Simocyon

Simocyon Temporal range: late Miocene to early Pliocene
Simocyon primigenius lower jaw at Musee d'Histoire Naturelle Paris.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Ailuridae
Subfamily:	†Simocyoninae
Genus:	†Simocyon Wagner, 1858
Species
†S. batalleri (Viret, 1929) †S. diaphorus (Kaup, 1832) †?S. hungaricus Kretzoi in Kadic and Kretzoi, 1927 †S. primigenius (type species) (Roth and Wagner, 1854)
Synonyms
Amphalopex Kaup, 1861 Araeocyon Thorpe, 1922 Metarctos Gaudry, 1860

Simocyon ("short-snouted dog") is a genus of extinct carnivoran mammal in the family Ailuridae. Simocyon, which was about the size of a mountain lion, lived in the late Miocene and early Pliocene epochs, and has been found in Europe, Asia, and rarely, North America (Peigné et al., 2005) and Africa.

Classification

Reconstructed skull and head

The relationship of Simocyon to other carnivores has been controversial, but studies of the structure of its ear, teeth, and ankle now indicate that its closest living relative is the red panda, Ailurus (Wang, 1997; Peigné et al., 2005), although it is different enough to be classified in a separate subfamily (Simocyoninae) along with related genera Alopecocyon and Actiocyon. While the red panda is primarily herbivorous, the teeth and skull of Simocyon indicate that it was carnivorous, and it may have engaged in some bone-crushing, like living hyenas (Peigné et al., 2005). The skeleton of Simocyon indicates that, like the red panda, it could climb trees, although it probably also spent considerable time on the ground (Salesa et al., 2008). Simocyon and Ailurus both have a radial sesamoid, an unusual bone in the wrist that acts as a false thumb (Salesa et al., 2006). Its competitors during its time period were tremarctine bears, nimravid false cats, and early canids and felids.

Bibliography

• Peigné, S.; Salesa, M. J.; Antón, M.; Morales, J. (2005). "Ailurid carnivoran mammal Simocyon from the late Miocene of Spain and the systematics of the genus" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 50 (2): 219–238.
• Salesa, M. J.; Antón, M.; Peigné, S.; Morales, J. (2008). "Functional anatomy and biomechanics of the postcranial skeleton of Simocyon batalleri (Viret, 1929) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the late Miocene of Spain". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 152 (3): 593–621. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00370.x.
• Salesa, Manuel J.; Antón, Mauricio; Peigné, Stéphane; Morales, Jorge (2006). "Evidence of a false thumb in a fossil carnivore clarifies the evolution of pandas". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (2): 379–382. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..379S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0504899102. PMC 1326154. PMID 16387860.
• Wang, Xiaoming (1997). "New cranial material of Simocyonfrom China, and its implications for phylogenetic relationship to the red panda(Ailurus)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 17 (1): 184–198. Bibcode:1997JVPal..17..184W. doi:10.1080/02724634.1997.10010963.
• Fabre, Anne-Claire; Salesa, Manuel J.; Cornette, Raphael; Antón, Mauricio; Morales, Jorge; Peigné, Stéphane (2015). "Quantitative inferences on the locomotor behaviour of extinct species applied to Simocyon batalleri (Ailuridae, Late Miocene, Spain)". The Science of Nature. 102 (5–6): 30. Bibcode:2015SciNa.102...30F. doi:10.1007/s00114-015-1280-9. PMID 25968493. S2CID 253632525.
• "An additional occurrence of Simocyon (Mammalia, Carnivora, Procyonidae) in North America". Vertebrate paleontology in Utah: 487-493. 1999. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
• Spassov, Nikolai; Geraads, Denis (2011). "A skull of Simocyon primigenius (Roth & Wagner, 1854) (Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the late Miocene of Karaslari (Republic of Macedonia), with remarks on the systematics and evolution of the genus". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 262 (2): 151–161. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2011/0188.
• "Being a scavenger in the Miocene: ecomorphological study on Plesiogulo and Simocyon". 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• Kullmer, Ottmar; Morlo, Michael; Sommer, Jens; Lutz, Herbert; Engel, Thomas; Forman, Markus; Holzförster, Frank (2008). "The second specimen of Simocyon diaphorus(Kaup, 1832) (Mammalia, Carnivora, Ailuridae) from the type–locality Eppelsheim (Early late Miocene, Germany)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (3): 928. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[928:TSSOSD]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 129956051.