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'''Yaroslav Semenovych Stetsko''' ({{Lang-uk|Ярослав Семенович Стецько}}; 19 January 1912 – 5 July 1986) was a [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] politician, writer and [[Collaboration with the Axis powers|Nazi collaborator]], who served as the leader of [[Stepan Bandera|Stepan Bandera's]] [[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]] (OUN-B) from 1968 until his death.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Rosenberg|first1=Paul H.|date=2014-03-28|title=Seven Decades of Nazi Collaboration: America's Dirty Little Ukraine Secret|journal=The Nation|language=en-US|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/seven-decades-nazi-collaboration-americas-dirty-little-ukraine-secret/|access-date=2020-10-27|issn=0027-8378}}</ref> During the [[Operation Barbarossa|German invasion of the Soviet Union]] in 1941, he was named the temporary head of a self-proclaimed independent [[Ukrainian national government (1941)|Ukrainian government]] which was declared in the [[act of restoration of the Ukrainian state]]. Following the war, Stetsko was the head of the [[Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations]] until his death in 1986.
'''Yaroslav Semenovych Stetsko''' ({{Lang-uk|Ярослав Семенович Стецько}}; 19 January 1912 – 5 July 1986) was a [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] politician, writer and [[Collaboration with the Axis powers|Nazi collaborator]], who served as the leader of [[Stepan Bandera]]'s faction of the [[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]], the OUN-B, from 1968 until his death.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Rosenberg|first1=Paul H.|date=2014-03-28|title=Seven Decades of Nazi Collaboration: America's Dirty Little Ukraine Secret|journal=The Nation|language=en-US|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/seven-decades-nazi-collaboration-americas-dirty-little-ukraine-secret/|access-date=2020-10-27|issn=0027-8378}}</ref> During the [[Operation Barbarossa|German invasion of the Soviet Union]] in 1941, he was named the temporary head of a self-proclaimed independent [[Ukrainian national government (1941)|Ukrainian government]] which was declared in the [[act of restoration of the Ukrainian state]]. Following the war, Stetsko was the head of the [[Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations]] until his death in 1986.


==Early life==
==Early life==

Revision as of 11:10, 24 April 2023

In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Semenovich and the family name is Stetsko.
Yaroslav Stetsko
Ярослав Стецько
Yaroslav Stetsko
Leader of the OUN-B
In office
1968–1986
Prime Minister of the Ukrainian National Government
In office
June 30, 1941–July 12, 1941
Preceded byGovernment established
Succeeded byGovernment disestablished
Chairman of the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations
In office
1945/1946–July 5, 1986
Preceded byAlfred Rosenberg (unofficial, until 1944)
Succeeded bySlava Stetsko
Personal details
Born(1912-01-19)19 January 1912
Tarnopol, Austria-Hungary
Died5 July 1986(1986-07-05) (aged 74)
Munich, West Germany
NationalityUkrainian
Political partyOUN-B
SpouseSlava Stetsko
OccupationPolitician

Yaroslav Semenovych Stetsko (Template:Lang-uk; 19 January 1912 – 5 July 1986) was a Ukrainian politician, writer and Nazi collaborator, who served as the leader of Stepan Bandera's faction of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, the OUN-B, from 1968 until his death.[1] During the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, he was named the temporary head of a self-proclaimed independent Ukrainian government which was declared in the act of restoration of the Ukrainian state. Following the war, Stetsko was the head of the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations until his death in 1986.

Early life

Stetsko was born on 19 January 1912 in Tarnopol, Austria-Hungary (now Ternopil, Ukraine) into a Ukrainian Catholic priest's family.[2] His father, Semen, and his mother, Teodoziya, née Chubaty, encouraged him to pursue a higher education. Yaroslav not only graduated from high school in Ternopil, but later studied law and philosophy at the Kraków and Lwów Universities, graduating in 1934.[3]

Yaroslav Stetsko was active in Ukrainian nationalist organizations from an early age. He was a member of three separate organizations: "Ukrayinska Natsionalistychna Molod'" (Ukrainian Nationalist Youth; Template:Lang-uk) where he became a member of the National Executive in 1932, Ukrainian Military Organization (UVO) (Template:Lang-uk) and eventually the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) (Template:Lang-uk).[citation needed]

Because of his anti-Polish activities and the recent assassination of Bronisław Pieracki by Ukrainian nationalists, Stetsko was arrested by Polish authorities in 1934 and sentenced to a 5-year term.[3] This sentence was reduced, and Stetsko was released in 1937 in a general amnesty.

World War II

Nazis and the OUN

According to the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine[citation needed] and other sources[by whom?], OUN leaders had meetings with the heads of Nazi Germany's intelligence, regarding the formation of "Nachtigall" and "Roland" Battalions. In spring[when?] the OUN received 2.5 million marks for subversive activities inside the USSR.[4][5]

Operation Barbarossa

On 30 June 1941, Stetsko declared in Lviv the formation of a Ukrainian National Government which "will closely cooperate with the National-Socialist Greater Germany, under the leadership of its leader Adolf Hitler which is forming a new order in Europe and the world" – as stated in the text of the "Act of Proclamation of Ukrainian Statehood"[5] Gestapo and Abwehr officials protected Bandera followers, as both organizations intended to use them for their own purposes.[6]

On 3 July 1941 Stetsko wrote a letter to Adolf Hitler in which he expressed his gratitude and admiration for the German army, and wished the war with the USSR to end with a quick victory. This letter was not included in the list of documents of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine "OUN in 1941".[7]

On 5 July, OUN-B leader Bandera was placed under honorary arrest (Template:Lang-lat) in Kraków, and transported to Berlin the next day. On 14 July, he was released, but required to stay in Berlin. On 12 July 1941 he was joined in Berlin by his deputy Yaroslav Stetsko, whom the Germans had moved from Lviv after an unsuccessful attempt by unknown persons to assassinate him.[8] During July–August both of them submitted dozens of proposals for cooperation to different Nazi institutions (OKW, RSHA etc.) and freely communicated with their followers.[9] After the assassination of two key members of the Melnyk OUN, said to have been carried out by members of the OUN-B, Bandera and Stetsko were held in the central Berlin prison at Spandau from 15 September 1941 until January 1942, when they were transferred to Sachsenhausen concentration camp's special barrack for high-profile political prisoners, Zellenbau.[10]

In April 1944 Stepan Bandera and his deputy Yaroslav Stetsko were approached by Otto Skorzeny to discuss plans for diversions and sabotage against the Soviet Army.[11]

In September 1944 Stetsko and Stepan Bandera were released by the German authorities in the hope that he would rouse the native populace to fight the advancing Soviet Army. With German consent, Bandera set up headquarters in Berlin.[12] The Germans supplied the OUN-B and the UIA by air with arms and equipment. Assigned German personnel and agents trained to conduct terrorist and intelligence activities behind Soviet lines, as well as some OUN-B leaders, were also transported by air until early 1945.[13][11]

In April 1945 Stetsko was seriously injured during an Allied air-attack on a Nazi military convoy in Bohemia.[14]

Antisemitism

In August 1941 Stetsko allegedly wrote his autobiography. It was addressed to the German authorities, and contained several notable antisemitic passages; in particular he stated that he considered Marxism a product of Jewish thought, that was put into practice by the Muscovite-Asiatic people with Jewish assistance, and that Moscow and the Jews are the carriers of the international ideas of the Bolsheviks. He stated that although he considered Moscow rather than the Jews to be the main enemy of imprisoned Ukraine, he absolutely endorsed the idea of the indubitably harmful role of Jews in the enslavement of Ukraine by Moscow. He finally stated that he absolutely endorsed the extermination of the Jews, and the rationality of the German methods of extermination of Jews, instead of assimilating them.[15][16][17][18][19]

Regardless of this, in the second half of the 1950s, Yaroslav Stetsko collaborated with Haviv Shyber, who represented the Israeli organization Anti-Communist Voice of Jerusalem, to form a world anti-communist organization.[20]

After the war

Stetsko continued to be very active politically after World War II. In 1968 he became the head of the OUN-B.[citation needed] He also became a board member of the World Anti-Communist League.

Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations

In 1946, Stetsko spearheaded the creation of a new anti-Soviet organization, the Anti-Bolshevik Bloc of Nations (ABN). He was president of this organization until his death.[21]

In 1983 he was received at the United States Capitol and, later, at the White House, where President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George H. W. Bush received him as the "last premier of a free Ukrainian State".[22]

Grave of Yaroslav Stetsko

Death

Memorial plaque for Yaroslav Stetsko and his wife in Munich, Zeppelinstrasse

On 5 July 1986, Yaroslav Stetsko died in Munich, Germany. He was 74 years old. Stetsko was buried in the Munich Waldfriedhof.

Legacy

Stetsko's book "Two Revolutions" (1951) is the ideological cornerstone of the ultranationalist party All-Ukrainian Union "Svoboda".[23][24] The essence of this doctrine is: "the revolution will not end with the establishment of the Ukrainian state, but will go on to establish equal opportunities for all people to create and share material and spiritual values and in this respect the national revolution is also a social one".[23]

In 2010, at the initiative of Viktor Yushchenko, a plaque for Stetsko was mounted at his home in Zeppelinstraße 67 in Munich.[25]

References

  1. ^ Rosenberg, Paul H. (28 March 2014). "Seven Decades of Nazi Collaboration: America's Dirty Little Ukraine Secret". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
  2. ^ John Armstrong (1963). Ukrainian Nationalism. New York: Columbia University Press, pg. 54
  3. ^ a b "Конгрес Українських Націоналістів - Ярослав Стецько: "Не за мир, а за тріюмф правди"". Archived from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 26 June 2009.
  4. ^ "Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія. Інститут історії НАН України.2004р Організація українських націоналістів і Українська повстанська армія" (PDF). History.org.uk. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2011.(Archived 2 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine)
  5. ^ a b І.К. Патриляк. Військова діяльність ОУН(Б) у 1940—1942 роках. – Університет імені Шевченко \Ін-т історії України НАН України Київ, 2004 (No ISBN)
  6. ^ p.15 ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х ч Ін-т історії України НАН України К. 2006 ISBN 966-02-2535-0 – У владних структурах рейху знайшлися сили яки з прагматичних міркувань стали на захист бандерівців. Керівники гестапо сподівалися використовувати їх у власних цілях а керівники абверу а радянському тилу.
  7. ^ Cherniavsky, Sergei. "АКТ «30 ИЮНЯ 1941 ГОДА» И МИФ ОБ «АНТИНАЦИЗМЕ» БАНДЕРОВЦЕВ" (PDF). shron1.chtyvo.org.ua.
  8. ^ Після проголошення держави й уряду наложили на нього дня 5.7. почесний арешт (Еренгафт) та перевезли його до Берліна. Дня 14.7 провідника організації звільнено із забороною опускати Берлін. p.420 ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х ч Ін-т історії України НАН України К. 2006 ISBN 966-02-2535-0
  9. ^ p.16 Голова уряду Я.Стецько майже до кінця серпня вільно проживав у Берліні і закидав посланнями відомства Розенберга, Ріббентропа,Гіммлера і Кейтеля) ОУН в 1941 році: документи: В 2-х ч Ін-т історії України НАН України К. 2006 ISBN 966-02-2535-0
  10. ^ Berkhoff, K.C. and M. Carynnyk 'The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and Its Attitude toward Germans and Jews: Iaroslav Stets'ko's 1941 Zhyttiepys' in: Harvard Ukrainian Studies, vol. 23 (1999), nr. 3/4, pp. 149—184 .
  11. ^ a b D.Vyedeneyev; O.Lysenko (2009). "Завдання підривної діяльності проти Червоної армії обговорювалося на нараді під Берліном у квітні того ж року (1944) між керівником таємних операцій вермахту О.Скорцені й лідерами українських націоналістів С.бандерою та Я.Стецьком»" (PDF). Ukrainian Historical Magazine. 3: 137. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2012. OUN and foreign intelligence services 1920s–1950s ()
  12. ^ "West Germany: The Partisan," Time magazine (Monday, 2 November 1959).
  13. ^ Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, p.338 (Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine)
  14. ^ Вєдєнєєв Д. Проблеми історії України: факти, судження, пошуки. – Київ: Інститут історії України НАН України, 2003. – №10. ISSN 0869-2556 – page .405
  15. ^ "Тому я підтримую знищення жидів та доцільність впровадження німецьких методів винищення жидівства в Україні, а не лише їхню асиміляцію і тому подібне". Istpravada.com.au (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  16. ^ John A. Armstrong, Ukrainian Nationalism, 2nd ed. (Littleton, CO.: Ukrainian Academic Press, 1980) 77–84.
  17. ^ (in Ukrainian) Orest Dzuban "Українське державотворення. Акт 30 червня 1931. Збірник документів і матеріалів" (Львів-Київ: Піраміда, 2001) p.153
  18. ^ (in Ukrainian) "Події на західноукраїнських землях (інтерв’ю з доцентом др. Г.І.Байєром)", Краківські вісті, 6 липня 1941.
  19. ^ Karel C. Berkhoff; Marco Carynnyk (1999). The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and Its Attitude toward Germans and Jews. Harvard Ukrainian Studies. p. 171.
  20. ^ "Вулиця “Антикомунізм”: спільна боротьба євреїв та українців". Istpravada.com.au (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 11 December 2022.
  21. ^ Stetsko, Yaroslav, in: Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Volume 5. St - Z. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993, p.55
  22. ^ Rossolinski, Grzegorz (2014). Stepan Bandera: The Life and Afterlife of a Ukrainian Nationalist : Fascism, Genocide, and Cult. Columbia University Press. p. 552. ISBN 978-3-8382-0684-4.
  23. ^ a b Mridula Ghosh (October 2012). "The Extreme Right in Ukraine" (PDF). Library.fes.de. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  24. ^ Україна (22 September 2011). "Історія ВО "Свобода"". Svoboda.org.ua. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  25. ^ "Gedenktafel für Nazi-Kollaborateur und Antisemiten – wer ist verantwortlich?" (PDF). Ris-muenchen.de (in German). Retrieved 21 August 2016.
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