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Coordinates: 54°27′N 19°45′E / 54.450°N 19.750°E / 54.450; 19.750
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It is an endangered [[Important Bird Area]] of Poland.<ref>[http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/vistula-lagoon-iba-poland Vistula Lagoon], a fact sheet of [[BirdLife International]]</ref>
It is an endangered [[Important Bird Area]] of Poland.<ref>[http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/vistula-lagoon-iba-poland Vistula Lagoon], a fact sheet of [[BirdLife International]]</ref>

==Etymology==
==Etymology==


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* ''[[Aesti|Aistei]]''
* ''[[Aesti|Aistei]]''
* *''mari'' - "[[lagoon]] (a body of water cut off from a larger body by a reef of sand), fresh water bay".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Klussis|first=Mikkels|title=Dictionary of revived Prussian: Prussian - English, English - Prussian|year=2006|location=[[Vilnius]]|pages=47}}</ref>
* *''mari'' - "[[lagoon]] (a body of water cut off from a larger body by a reef of sand), fresh water bay".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Klussis|first=Mikkels|title=Dictionary of revived Prussian: Prussian - English, English - Prussian|year=2006|location=[[Vilnius]]|pages=47}}</ref>


So, the oldest known meaning of the name of Vistula Lagoon was "The lagoon or sea of the Aesti". The Old Prussian name is still used in [[Lithuanian language|Modern Lithuanian]] as ''Aistmarės'', which preserves the original meaning.
So, the oldest known meaning of the name of Vistula Lagoon was "The lagoon or sea of the Aesti". The Old Prussian name is still used in [[Lithuanian language|Modern Lithuanian]] as ''Aistmarės'', which preserves the original meaning.
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==Proposed canal==
==Proposed canal==
Digging a canal to connect the lagoon with the Baltic Sea is in consideration as a major [[European Union|EU]]-supported project. The canal, would re-activate the [[Elbląg]] river port. It would also free its dependence on Russia, which occasionally revokes the right of passage for Polish ships through the [[Strait of Baltiysk]] as a form of pressure on Polish authorities.{{cn|date=October 2016}}
Digging a canal to connect the lagoon with the Baltic Sea is in consideration as a major [[European Union|EU]]-supported project. The canal, would re-activate the [[Elbląg]] river port. It would also free its dependence on Russia, which occasionally revokes the right of passage for Polish ships through the [[Strait of Baltiysk]] as a form of pressure on Polish authorities.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}


In October 2016 details of the project were confirmed by [[PiS]] leader, [[Jarosław Kaczyński]]. The {{convert|1.3|km|mi}} long, 80 metres wide and 5 metres deep canal shall be completed by 2020 at an estimated cost of [[Polish złoty|PLN]] 880 million.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}
In October 2016 details of the project were confirmed by [[PiS]] leader, [[Jarosław Kaczyński]]. The {{convert|1.3|km|mi}} long, 80 metres wide and 5 metres deep canal shall be completed by 2020 at an estimated cost of [[Polish złoty|PLN]] 880 million.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}
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=== Kursenieki ===
=== Kursenieki ===
{{details|Kursenieki}}While today the [[Kursenieki]], also known as ''Kuršininkai'' are a nearly extinct [[Balts|Baltic]] ethnic group living along the [[Curonian Spit]], in 1649 Kuršininkai settlement spanned from [[Klaipėda|Memel (Klaipėda)]] to [[Gdańsk|Danzig (Gdańsk)]], including the area around the Vistula Lagoon. The Kuršininkai were eventually assimilated by the [[Germans]], except along the Curonian Spit where some still live. The Kuršininkai were considered [[Latvians]] until after [[World War I]] when [[Latvia]] gained independence from the [[Russian Empire]], a consideration based on linguistic arguments. This was the rationale for Latvian claims over the Curonian Spit, [[Klaipėda|Memel]], and other territories of [[East Prussia]] which would be later dropped.[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1979-084-05, Ostpreußen, Flüchtlingstreck.jpg|thumb|left|185x185px|East Prussian refugees after crossing the lagoon]]
{{Further|Kursenieki}}While today the [[Kursenieki]], also known as ''Kuršininkai'' are a nearly extinct [[Balts|Baltic]] ethnic group living along the [[Curonian Spit]], in 1649 Kuršininkai settlement spanned from [[Klaipėda|Memel (Klaipėda)]] to [[Gdańsk|Danzig (Gdańsk)]], including the area around the Vistula Lagoon. The Kuršininkai were eventually assimilated by the [[Germans]], except along the Curonian Spit where some still live. The Kuršininkai were considered [[Latvians]] until after [[World War I]] when [[Latvia]] gained independence from the [[Russian Empire]], a consideration based on linguistic arguments. This was the rationale for Latvian claims over the Curonian Spit, [[Klaipėda|Memel]], and other territories of [[East Prussia]] which would be later dropped.[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1979-084-05, Ostpreußen, Flüchtlingstreck.jpg|thumb|left|185x185px|East Prussian refugees after crossing the lagoon]]

=== Historical events related to lagoon ===
=== Historical events related to lagoon ===
From January until March 1945 throughout the [[Evacuation of East Prussia]], refugees from [[East Prussia]] crossed the frozen lagoon on their way to the west after the [[Red Army]] had reached the coast of the lagoon near [[Elbląg|Elbing]] on January 26. Attacked by Soviet aircraft, thousands of these refugees were killed or fell through the broken ice. <ref>[[Max Egremont]] ''Forgotten Land: Journeys Among the Ghosts of East Prussia'' (2012), {{ISBN|978-0374533564}}</ref> <ref>Patricia Clough ''The Flight Across The Ice: The Escape of the East Prussian Horses'' (2009), {{ISBN|978-1906598341}}</ref>
From January until March 1945 throughout the [[Evacuation of East Prussia]], refugees from [[East Prussia]] crossed the frozen lagoon on their way to the west after the [[Red Army]] had reached the coast of the lagoon near [[Elbląg|Elbing]] on January 26. Attacked by Soviet aircraft, thousands of these refugees were killed or fell through the broken ice.<ref>[[Max Egremont]] ''Forgotten Land: Journeys Among the Ghosts of East Prussia'' (2012), {{ISBN|978-0374533564}}</ref><ref>Patricia Clough ''The Flight Across The Ice: The Escape of the East Prussian Horses'' (2009), {{ISBN|978-1906598341}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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* [http://www.en.zalew-wislany.pl/ www.en.zalew-wislany.pl – Monitoring the Vistula Lagoon water quality on the basis of satellite remote sensing]
* [http://www.en.zalew-wislany.pl/ www.en.zalew-wislany.pl – Monitoring the Vistula Lagoon water quality on the basis of satellite remote sensing]
* [[Battle of Vistula Lagoon]]
* [[Battle of Vistula Lagoon]]
{{commons category}}
{{Commons category}}


{{coord|54|27|N|19|45|E|region:PL_type:waterbody|display=title}}
{{coord|54|27|N|19|45|E|region:PL_type:waterbody|display=title}}


{{Tributaries of the Vistula}}
{{Tributaries of the Vistula}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Lagoons of Europe]]
[[Category:Lagoons of Europe]]

Revision as of 17:05, 27 February 2021

Landsat photo of the Vistula Lagoon
Small port on the Vistula Lagoon in Frombork, Poland

The Vistula Lagoon (Template:Lang-pl; Template:Lang-ru or Kaliningradskiy Zaliv; Template:Lang-de; Template:Lang-lt) is a brackish water lagoon on the Baltic Sea roughly 56 miles (90 km) long, 6 to 15 miles (10 to 19 km) wide, and up to 17 feet (5 m) deep, separated from Gdańsk Bay by the Vistula Spit. It is now known as the Vistula Bay or Vistula Gulf. The modern German name, Frisches Haff, is derived from an earlier form, Friesisches Haff.[1]

Geography

The lagoon is a mouth of a few branches of the Vistula River, notably the Nogat, and of the Pregolya River. It is connected to Gdańsk Bay by the Strait of Baltiysk.

The Poland–Russia border runs across the lagoon.

Localities on the lagoon include Kaliningrad, Baltiysk, and Primorsk in Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast and Elbląg, Tolkmicko, Frombork, Krynica Morska in Poland. The Polish port of Elbląg used to see a substantial amount of trading traffic on the lagoon, but that has declined owing to the current border situation. Kaliningrad and Baltiysk are currently major seaports on the lagoon.

It is an endangered Important Bird Area of Poland.[2]

Etymology

The earliest version of the name of Vistula Lagoon has been recorded in historical sources by Wulfstan of Hedeby at the end of the 9th Century as Estmere.[3] It is an Anglo-Saxon rendition of the Old Prussian Aīstinmari, which was the name for the lagoon. The name was the fusion of two Old Prussian words:

  • Aistei
  • *mari - "lagoon (a body of water cut off from a larger body by a reef of sand), fresh water bay".[4]

So, the oldest known meaning of the name of Vistula Lagoon was "The lagoon or sea of the Aesti". The Old Prussian name is still used in Modern Lithuanian as Aistmarės, which preserves the original meaning.

German occupation

Over three hundred years later, in the first half of the 13th Century, the name of Vistula Lagoon occurs in deeds issued by Teutonic Order in Latin version as Mare Recens (1246 - "mare" - a pool or lake or sea and "recens" - fresh) in contrast to the contemporary name for the Baltic Sea - Mare Salsum (Salty Sea). Then in 1251 there is a record about Mare Recens et Neriam (Frisches Haff and Frische Nehrung, now Vistula Spit) and finally in 1288 Recenti Mari Hab (Haff) which as one can see corresponds with later German "Frisches Haff" = "Fresh Lagoon".[5]

Proposed canal

Digging a canal to connect the lagoon with the Baltic Sea is in consideration as a major EU-supported project. The canal, would re-activate the Elbląg river port. It would also free its dependence on Russia, which occasionally revokes the right of passage for Polish ships through the Strait of Baltiysk as a form of pressure on Polish authorities.[citation needed]

In October 2016 details of the project were confirmed by PiS leader, Jarosław Kaczyński. The 1.3 kilometres (0.81 mi) long, 80 metres wide and 5 metres deep canal shall be completed by 2020 at an estimated cost of PLN 880 million.[citation needed]

History

From 1772 until 1918, the lagoon was part of the Kingdom of Prussia, which had become part of the German Empire in 1871. Between 1920 and 1946 it was split between Germany and the Free City of Danzig. At present state since 1945 its eastern part belongs to Russia (formerly USSR), Poland has 43.8% of its area at lagoon's western side. The bordering administrative regions is Polish Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship and modern Russian Kaliningrad Oblast.

Curonian-populated area in 1649

Kursenieki

Further information: Kursenieki

While today the Kursenieki, also known as Kuršininkai are a nearly extinct Baltic ethnic group living along the Curonian Spit, in 1649 Kuršininkai settlement spanned from Memel (Klaipėda) to Danzig (Gdańsk), including the area around the Vistula Lagoon. The Kuršininkai were eventually assimilated by the Germans, except along the Curonian Spit where some still live. The Kuršininkai were considered Latvians until after World War I when Latvia gained independence from the Russian Empire, a consideration based on linguistic arguments. This was the rationale for Latvian claims over the Curonian Spit, Memel, and other territories of East Prussia which would be later dropped.

East Prussian refugees after crossing the lagoon

From January until March 1945 throughout the Evacuation of East Prussia, refugees from East Prussia crossed the frozen lagoon on their way to the west after the Red Army had reached the coast of the lagoon near Elbing on January 26. Attacked by Soviet aircraft, thousands of these refugees were killed or fell through the broken ice.[6][7]

See also

References

  1. ^ Erhard Riemann, Alfred Schoenfeldt, Ulrich Tolksdorf, Reinhard Goltz, Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur (Germany), Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz, Preussisches Wörterbuch: Deutsche Mundarten Ost- und Westpreussens, 6th edition, Wachholtz, 1974, p.595, ISBN 3-529-04611-6
  2. ^ Vistula Lagoon, a fact sheet of BirdLife International
  3. ^ Janet Batley, Wulfstan's voyage and his description of Estland: the text and the language of the text, in: Wulfstan's Voyage. The Baltic Sea region in the early Viking Age as seen from shipboard, Maritime Culture of the North, 2, Roskilde 2009, p. 15.
  4. ^ Klussis, Mikkels (2006). Dictionary of revived Prussian: Prussian - English, English - Prussian. Vilnius. p. 47.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ^ Codex diplomaticus Warmiensis oder Regesten und Urkunden zur Geschichte Ermlands. Bd. 1, Urkunden der Jahre 1231-1340, (ed.) Johann Martin Saage, Carl Peter Woelky, Mainz 1860, No. 13, p. 18 - 22, No. 26, p. 46 - 49, No. 79, p. 133 - 136.
  6. ^ Max Egremont Forgotten Land: Journeys Among the Ghosts of East Prussia (2012), ISBN 978-0374533564
  7. ^ Patricia Clough The Flight Across The Ice: The Escape of the East Prussian Horses (2009), ISBN 978-1906598341
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vistula Lagoon.

54°27′N 19°45′E / 54.450°N 19.750°E / 54.450; 19.750

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