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*zone of ''Neostreptognathodus prayi''
*zone of ''Neostreptognathodus prayi''
*zone of ''Neostreptognathodus pnevi''
*zone of ''Neostreptognathodus pnevi''

==Kungurian Life==

===Chondrichthyans===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |[[Chondrichthyes]] of the Kungurian
|-
! Taxa
! Presence
! Location
! Description
! Images
|-
|
*''[[Glikmanius]]''
| [[Carboniferous]] to [[Guadalupian]]
| United States, Arizona
| A [[Ctenacanthiformes|ctenacanthiform]] [[Elasmobranchii|elasmobranch]]
| rowspan="99" |
[[Image:Glikmanius1DB.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Glikmanius]]'']]
[[Image:Helicoprion as chimeroid.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Helicoprion]]'']]
[[Image:Parahelicoprion clerci.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Parahelicoprion]]'']]
|-
|
*''[[Helicoprion]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| Russia, Australia, Japan
| A [[Eugeneodontida|eugeneodont]] [[holocephali]]an, "buzzsaw shark"
|-
|
*''[[Kaibabvenator]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| United States
| A [[Ctenacanthiformes|ctenacanthtiform]] [[Elasmobranchii|elasmobranch]]
|-
|
*''[[Megactenopetalodus]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| United States
| A [[Petalodontiformes|petalodontiform]] [[holocephali]]an
|-
|
*''[[Parahelicoprion]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| Russia, Bolivia
| A [[Eugeneodontida|eugeneodont]] [[holocephali]]an
|-
|}

===Actinopterygians===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |[[Actinopterygii]] of the Kungurian
|-
! Taxa
! Presence
! Location
! Description
! Images
|-
|
*''[[Acrolepis]]''
| [[Carboniferous]] to [[Lopingian]]
| Germany, England
| A non-neopterygian
| rowspan="99" |
[[Image:Acrolepis gigas DB18.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Acrolepis]]'']]
|-
|
*''[[Brachydegma]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| United States
|
|-
|
*''[[Gardinerpiscis]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| Kazakhstan
| A non-neopterygian
|-
|}

===Lungfishes===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |[[Dipnoi]] of the Kungurian
|-
! Taxa
! Presence
! Location
! Description
! Images
|-
|
*''[[Gnathorhiza]]''
| [[Carboniferous]] to [[Early Triassic]]
| United States
|
| rowspan="99" |
[[Image:GnathorhizaDB.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Gnathorhiza]]'']]
|-
|
*''[[Sagenodus]]''
| [[Carboniferous]] to [[Cisuralian]]
| United States
|
|-
|}

===†Lepospondyls===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |[[Lepospondyli]] of the Kungurian
|-
! Taxa
! Presence
! Location
! Description
! Images
|-
|
* ''[[Cardiocephalus]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| United States
|
| rowspan="99" |
[[Image:Cardiocephalus peabodyi.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Cardiocephalus]]'']]
[[Image:Diplocaulus_vale21DB.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Diplocaulus]]'']]
|-
|
* ''[[Diplocaulus]]''
**''D. magnicornis''
**''D. brevirostris''
**''D. recurvatus''
|
| North America
|
|-
|}

===†Temnospondyls===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |[[Temnospondyli]] of the Kungurian
|-
! Taxa
! Presence
! Location
! Description
! Images
|-
|
* ''[[Aspidosaurus]]''
| [[Early Permian]]
| United States
| A diverse genus of basal [[dissorophid]]s.
| rowspan="99" |
[[Image:Cacops1DB.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Cacops aspidephorus]]'']]
[[Image:Eryops1DB.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Eryops]]'']]
[[Image:Prionosuchus_DB.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Prionosuchus]]'']]
[[Image:Zatrachys1DB.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Zatrachys]]'']]
|-
|
* ''[[Cacops]]''
|
| Texas, Oklahoma, China and Russia
| A [[dissorophid]] known from multiple specimens.
|-
|
* ''[[Clamorosaurus]]''
|
| Inta Formation, Russia
| An [[eryopidae|eryopid]].
|-
|
* ''[[Dissorophus]]''
|
| United States
| A [[dissorophid]] known from multiple specimens.
|-
|
* ''[[Eryops]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| Texas, United States
| A large [[eryopidae|eryopid]] [[Temnospondyli|temnospondyl]]. ''Eryops'' averaged a little over 1.5–2.0 metres long and could grow up to 3 metres (9.8 ft), making them among the largest land animals of their time.
|-
|
* ''[[Prionosuchus]]''
|
| Pedra do Fogo Formation, Parnaíba Basin, Brazil
| A gigantic [[Archegosauridae|archegosaurid]], estimated at about 9 metres in length and over 2 tonnes of weight, it is currently the largest known amphibian to have ever lived.
|-
|
* ''[[Procuhy]]''
|
| [[Piaui]], Brazil
| A genus of [[dvinosauria]]n within the family [[Trimerorhachidae]].
|-
|
* ''[[Syndyodosuchus]]''
|
| Inta Formation, Russia
| An eryopid.
|-
|
* ''[[Timonya]]''
|
| [[Piaui]], Brazil
| A genus of dvinosaurian.
|-
|
* ''[[Trimerorhachis]]''
|
| [[Abo Formation]], New Mexico and Seymour, Baylor County, Texas
| A genus of dvinosaurian within the family Trimerorhachidae.
|-
|
* ''[[Zatrachys]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, United States
| A [[Zatracheidae|zatracheidid]]
|-
|}

===†Seymouriamorphs===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |[[Seymouriamorpha]] of the Kungurian
|-
! Taxa
! Presence
! Location
! Description
! Images
|-
|
* ''[[Discosauriscus]]''
|
| [[Boskovice|Boskovice Furrow]], Czech Republic
| A [[Reptiliomorpha|reptiliomorph]]
| rowspan="99" |
[[Image:Discos2gill.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Discosauriscus]]'']]
[[Image:Seymouria2.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Seymouria]]'']]
|-
|
* ''[[Seymouria]]''
** ''Seymouria baylorensis''
** ''Seymouria grandis ''
|
| [[Seymour, Texas|Seymour]], [[Baylor County, Texas]] among others in North America
| A [[Reptiliomorpha|reptiliomorph]]
|-
|}

===†Diadectomorphs===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |[[Diadectomorpha]] of the Kungurian
|-
! Taxa
! Presence
! Location
! Description
! Images
|-
|
* ''[[Diadectes]]''
|
| North America
| A [[Diadectidae|diadectid]] [[Reptiliomorpha|reptiliomorph]]
| rowspan="99" |
[[Image:Diadectes1DB.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Diadectes]]'']]
|-
|}

===†Procolophonomorphs===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |[[Procolophonomorpha]] of the Kungurian
|-
! Taxa
! Presence
! Location
! Description
! Images
|-
|
*''[[Acleistorhinus]]''
| middle Kungurian
| Oklahoma, USA
| A [[Parareptilia|parareptile]].
| rowspan="99" |
[[Image:Belebey1DB.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Belebey (genus)|Belebey]]'']]
[[Image:Eudibamus BW.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Eudibamus]]'']]
|-
|
*''[[Belebey (genus)|Belebey]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| Europe
| A genus of lizard-shaped [[Parareptilia|parareptile]]
|-
|
*''[[Bolosaurus]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| North America and North Asia
| A genus of biped lizard-shaped [[Parareptilia|parareptile]]
|-
|
*''[[Eudibamus]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| Germany
| A genus of biped lizard-shaped [[Parareptilia|parareptile]]
|-
|}

===Eureptilians===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |[[Eureptilia]] of the Kungurian
|-
! Taxa
! Presence
! Location
! Description
! Images
|-
|
* ''[[Captorhinus]]''
|[[Cisuralian]]
| North America and Europe
| A [[Captorhinida|captorhinid]] reptile
| rowspan="99" |
[[Image:Captorhinus BW.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Captorhinus]]'']]
[[Image:Labidosaurus.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Labidosaurus]]'']]
|-
|
* ''[[Labidosaurus]]''
|[[Cisuralian]]
| North America
|A [[Captorhinida|captorhinid]] reptile
|-
|
* ''[[Labidosaurikos]]''
|[[Cisuralian]]
| North America
|A [[Captorhinida|captorhinid]] reptile
|-
|}

===Synapsids===
{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="5" align="center" |[[Synapsida]] of the Kungurian
|-
! Taxa
! Presence
! Location
! Description
! Images
|-
|
* ''[[Angelosaurus]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| Texas, USA
| A [[caseasauria]]n
| rowspan="99" |
[[Image:Casea_BW.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Casea]]'']]
[[Image:CotylorhynchusDB2.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Cotylorhynchus]]'']]
[[Image:Ctenospondylus_BW.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Ctenospondylus]]'']]
[[Image:Dimetrodon gigashomog DB.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Dimetrodon]]'']]
[[Image:Mycterosaurus NT small.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Mycterosaurus]]'']]
[[Image:Ophiacodon NT small.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Ophiacodon]]'']]
[[Image:Tetraceratops BW.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Tetraceratops]]'']]
[[Image:Varanops NT small.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Varanops]]'']]
|-
|
* ''[[Casea]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| Texas, USA and [[Aveyron]], France
| A [[caseasauria]]n
|-
|
* ''[[Cotylorhynchus]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| [[Greene Formation]], Ohio; [[Belle Plains Formation]], Texas; [[Cutler Formation]], Utah, all in the USA
| A [[caseasauria]]n
|-
|
* ''[[Ctenospondylus]]''
|
[[Sakmarian]]-Kungurian
|
[[Greene Formation]], Ohio; [[Belle Plains Formation]], Texas; [[Cutler Formation]], Utah, all in the USA
| A [[Sphenacodontidae|sphenacodontid]]
|-
|
* ''[[Dimetrodon]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| United States, Canada
| A [[Sphenacodontidae|sphenacodontid]]
|-
|
* ''[[Glaucosaurus]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| United States
| An [[Edaphosauridae|edaphosaurid]]
|-
|
* ''[[Mycterosaurus]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| United States
| A [[Varanopidae|varanopid]]
|-
|
* ''[[Ophiacodon]]''
| [[Kasimovian]]-Kungurian
| [[Kenilworth]], [[Kenilworth Sandstone Formation]], [[Warwickshire Group]], [[Warwickshire]], England; [[Autun, France]], [[Cutler Formation]], Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and Utah; Fort riley, Chase Group, Kansas, [[Greene Formation]], Dunkard Group, Ohio; [[Wellington Formation]], Oklahoma; [[Clyde Formation]], Texas and Oklahoma; [[Admiral Formation]]; [[Belle-Plains Formation]]; [[Wichita Group]], all three in Texas,
| An [[Ophiacodontidae|ophiacodontid]]
|-
|
* ''[[Secodontosaurus]]''
|
| [[Wichita Group]] and [[Clear Fork Group]], both in Texas, USA
| A [[Sphenacodontidae|sphenacodontid]]
|-
|
* ''[[Tetraceratops]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| United States
| Possibly the oldest and most primitive [[therapsid]], most likely it was a more basal [[Sphenacodontia|sphenacodont]] instead.
|-
|
* ''[[Varanops]]''
| [[Cisuralian]]
| Texas, Oklahoma, United States
| A [[Varanopidae|varanopid]]
|-
|}


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 17:42, 10 September 2021

Kungurian
283.5 ± 0.6 – 272.95 ± 0.11 Ma
Chronology
Etymology
Name formalityFormal
Usage information
Celestial bodyEarth
Regional usageGlobal (ICS)
Time scale(s) usedICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unitAge
Stratigraphic unitStage
Time span formalityFormal
Lower boundary definitionNot formally defined
Lower boundary definition candidatesNear FAD of the Conodont Neostreptognathodus pnevi
Lower boundary GSSP candidate section(s)Southern Ural mountains
Upper boundary definitionFAD of the Conodont Jinogondolella nanginkensis
Upper boundary GSSPStratotype Canyon, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, U.S.A.
31°52′36″N 104°52′36″W / 31.8767°N 104.8768°W / 31.8767; -104.8768
Upper GSSP ratified2001[2]

In the geologic timescale, the Kungurian is an age or stage of the Permian. It is the latest or upper of four subdivisions of the Cisuralian epoch or series. The Kungurian lasted between 283.5 and 273.01 million years ago (Ma). It was preceded by the Artinskian and followed by the Roadian.[3] It corresponds roughly to the Leonardian stage, covering the span from 280 to 270.6 ± 0.7 Ma in the North American system.[4]

Stratigraphy

The Kungurian is named after the Russian city of Kungur in Perm Krai. The stage was introduced into scientific literature by Russian geologist Alexandr Antonovich Stukenberg (Alexander Stuckenberg) in 1890.[5]

The base of the Kungurian stage is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of conodont species Neostreptognathodus pnevi and Neostreptognathodus exculptus first appear. As of 2009, there was no agreement yet on a global reference profile (a GSSP) for the base of the Kungurian. The top of the Kungurian (the base of the Roadian and the Guadalupian series) is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where fossils of conodont species Jinogondolella nanginkensis first appear.

The Kungurian contains three conodont biozones:

  • zone of Neostreptognathodus sulcoplicatus
  • zone of Neostreptognathodus prayi
  • zone of Neostreptognathodus pnevi

References

  1. ^ "International Chronostratigraphic Chart" (PDF). International Commission on Stratigraphy. September 2023. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
  2. ^ "GSSP for Roadian Stage". International Commission on Stratigraphy. International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
  3. ^ Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press
  4. ^ Rohde, Robert A. "Leonardian North American Stage". GeoWhen Database. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  5. ^ Chuvashov, B.I.; Chernykh, V.V.; Leven, E.Y.; Davydov, V.I.; Bowring, S.A.; Ramezani, J.; Glenister, B.F.; Henderson, C.M.; Schiappa, T.A.; Northrup, C.J.; Snyder, W.S.; Spinosa, C. & Wardlaw, B.R.; 2002: Progress report on the base of the Artinskian and base of the Kungurian by the Cisuralian Working Group, Permophiles 41: pp 13–16.
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