

== Research directions==
=== Iron transport ===
Researchers screening a library of small biomolecules for signs of iron transport found that hinokitiol restored cell functionality. Further work by the team suggested a mechanism by which hinokitiol restores or reduces cell iron.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Grillo AS, SantaMaria AM, Kafina MD, Cioffi AG, Huston NC, Han M, Seo YA, Yien YY, Nardone C, Menon AV, Fan J, Svoboda DC, Anderson JB, Hong JD, Nicolau BG, Subedi K, Gewirth AA, Wessling-Resnick M, Kim J, Paw BH, Burke MD | display-authors = 6 | title = Restored iron transport by a small molecule promotes absorption and hemoglobinization in animals | journal = Science | volume = 356 | issue = 6338 | pages = 608–616 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 28495746 | pmc = 5470741 | doi = 10.1126/science.aah3862 | bibcode = 2017Sci...356..608G }}</ref> In mammals, they found that when rodents that had been engineered to lack "iron proteins" were fed hinokitiol, they regained iron uptake in the gut. In a similar study on zebrafish, the molecule restored hemoglobin production.<ref>{{cite web | first = Robert F. | last = Service | name-list-style = vanc |title=Iron Man molecule restores balance to cells |url= https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/05/iron-man-molecule-restores-balance-cells | date = May 2017| work = Science Magazine | publisher = AAAS|language=en |access-date=2020-05-20 }}</ref>
Researchers screening a library of small biomolecules for signs of iron transport found that hinokitiol restored cell functionality. Further work by the team suggested a mechanism by which hinokitiol restores or reduces cell iron.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Grillo AS, SantaMaria AM, Kafina MD, Cioffi AG, Huston NC, Han M, Seo YA, Yien YY, Nardone C, Menon AV, Fan J, Svoboda DC, Anderson JB, Hong JD, Nicolau BG, Subedi K, Gewirth AA, Wessling-Resnick M, Kim J, Paw BH, Burke MD | display-authors = 6 | title = Restored iron transport by a small molecule promotes absorption and hemoglobinization in animals | journal = Science | volume = 356 | issue = 6338 | pages = 608–616 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 28495746 | pmc = 5470741 | doi = 10.1126/science.aah3862 | bibcode = 2017Sci...356..608G }}</ref> In mammals, they found that when rodents that had been engineered to lack "iron proteins" were fed hinokitiol, they regained iron uptake in the gut. In a similar study on zebrafish, the molecule restored hemoglobin production.<ref>{{cite web | first = Robert F. | last = Service | name-list-style = vanc |title=Iron Man molecule restores balance to cells |url= https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/05/iron-man-molecule-restores-balance-cells | date = May 2017| work = Science Magazine | publisher = AAAS|language=en |access-date=2020-05-20 }}</ref>

=== Cancer research ===
Different ''in-vitro'' studies have investigated the effects of hinokitiol on various tumor [[Cell culture|cell line]]s. Hinokitiol seems to possess ''in-vitro'' cytotoxic activity on tumor cells by inhibiting the DNA synthesis,<ref name=":3" /> leading to [[Induced cell cycle arrest|cell cycle arrest]], inducing [[apoptosis]] and [[autophagy]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ido |first1=Y. |last2=Muto |first2=N. |last3=Inada |first3=A. |last4=Kohroki |first4=J. |last5=Mano |first5=M. |last6=Odani |first6=T. |last7=Itoh |first7=N. |last8=Yamamoto |first8=K. |last9=Tanaka |first9=K. |title=Induction of apoptosis by hinokitiol, a potent iron chelator, in teratocarcinoma F9 cells is mediated through the activation of caspase-3 |journal=Cell Proliferation |date=28 January 2003 |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=63–73 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2184.1999.3210063.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Guangya |last2=He |first2=Jiangping |last3=Ye |first3=Xiaofei |last4=Zhu |first4=Jing |last5=Hu |first5=Xi |last6=Shen |first6=Minyan |last7=Ma |first7=Yuru |last8=Mao |first8=Ziming |last9=Song |first9=Huaidong |last10=Chen |first10=Fengling |title=β-Thujaplicin induces autophagic cell death, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest through ROS-mediated Akt and p38/ERK MAPK signaling in human hepatocellular carcinoma |journal=Cell Death & Disease |date=15 March 2019 |volume=10 |issue=4 |doi=10.1038/s41419-019-1492-6}}</ref> affect the sensitivity of hormone receptors,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ko |first1=Jiwon |last2=Bao |first2=Cheng |last3=Park |first3=Hyun-Chang |last4=Kim |first4=Minchae |last5=Choi |first5=Hyung-Kyoon |last6=Kim |first6=Young-Suk |last7=Lee |first7=Hong Jin |title=β-Thujaplicin modulates estrogen receptor signaling and inhibits proliferation of human breast cancer cells |journal=Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry |date=10 February 2015 |volume=79 |issue=6 |pages=1011–1017 |doi=10.1080/09168451.2015.1008978}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Shicheng |last2=Yamauchi |first2=Hitoshi |title=Hinokitiol, a metal chelator derived from natural plants, suppresses cell growth and disrupts androgen receptor signaling in prostate carcinoma cell lines |journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications |date=December 2006 |volume=351 |issue=1 |pages=26–32 |doi=10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.09.166}}</ref> inhibit the [[DNA repair]] and sensitize tumor cells to [[Radiation therapy|radiotherapy]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Lihong |last2=Peng |first2=Yang |last3=Uray |first3=Ivan P. |last4=Shen |first4=Jianfeng |last5=Wang |first5=Lulu |last6=Peng |first6=Xiangdong |last7=Brown |first7=Powel H. |last8=Tu |first8=Wei |last9=Peng |first9=Guang |title=Natural product β-thujaplicin inhibits homologous recombination repair and sensitizes cancer cells to radiation therapy |journal=DNA Repair |date=December 2017 |volume=60 |pages=89–101 |doi=10.1016/j.dnarep.2017.10.009}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Thujaplicins]]
* [[Tropolone]]
* [[Ionophore]]
* [[Cupressaceae]]


== References ==
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Hinokitiol Hinokitiol] at [[PubChem]]
*[https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/469521?lang=en&region=AM β-Thujaplicin] at [[Sigma-Aldrich]]
*[https://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB8714323.htm Hinokitiol] at ChemicalBook

{{Terpenoids}}


[[Category:Isopropyl compounds]]
[[Category:Isopropyl compounds]]
[[Category:Monoterpenes]]
[[Category:Monoterpenes]]
[[Category:Tropolones]]
[[Category:Tropolones]]
[[Category:Non-benzenoid aromatic carbocycles]]
[[Category:Ionophores]]
[[Category:Chelating agents]]
[[Category:Skin care]]
[[Category:Oral hygiene]]
[[Category:Food additives]]
[[Category:Preservatives]]

Revision as of 11:02, 21 January 2021

Hinokitiol[1]
Skeletal formula of hinokitiol
Ball-and-stick model of the hinokitiol molecule
Names
IUPAC name
2-Hydroxy-6-propan-2-ylcyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one
Other names
β-Thujaplicin; 4-Isopropyltropolone
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.007.165 Edit this at Wikidata
KEGG
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C10H12O2/c1-7(2)8-4-3-5-9(11)10(12)6-8/h3-7H,1-2H3,(H,11,12) checkY
    Key: FUWUEFKEXZQKKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY
  • InChI=1/C10H12O2/c1-7(2)8-4-3-5-9(11)10(12)6-8/h3-7H,1-2H3,(H,11,12)
    Key: FUWUEFKEXZQKKA-UHFFFAOYAT
  • O=C1/C=C(\C=C/C=C1/O)C(C)C
Properties
C10H12O2
Molar mass 164.204 g·mol−1
Appearance Colorless to pale yellow crystals
Melting point 50 to 52 °C (122 to 126 °F; 323 to 325 K)
Boiling point 140 °C (284 °F; 413 K) at 10 mmHg
1.2 g/L (0 °C)
Solubility in ethanol 20 g/L[2]
Solubility in dimethyl sulfoxide 30 g/L[2]
Solubility in dimethylformamide 12.5 g/L[2]
Hazards
Flash point 140 °C (284 °F; 413 K)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
☒N verify (what is checkY☒N ?)

Hinokitiol (β-thujaplicin) is a natural monoterpenoid found in the wood of trees in the family Cupressaceae. It is a tropolone derivative and one of the thujaplicins.[3] Hinokitiol is used in oral and skin care products,[4][5] and is a food additive used in Japan.[6]

History

Hinokitiol was discovered by a Japanese chemist Tetsuo Nozoe in 1936. It was isolated from the essential oil component of the heartwood of Taiwanese hinoki, from which the compound ultimately adopted its name.[7] Hinokitiol is the first non-benzenoid aromatic compound identified.[8] The compound has a heptagonal molecular structure and was first synthesyzed by Ralph Raphael in 1951.[9] Due to its iron-chelating activity hinokitiol has been called an “Iron Man molecule” in the scientific media, which is ironic because Tetsuo is translated into English as “Iron Man”.[10] Taiwanese hinoki is native to East Asian countries, particularly to Japan and Taiwan.[11] Hinokitiol has also been found in other trees of the Cupressaceae family, including Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don which is common in the Pacific Northwest.

Woods that are rich in hinokitiol were used by people of ancient Japan for creating long-standing buildings, such as the Konjiki-dō, a japanese national treasure, one of the buildings of Chūson-ji complex, a temple in Iwate Prefecture. It kept it from harm against insects, wood-rotting fungi and molds for a long time of about 840 years. Additionally, there are some old famous Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines using trees, later known to contain hinokitiol.[12] Beginning in the 2000s, the biological properties of hinokitiol have become of research interest, focusing on its biological properties.[10] And the resistance of cypress trees to wood decay was the leading reason prompting to study their chemical content and to find the substances responsible for those properties.[13]

Natural occurrence

Hinokitiol has been found in the hardwoods of the trees of the Cupressaceae family, including Chamaecyparis obtusa (Hinoki cypress), Thuja plicata (Western red cedar), Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondai (Hinoki asunaro), Juniperus cedrus (Canary Islands juniper), Cedrus atlantica (Atlas cedar), Cupressus lusitanica (Mexican white cedar), Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Port Orford cedar), Chamaecyparis taiwanensis (Taiwan cypress), Chamaecyparis thyoides (Atlantic white cedar), Cupressus arizonica (Arizona cypress), Cupressus macnabiana (MacNab cypress), Cupressus macrocarpa (Monterey cypress), Juniperus chinensis (Chinese juniper), Juniperus communis (Common juniper), Juniperus californica (California juniper), Juniperus occidentalis (Western juniper), Juniperus oxycedrus (Cade), Juniperus sabina (Savin juniper), Calocedrus decurrens (California incense-cedar), Calocedrus formosana (Taiwan incense-cedar), Platycladus orientalis (Chinese thuja), Thuja occidentalis (Northern white-cedar), Thuja standishii (Japanese thuja), Tetraclinis articulata (Sandarac).[14][15][16][17]

Its concentration in the trees are 0.1-0.2% in Chamaecyparis taiwanensis (2 mg of hinokitiol per 1 g of dry sawdust), 0.04% in Juniperus cedrus and Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondai (0.4 mg of hinokitiol per 1 g of dry sawdust), and 0.02% in Chamaecyparis obtusa (0.2 mg of hinokitiol per 1 g of dry sawdust).[7][18]

There are three naturally found thujaplicins: α-thujaplicin, β-thujaplicin (hinokitiol) and γ-thujaplicin. Hinokitiol is the most common isomer and it appears to be the only isomer that exerts all biological activities attributed to thujaplicins.[19][20]

Biosynthesis

There are different pathways to synthesize thujaplicins. Hinokitiol, as other thujaplicins, can be synthesized by cycloaddition of isopropylcyclopentadiene and dichloro ketene, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of 5-isopropyl-1-methyl-3-oxidopyridinium, ring expansion of 2-isopropylcyclohexanone, regiocontrolled hydroxylation of oxyallyl (4+3) cycloadducts, regioselectively from (R)-(+)-limonene, and from troponeirontricarbonyl complex.[21][22] Hinokitiol can also be isolated through plant cell suspension cultures,[23][24] or readily extracted from the wood with chemical solvents and ultrasonication.[25]

(1) Synthesis of hinokitiol from troponeirontricarbonyl complex:

(2) Synthesis of hinokitiol by electro-reductive alkylation of substituted cycloheptatrienes:

(3) Synthesis of hinokitiol through ring expansion of 2-isopropylcyclohexanone:

(4) Synthesis of hinokitiol through oxyallyl cation [4+3] cyclization (Noyori's synthesis):

Chemistry

Hinokitiol is a tropolone derivative containing an unsaturated seven-membered carbon ring. It is a monoterpenoid – cyclohepta-2,4,6-trien-1-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and an isopropyl group at position 4.[26][27][28] It is a enol and a cyclic ketone. It derives from a hydride of a cyclohepta-1,3,5-triene. Thujaplicins are soluble in organic solvents and aqueous buffers.[2] Hinokitiol provides acetone on vigorous oxidation and gives the saturated monocyclic diol upon catalytic hydrogenation.[7] It is stable to alkali and acids, forming salts or remaining unchanged, but does not convert to catechol derivatives. Hinokitiol, as other thujaplicins and tropolones, reversibly binds metal ions. It forms complex salts with metal ions.

Ionophore

Main article: Ionophore

Hinokitiol, as other tropolones, reversibly binds metal ions (i.e. Zn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Ag2+) and form complex salts. It is considered as a broad-spectrum metallophore, and an efficient iron-chelating agent.[17] The iron complex with hinokitiol with the formula (C10H11O2)3Fe is called hinokitin. Hinoki oil is rich in hinokitin which has an appearance of dark red crystals.[7] The complexes made of iron and tropolones display high thermodynamic stability and has shown to have a stronger binding constant than the trnasferrin-iron complex.[29] It is believed that metal-binding activity may be the principal mechanism of action underlying the most part of its biological activities, especially binding iron, zinc and copper ions.[20] By binding different metal ions and serving as an ionophore it accelerates the intracellular uptake of those ions and increases their intracellular levels, thus influencing on different biological activities. It is shown that a synergistic effect in some biological activities and settings may occur when ionophores are combined with the ions they bind.[30] As an ionohore, its molecule has an hydrophilic center and a hydrophobic part. The hydrophobic part interacts with biological membranes. The hydrophilic center binds metal ions and form ionophore-ion complexes.

Biological properties

Hinokitiol and other thujaplicins have been mainly investigated in in-vitro studies and animal models for their possible biological properties, such as antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, antiplasmodial effects. However, no evidence exists from clinical studies to support these findings.[10][17][20] It has also shown to have insecticidal, pesticidal and antibrowning effects. The vast majority of these properties are thought to be due to the metal ion-binding activity. Hinokitiol appeared to exert all in-vitro activities attributed to thujaplicins.[20]

Hinokitiol has been shown to possess inhibitory effects on Chlamydia trachomatis and may be clinically useful as a topical drug.[31][10]

Safety

The safety of hinokitiol has been tested in rats and no carcinogenic effect to rats was found.[32] In 2006, hinokitiol was categorized under the Domestic substances list (DSL) in Canada as non-persistent, non-bioaccumulative and non-toxic to aquatic organisms.[33]

Uses

Skin and oral care products

Hinokitiol is used in a range of consumer products intended for skin care, such as soaps, skin lotions, eyelid cleanser, shampoos and hair tonics;[4][34][35] for oral care, such as toothpastes, breath sprays.[4][5][36]

In April 2020, Advance Nanotek, an Australian producer of zinc oxide, filed a joint patent application with AstiVita Limited, for an anti-viral composition that included oral care products.[37]

Insect repellent

Main article: Insect repellent

Hinokitiol is found to have insecticidal and pesticidal activities against crop-damaging termites (Reticulitermes speratus, Coptotermes formosanus) and beetles (Lasioderma serricorne, Callosobruchus chinensis).[15][38][17] It has also shown to act against certain mites (Dermatophagoides farinae, Tyrophagus putrescentiae) and mosquito larvae (Aedes aegypti, Culex pipiens). Hinokitiol is supplemented in commercial tick and insect repellents.[19]

Food preservative

Main article: Food preservation

In experimental studies hinokitiol has been shown to act against Botrytis cinerea, a necrotrophic fungus causing gray mold in many plant species and known to damage horticultural crops. Thus it has been suggested to be used for post-harvest waxing to prevent post-harvest decay.[17][39] Hinokitiol is a registered food additive in Japan.[6] Hinokitiol appears to suppress food browning through inhibiting browning enzymes, particularly tyrosinase and other polyphenol oxidases by chelating copper ions.[17] This effect has been shown on different vegetables, fruits, mushrooms, flowers, plants, other agricultural products and seafood.[40] Due to the latter effects, hinokitiol is used in food packaging as a shelf-life extending agent.[41]

Wood preservative

Main article: Wood preservation

Hinokitiol is one of the chemical compounds isolated from trees, known as extractives, responsible for natural durability of certain trees. Hinokitiol is found in the heartwood of naturally durable trees belonging to the Cupressaceae family.[13][42] These compounds give the wood natural resistance to decay and insect attacks due to their fungicidal, insecticidal and pesticidal activities. Thereby, hinokitiol, as some other natural extractives, is suggested to be used as a wood preservative for timber treatment.[18]

Research directions

Iron transport

Researchers screening a library of small biomolecules for signs of iron transport found that hinokitiol restored cell functionality. Further work by the team suggested a mechanism by which hinokitiol restores or reduces cell iron.[43] In mammals, they found that when rodents that had been engineered to lack "iron proteins" were fed hinokitiol, they regained iron uptake in the gut. In a similar study on zebrafish, the molecule restored hemoglobin production.[44]

Cancer research

Different in-vitro studies have investigated the effects of hinokitiol on various tumor cell lines. Hinokitiol seems to possess in-vitro cytotoxic activity on tumor cells by inhibiting the DNA synthesis,[15] leading to cell cycle arrest, inducing apoptosis and autophagy,[45][46] affect the sensitivity of hormone receptors,[47][48] inhibit the DNA repair and sensitize tumor cells to radiotherapy.[49]

See also

References

  1. ^ β-Thujaplicin at Sigma-Aldrich
  2. ^ a b c d "Hinokitiol - Product Information" (PDF). www.caymanchem.com. Cayman Chemical.
  3. ^ Chedgy RJ, Lim YW, Breuil C (May 2009). "Effects of leaching on fungal growth and decay of western redcedar". Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 55 (5): 578–86. doi:10.1139/W08-161. PMID 19483786.
  4. ^ a b c "Hinokitiol | 499-44-5". www.chemicalbook.com.
  5. ^ a b Suzuki, Joichiro; Tokiwa, Tamami; Mochizuki, Maho; Ebisawa, Masato; Nagano, Takatoshi; Yuasa, Mohei; Kanazashi, Mikimoto; Gomi, Kazuhiro; Arai, Takashi (2008). "Effects of a newly designed toothbrush for the application of periodontal disease treatment medicine (HinoporonTM) on the plaque removal and the improvement of gingivitis". Nihon Shishubyo Gakkai Kaishi (Journal of the Japanese Society of Periodontology). 50 (1): 30–38. doi:10.2329/perio.50.030.
  6. ^ a b "The Japan Food chemical Research Faundation". www.ffcr.or.jp.
  7. ^ a b c d "Tetsuo Nozoe (1902−1996)". European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 2004 (4): 899–928. February 2004. doi:10.1002/ejoc.200300579.
  8. ^ Nakanishi, Koji (June 2013). "Tetsuo Nozoe's "Autograph Books by Chemists 1953-1994": An Essay". The Chemical Record. 13 (3): 343–352. doi:10.1002/tcr.201300007.
  9. ^ Archer, Mary D.; Haley, Christopher D. (2007). The 1702 Chair of Chemistry at Cambridge : Transformation and Change. Cambridge Univ Pr. p. 243. ISBN 9780521030854.
  10. ^ a b c d "Hinokitiol". American Chemical Society.
  11. ^ Farjon, A. (2005). Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. ISBN 1-84246-068-4.
  12. ^ Inamori, Yoshihiko; Morita, Yasuhiro; Sakagami, Yoshikazu; Okabe, Toshihoro; Ishida, Nakao (2006). "The Excellence of Aomori Hiba (Hinokiasunaro) in Its Use as Building Materials of Buddhist Temples and Shinto Shrines". Biocontrol Science. 11 (2): 49–54. doi:10.4265/bio.11.49.
  13. ^ a b Cook, J. W.; Raphael, R. A.; Scott, A. I. (1951). "149. Tropolones. Part II. The synthesis of α-, β-, and γ-thujaplicins". J. Chem. Soc. 0 (0): 695–698. doi:10.1039/JR9510000695.
  14. ^ Okabe, T; Saito, K (1994). "Antibacterial and preservative effects of natural Hinokitiol (beta-Thujaplicin) extracted from wood". Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis. 6 (4): 257–266.
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