Geography of Mongolia: Difference between revisions
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| coordinates = {{Coord|46|0|N|105|0|E|display=inline}} |
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| area ranking = 18 |
| area ranking = 18 |
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| km area = 1564116<ref name="CIA Factbook Mongolia">{{ |
| km area = 1564116<ref name="CIA Factbook Mongolia">{{CIA World Factbook |article=Mongolia |date=2022}}</ref> |
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| percent land = 99.3 |
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'''Mongolia''' is a [[landlocked country]] in [[Central Asia]] and [[East Asia]], located between [[China]] and [[Russia]]. The terrain is one of mountains and rolling [[plateau]]s, with a high degree of relief.<ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia|last=DeGlopper|first=Donald R.|title=The Society and Its Environment|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/90006289/|encyclopedia=Mongolia: a country study|date=1991|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]]|editor-last=Worden|editor-first=Robert L.|location=Washington, D.C.|language=en|oclc=622910663 |
'''Mongolia''' is a [[landlocked country]] in [[Central Asia]] and [[East Asia]], located between [[China]] and [[Russia]]. The terrain is one of mountains and rolling [[plateau]]s, with a high degree of relief.<ref name=":0">{{citation-attribution|1={{Cite encyclopedia|last=DeGlopper|first=Donald R.|title=The Society and Its Environment|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/90006289/|encyclopedia=Mongolia: a country study|date=1991|publisher=[[Federal Research Division]], [[Library of Congress]]|editor-last=Worden|editor-first=Robert L.|location=Washington, D.C.|language=en|oclc=622910663|editor-last2=Savada|editor-first2=Andrea Matles}} }}</ref> The total land area of [[Mongolia]] is 1,564,116 square kilometres.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020|title=Population by sex, annual rate of population change, surface area and density|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/documents/DYB2020/table03.pdf|access-date=February 12, 2022|website=United Nations Statistics Division}}</ref> Overall, the land slopes from the high [[Altai Mountains]] of the west and the north to plains and depressions in the east and the south.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Khüiten Peak]] in extreme western Mongolia on the Chinese border is the highest point ({{convert|4374|m|abbr=on}}).<ref name=":0" /> The lowest point is at {{convert|560|m|abbr=on}}, is the [[Hoh Nuur]] or lake Huh.<ref name="CIA Factbook Mongolia" /> The country has an average elevation of {{convert|1580|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":0" /> |
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The landscape includes one of Asia's largest freshwater lakes ([[Lake Khövsgöl]]), many salt lakes, marshes, sand dunes, rolling grasslands, alpine forests, and permanent mountain glaciers.<ref name=":0" /> Northern and western Mongolia are seismically active zones, with frequent earthquakes and many hot springs and extinct volcanoes.<ref name=":0" /> The nation's closest point to any ocean is approximately {{convert|645|km|mi}} from the country's easternmost tip, bordering [[North China]] to [[Jinzhou]] in [[Liaoning province]], China along the coastline of the [[Bohai Sea]]. |
The landscape includes one of Asia's largest freshwater lakes ([[Lake Khövsgöl]]), many salt lakes, marshes, sand dunes, rolling grasslands, alpine forests, and permanent mountain glaciers.<ref name=":0" /> Northern and western Mongolia are seismically active zones, with frequent earthquakes and many hot springs and extinct volcanoes.<ref name=":0" /> The nation's closest point to any ocean is approximately {{convert|645|km|mi}} from the country's easternmost tip, bordering [[North China]] to [[Jinzhou]] in [[Liaoning province]], China along the coastline of the [[Bohai Sea]]. |
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The [[blizzards]] of December 2011 blocked many roads, and killed 16,000 livestock and 10 people.<ref name="archives.cnn.com">{{cite web | title=Breaking News, Latest News and Videos | website=CNN | date=2014-02-19 | url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ASIANOW/weather/12/06/weather.mongolia.reut/index.html | access-date=2020-10-30 | archive-date=2013-03-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324232549/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ASIANOW/weather/12/06/weather.mongolia.reut/index.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="adrc.asia">{{Cite web|url=https://www.adrc.asia/|title=Asian Disaster Reduction Center（ADRC）|website=www.adrc.asia}}</ref> The [[Mongolian State Emergency Commission]] said it was the coldest winter in thirty years and, like the preceding harsh summer [[drought]],<ref name="archives.cnn.com"/><ref name="adrc.asia"/> could have been the result of [[global warming]]. The [[United Nations]] provided major aid due to the high level of damage caused.<ref>[http://ocha.unog.ch/fts/reports/daily/ocha_R10_E13681_asof___1001131504.pdf]{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
The [[blizzards]] of December 2011 blocked many roads, and killed 16,000 livestock and 10 people.<ref name="archives.cnn.com">{{cite web | title=Breaking News, Latest News and Videos | website=CNN | date=2014-02-19 | url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ASIANOW/weather/12/06/weather.mongolia.reut/index.html | access-date=2020-10-30 | archive-date=2013-03-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130324232549/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ASIANOW/weather/12/06/weather.mongolia.reut/index.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="adrc.asia">{{Cite web|url=https://www.adrc.asia/|title=Asian Disaster Reduction Center（ADRC）|website=www.adrc.asia}}</ref> The [[Mongolian State Emergency Commission]] said it was the coldest winter in thirty years and, like the preceding harsh summer [[drought]],<ref name="archives.cnn.com"/><ref name="adrc.asia"/> could have been the result of [[global warming]]. The [[United Nations]] provided major aid due to the high level of damage caused.<ref>[http://ocha.unog.ch/fts/reports/daily/ocha_R10_E13681_asof___1001131504.pdf]{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
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In the [[snowstorms]] between the 8 and 28 May 2008, 21 people were killed and 100 others went missing in seven provinces in eastern Mongolia.<ref name="channel4.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/world/21%20dead%20in%20mongolian%20snowstorms/2262922 |access-date=2010-01-13 }}{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.people.cn/90001/90777/90851/6420239.html|title=Heavy snowstorm kills 21 in Mongolia - People's Daily Online|website=en.people.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/enviornment/snowstorm-kills-21-in-mongolia_10053779.html |title=Snowstorm kills 21 in Mongolia - Thaindian News |access-date=2010-01-13 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222945/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/enviornment/snowstorm-kills-21-in-mongolia_10053779.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The toll finally reached at least 52 people and 200,000 livestock by the end of June.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/351407/1/.html |title=At least 52 dead in Mongolia snowstorm - Channel NewsAsia |access-date=2010-01-16 |archive-date=2012-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202050714/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/351407/1/.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Most of the victims were herders who froze to death along with their livestock.<ref name="channel4.com"/> It was the worst [[cold wave|cold snap]] since the founding of the modern state in 1922. |
In the [[snowstorms]] between the 8 and 28 May 2008, 21 people were killed and 100 others went missing in seven provinces in eastern Mongolia.<ref name="channel4.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/world/21%20dead%20in%20mongolian%20snowstorms/2262922 |title=21 dead in Mongolian snowstorms |access-date=2010-01-13 }}{{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.people.cn/90001/90777/90851/6420239.html|title=Heavy snowstorm kills 21 in Mongolia - People's Daily Online|website=en.people.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/enviornment/snowstorm-kills-21-in-mongolia_10053779.html |title=Snowstorm kills 21 in Mongolia - Thaindian News |access-date=2010-01-13 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222945/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/enviornment/snowstorm-kills-21-in-mongolia_10053779.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The toll finally reached at least 52 people and 200,000 livestock by the end of June.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/351407/1/.html |title=At least 52 dead in Mongolia snowstorm - Channel NewsAsia |access-date=2010-01-16 |archive-date=2012-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202050714/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/351407/1/.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Most of the victims were herders who froze to death along with their livestock.<ref name="channel4.com"/> It was the worst [[cold wave|cold snap]] since the founding of the modern state in 1922. |
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Snowstorms in December 2009 – February 2010 also killed 8,000,000 livestock and 60 people.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4205&Itemid=36 |title=The UB Post-Leading English News - Snow Storm Casualties |access-date=2010-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118094453/http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4205&Itemid=36 |archive-date=2010-01-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
Snowstorms in December 2009 – February 2010 also killed 8,000,000 livestock and 60 people.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4205&Itemid=36 |title=The UB Post-Leading English News - Snow Storm Casualties |access-date=2010-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118094453/http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4205&Itemid=36 |archive-date=2010-01-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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Revision as of 16:16, 27 September 2022
 Map showing the major cities and the neighbouring countries of Mongolia | |
| Continent | Asia |
|---|---|
| Region | East Asia |
| Coordinates | 46°0′N 105°0′E / 46.000°N 105.000°E |
| Area | Ranked 18 |
| • Total | 1,564,116[1] km2 (603,909 sq mi) |
| • Land | 99.3% |
| • Water | 0.7% |
| Borders | Russia: 3,485 kilometres (2,165 mi) China: 4,676 kilometres (2,906 mi) |
| Highest point | Khüiten Peak 4,374 m (14,350 ft) |
| Lowest point | Hoh Nuur 560 m (1,840 ft) |
| Longest river | Orkhon River 1,124 kilometres (698 mi) |
| Largest lake | Uvs Lake by area: 3,350 km2 (1,290 sq mi) Khövsgöl Nuur by volume: 480.7 km3 (115.3 cu mi) |
| Climate | Desert; continental |
| Terrain | Vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest |
| Natural resources | Oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron |
| Natural hazards | Dust storms; grassland and forest fires; drought |
| Environmental issues | Limited natural freshwater; the burning of soft coal for power; poor enforcement of environmental laws; severe air pollution in Ulaanbaatar; deforestation, overgrazing, soil erosion; desertification and poor mining practise |
Mongolia is a landlocked country in Central Asia and East Asia, located between China and Russia. The terrain is one of mountains and rolling plateaus, with a high degree of relief.[2] The total land area of Mongolia is 1,564,116 square kilometres.[3] Overall, the land slopes from the high Altai Mountains of the west and the north to plains and depressions in the east and the south.[2] The Khüiten Peak in extreme western Mongolia on the Chinese border is the highest point (4,374 m (14,350 ft)).[2] The lowest point is at 560 m (1,840 ft), is the Hoh Nuur or lake Huh.[1] The country has an average elevation of 1,580 m (5,180 ft).[2]
The landscape includes one of Asia's largest freshwater lakes (Lake Khövsgöl), many salt lakes, marshes, sand dunes, rolling grasslands, alpine forests, and permanent mountain glaciers.[2] Northern and western Mongolia are seismically active zones, with frequent earthquakes and many hot springs and extinct volcanoes.[2] The nation's closest point to any ocean is approximately 645 kilometres (401 mi) from the country's easternmost tip, bordering North China to Jinzhou in Liaoning province, China along the coastline of the Bohai Sea.
Mountain regions
Mongolia has four major mountain ranges.[2] The highest is the Altai Mountains, which stretch across the western and the southwestern regions of the country on a northwest-to-southeast axis.[2] The range contains the country's highest peak, the 4,374 m (14,350 ft) high Khüiten Peak.[2]
The Khangai Mountains, mountains also trending northwest to southeast, occupy much of central and north-central Mongolia.[2] These are older, lower, and more eroded mountains, with many forests and alpine pastures.[2]
The Khentii Mountains, trending from northeast to southwest for about 400 kilometres (250 mi), occupy central Mongolia's north eastern part. The northern parts are covered in taiga, while the southern parts are filled with dry steppe. The range forms the watershed between the Arctic Ocean (via Lake Baikal) and the Pacific Ocean basins. Rivers originating in the range include the Onon, Kherlen, Menza and Tuul.[4] These mountains also house the capital of Ulaanbaatar.
The Khövsgöl Mountains occupy the north of the country. It trends from north to south and generally has a lot of steep peaks. Young mountain range with Alpine characteristics, high gradient, with narrow cliffs.[4]
Much of eastern Mongolia is occupied by a plain, and the lowest area is a southwest-to-northeast trending depression that reaches from the Gobi Desert region in the south to the eastern frontier.[2]
Rivers and lakes
Some of Mongolia's waterways drain to the oceans, but many finish at Endorheic basins in the deserts and the depressions of Inner Asia.[citation needed] Rivers are most extensively developed in the north, and the country's major river system is that of the Selenge, which drains via Lake Baikal to the Arctic Ocean.[2] Some minor tributaries of Siberia's Yenisei River, which also flows to the Arctic Ocean, rise in the mountains of northwestern Mongolia.[2] In northeastern Mongolia the Onon River drains into the Pacific Ocean through the Shilka River in Russia and the Amur (Heilong Jiang) rivers,[2] forming the tenth longest river system in the world.
Many rivers of western Mongolia end at lakes in the Central Asian Internal Drainage Basin, most often in the Great Lakes Depression, or at Hulun Lake, Ulaan Lake or Ulungur Lake.[5] The few streams of southern Mongolia do not reach the sea but run into lakes or deserts.[2]
Mongolia's largest lake by area, Uvs Lake is in the Great Lakes Depression. Mongolia's largest lake by volume of water, Lake Khövsgöl, drains via the Selenge river to the Arctic Ocean. One of the most easterly lakes of Mongolia, Hoh Nuur, at an elevation of 557 metres, is the lowest point in the country.[6] In total, the lakes and rivers of Mongolia cover 10,560 square kilometres, or 0.67% of the country.[1]
Climate
Overview
Mongolia has a high elevation, with a cold and dry climate.[2] It has an extreme continental climate with long, cold winters and short summers, during which most precipitation falls.[2] The country averages 257 cloudless days a year, and it is usually at the center of a region of high atmospheric pressure.[2] Precipitation is highest in the north, which averages 200 to 350 millimeters (7.9 to 13.8 in) per year, and lowest in the south, which receives 100 to 200 millimeters (3.9 to 7.9 in).[2] The extreme south is the Gobi Desert, some regions of which receive no precipitation at all in most years.[2] The name Gobi is a Mongol word meaning desert, depression, salt marsh, or steppe, but which usually refers to a category of arid rangeland with insufficient vegetation to support marmots but with enough to support camels.[2] Mongols distinguish Gobi from desert proper, although the distinction is not always apparent to outsiders unfamiliar with the Mongolian landscape.[2] Gobi rangelands are fragile and are easily destroyed by overgrazing, which results in expansion of the true desert, a stony waste where not even Bactrian camels can survive.[2]
Average temperatures over most of the country are below freezing from November through March and are above freezing in April and October.[2] Winter nights can drop to −40 °C (−40.0 °F) in most years.[7] Summer extremes reach as high as 38 °C (100.4 °F) in the southern Gobi region and 33 °C (91.4 °F) in Ulaanbaatar.[2] Most of Mongolia is covered by discontinuous permafrost (grading to continuous at high altitudes),[citation needed] which makes construction, road building, and mining difficult.[2] All rivers and freshwater lakes freeze over in the winter, and smaller streams commonly freeze to the bottom.[2] Ulaanbaatar lies at 1,351 meters (4,432 ft) above sea level in the valley of the Tuul River.[2] Located in the relatively well-watered north, it receives an annual average of 310 millimetres (12.2 in) of precipitation, almost all of which falls in July and in August.[2] Ulaanbaatar has an average annual temperature of −2.9 °C (26.8 °F) and a frost-free period extending on the average from mid-May to late August.[2]
Mongolia's weather is characterized by extreme variability and short-term unpredictability in the summer, and the multiyear averages conceal wide variations in precipitation, dates of frosts, and occurrences of blizzards and spring dust storms.[2] Such weather poses severe challenges to human and livestock survival.[2] Official statistics list less than 1% of the country as arable, 8 to 10% as forest, and the rest as pasture or desert.[2] Grain, mostly wheat, is grown in the valleys of the Selenge river system in the north, but yields fluctuate widely and unpredictably as a result of the amount and the timing of rain and the dates of killing frosts.[2]
| Climate data for Ulaanbaatar city weather station (WMO identifier: 44292) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | −2.6 (27.3) |
11.3 (52.3) |
17.8 (64.0) |
28.0 (82.4) |
33.5 (92.3) |
38.3 (100.9) |
39.0 (102.2) |
34.9 (94.8) |
31.5 (88.7) |
22.5 (72.5) |
13.0 (55.4) |
6.1 (43.0) |
39.0 (102.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −15.6 (3.9) |
−9.6 (14.7) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
9.7 (49.5) |
17.8 (64.0) |
22.5 (72.5) |
24.5 (76.1) |
22.3 (72.1) |
16.7 (62.1) |
7.6 (45.7) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
−13.5 (7.7) |
6.4 (43.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −21.6 (−6.9) |
−16.6 (2.1) |
−7.4 (18.7) |
2.0 (35.6) |
10.1 (50.2) |
15.7 (60.3) |
18.2 (64.8) |
16.0 (60.8) |
9.6 (49.3) |
0.5 (32.9) |
−11.9 (10.6) |
−19.0 (−2.2) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −25.9 (−14.6) |
−22.2 (−8.0) |
−13.6 (7.5) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
3.3 (37.9) |
9.6 (49.3) |
12.9 (55.2) |
10.6 (51.1) |
3.6 (38.5) |
−4.8 (23.4) |
−15.7 (3.7) |
−22.9 (−9.2) |
−5.8 (21.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −42.2 (−44.0) |
−42.2 (−44.0) |
−38.9 (−38.0) |
−26.1 (−15.0) |
−16.1 (3.0) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
−0.2 (31.6) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
−13.4 (7.9) |
−22.0 (−7.6) |
−37.0 (−34.6) |
−37.8 (−36.0) |
−42.2 (−44.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 2 (0.1) |
3 (0.1) |
4 (0.2) |
10 (0.4) |
21 (0.8) |
46 (1.8) |
64 (2.5) |
70 (2.8) |
27 (1.1) |
10 (0.4) |
6 (0.2) |
4 (0.2) |
267 (10.5) |
| Average rainy days | 0.1 | 0.03 | 0.2 | 2 | 7 | 13 | 16 | 14 | 8 | 2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 63 |
| Average snowy days | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 59 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 78 | 73 | 61 | 48 | 46 | 54 | 60 | 63 | 59 | 60 | 71 | 78 | 62 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 179.1 | 204.8 | 265.2 | 262.5 | 299.3 | 269.0 | 249.3 | 258.3 | 245.7 | 227.5 | 177.4 | 156.4 | 2,794.5 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[8] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[9] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Choibalsan | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 1.3 (34.3) |
8.4 (47.1) |
21.4 (70.5) |
29.5 (85.1) |
36.8 (98.2) |
41.2 (106.2) |
39.1 (102.4) |
38.3 (100.9) |
31.6 (88.9) |
28.0 (82.4) |
15.2 (59.4) |
3.5 (38.3) |
41.2 (106.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −14.4 (6.1) |
−10.7 (12.7) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
10.5 (50.9) |
19.0 (66.2) |
24.9 (76.8) |
26.6 (79.9) |
24.4 (75.9) |
18.0 (64.4) |
8.8 (47.8) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
−11.8 (10.8) |
7.6 (45.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −20.5 (−4.9) |
−17.7 (0.1) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
2.6 (36.7) |
11.3 (52.3) |
17.6 (63.7) |
19.8 (67.6) |
17.9 (64.2) |
10.6 (51.1) |
1.5 (34.7) |
−9.8 (14.4) |
−17.6 (0.3) |
0.7 (33.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −25.5 (−13.9) |
−23.9 (−11.0) |
−14.8 (5.4) |
−4.1 (24.6) |
3.8 (38.8) |
10.8 (51.4) |
14.4 (57.9) |
12.1 (53.8) |
4.9 (40.8) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
−15.2 (4.6) |
−22.7 (−8.9) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −41.6 (−42.9) |
−38.3 (−36.9) |
−36.6 (−33.9) |
−20.3 (−4.5) |
−8.7 (16.3) |
0.5 (32.9) |
4.4 (39.9) |
2.1 (35.8) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
−20.3 (−4.5) |
−29.9 (−21.8) |
−36.4 (−33.5) |
−41.6 (−42.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 1.6 (0.06) |
1.9 (0.07) |
2.9 (0.11) |
6.3 (0.25) |
14.4 (0.57) |
39.0 (1.54) |
57.4 (2.26) |
43.3 (1.70) |
27.2 (1.07) |
7.7 (0.30) |
3.3 (0.13) |
2.6 (0.10) |
207.6 (8.16) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 3.2 | 5.7 | 8.7 | 8.1 | 4.6 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 37.8 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 198.5 | 212.0 | 266.1 | 264.0 | 294.9 | 307.3 | 297.9 | 287.1 | 258.2 | 239.2 | 199.5 | 177.6 | 3,002.3 |
| Source: NOAA (1961-1990) [10] | |||||||||||||
Zud
Although winters are generally cold and clear, and livestock can survive, under various weather conditions livestock are unable to graze and die in large numbers.[2] A winter in which this occurs is known as a zud; causes include blizzards, drought, extreme cold, and freezing rain.[11] Such losses of livestock, which are an inevitable and, in a sense, normal consequence of the climate, have made it difficult for planned increases in livestock numbers to be achieved.[2]
Seasonal blizzards
Severe blizzards can occur in the region. The winters of 1970–1971, 2000–2001, 2008–2009 and 2009–2010 were particularly harsh, featuring extremely severe zuds.
The blizzards of December 2011 blocked many roads, and killed 16,000 livestock and 10 people.[12][13] The Mongolian State Emergency Commission said it was the coldest winter in thirty years and, like the preceding harsh summer drought,[12][13] could have been the result of global warming. The United Nations provided major aid due to the high level of damage caused.[14]
In the snowstorms between the 8 and 28 May 2008, 21 people were killed and 100 others went missing in seven provinces in eastern Mongolia.[15][16][17] The toll finally reached at least 52 people and 200,000 livestock by the end of June.[18] Most of the victims were herders who froze to death along with their livestock.[15] It was the worst cold snap since the founding of the modern state in 1922.
Snowstorms in December 2009 – February 2010 also killed 8,000,000 livestock and 60 people.[19]
Ecoregions
- Altai montane forest and forest steppe
- Khangai Mountains conifer forests
- Selenge-Orkhon forest steppe
- Sayan montane conifer forests
- Trans-Baikal conifer forests
- Daurian forest steppe
- Mongolian-Manchurian grassland
- Altai alpine meadow and tundra
- Khangai Mountains alpine meadow
- Sayan alpine meadows and tundra
- Alashan Plateau semi-desert
- Eastern Gobi desert steppe
- Gobi desert
- Gobi Lakes Valley desert steppe
- Great Lakes Basin desert steppe
- Junggar Basin semi-desert
Resources and land use
Land use:
arable land:
9.10%
permanent crops:
0%
other:
99.61% (2011)
Irrigated land: 843 km² (2011)
Total renewable water resources: 34.8 km 3 (2011)
See also
References
- ^ a b c
This article incorporates public domain material from "Mongolia". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA. 2022. (Archived 2022 edition.)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: DeGlopper, Donald R. (1991). "The Society and Its Environment". In Worden, Robert L.; Savada, Andrea Matles (eds.). Mongolia: a country study. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. OCLC 622910663.
- ^ "Population by sex, annual rate of population change, surface area and density" (PDF). United Nations Statistics Division. 2020. Retrieved February 12, 2022.
- ^ a b E, Batchuluun; G, Ymchaa; Ts, Ser-Od; Ts, Tsendsuren; L, Odmandah (2019). Газарзүй VIII (2 ed.). Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. p. 34. ISBN 978-99978-61-09-2.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Rivers and Water". Mongolia Travel Guide. Archived from the original on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
- ^ Central Asian Review, Volume 15. Central Asian Research Centre. 1967. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
- ^ "Climate of the World: Mongolia | weatheronline.co.uk". www.weatheronline.co.uk.
- ^ КЛИМАТ УЛАН-БАТОРА (in Russian). Pogoda.ru.net. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
- ^ "Ulaanbaatar Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2017-10-10. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
- ^ "Choibalsan Climate Normals 1961-1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
- ^ Leary, Neil; Conde, Cecilia; Kulkarni, Jyoti; Pulhin, Juan; Nyong, Anthony (2008). Climate Change and Vulnerability. Earthscan. ISBN 978-1-84977-080-4.
- ^ a b "Breaking News, Latest News and Videos". CNN. 2014-02-19. Archived from the original on 2013-03-24. Retrieved 2020-10-30.
- ^ a b "Asian Disaster Reduction Center（ADRC）". www.adrc.asia.
- ^ [1][permanent dead link]
- ^ a b "21 dead in Mongolian snowstorms". Retrieved 2010-01-13.[dead link]
- ^ "Heavy snowstorm kills 21 in Mongolia - People's Daily Online". en.people.cn.
- ^ "Snowstorm kills 21 in Mongolia - Thaindian News". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2010-01-13.
- ^ "At least 52 dead in Mongolia snowstorm - Channel NewsAsia". Archived from the original on 2012-12-02. Retrieved 2010-01-16.
- ^ "The UB Post-Leading English News - Snow Storm Casualties". Archived from the original on 2010-01-18. Retrieved 2010-01-16.
External links
- (in Mongolian) Administration of Land Affairs, Geodesy and Cartography
- (in English and Mongolian) Official government site – Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology
- (in English and Mongolian) Official government site – Mineral Resources Authority
- (in English and Mongolian) Official government site – Water Agency of Mongolia
- Limnological Catalogue of Mongolian Lakes
- GEOLOGY OF THE KHARKHIRAA UUL, MONGOLIAN ALTAI
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