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The '''Manipur Kingdom'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keen |first=Caroline |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755624355 |title=An Imperial Crisis in British India |date=2015 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-78673-987-2|page=150-152|doi=10.5040/9780755624355 |quote=Ghose maintained that under the Indian Penal Code only subjects of the Queen or foreigners residing in British India could be guilty of waging war against the Queen. Manipur was an independent sovereign state and..}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lloyd |first=Nick |date=2016 |title=Review of AN IMPERIAL CRISIS IN BRITISH INDIA: THE MANIPUR UPRISING OF 1891 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44233143 |journal=Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research |volume=94 |issue=380 |pages=347–348 |jstor=44233143 |issn=0037-9700}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Sen|1992|page=17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Andaya|first1=Barbara Watson|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139051323|title=A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1400–1830|last2=Andaya|first2=Leonard Y.|date=2015-02-19|page=264|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9781139051323|isbn=978-0-521-88992-6}}</ref>
The '''Manipur Kingdom'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keen |first=Caroline |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780755624355 |title=An Imperial Crisis in British India |date=2015 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-78673-987-2|page=150-152|doi=10.5040/9780755624355 |quote=Ghose maintained that under the Indian Penal Code only subjects of the Queen or foreigners residing in British India could be guilty of waging war against the Queen. Manipur was an independent sovereign state and..}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lloyd |first=Nick |date=2016 |title=Review of AN IMPERIAL CRISIS IN BRITISH INDIA: THE MANIPUR UPRISING OF 1891 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44233143 |journal=Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research |volume=94 |issue=380 |pages=347–348 |jstor=44233143 |issn=0037-9700}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Sen|1992|page=17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Andaya|first1=Barbara Watson|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139051323|title=A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1400–1830|last2=Andaya|first2=Leonard Y.|date=2015-02-19|page=264|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9781139051323|isbn=978-0-521-88992-6}}</ref>
was an ancient kingdom at the India–Burma frontier.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Somorjit|first=Wangam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mhDvsgEACAAJ|title=Manipur: The Forgotten Nation of Southeast Asia|date=2016-03-01|publisher=Waba Publications & Advanced Research Consortium |isbn=978-81-926687-2-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Fantz|first1=Paul R.|url=http://archive.org/details/nelumbo-2455-376x-37-1-4-001-037|title=Clitoria (Leguminosae) of South Eastern Asia|last2=Pradeep|first2=S. V.|date=1995|language=en}}</ref><ref>https://press.uchicago.edu/books/HOC/HOC_V2_B2/HOC_VOLUME2_Book2_chapter18.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> Historically, Manipur was an independent kingdom ruled by a [[Ningthouja dynasty|Meitei dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Arora |first1=Vibha |last2=Kipgen |first2=Ngamjahao |date=2012 |title=The Politics of Identifying with and Distancing from Kuki Identity in Manipur |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26290634 |journal=Sociological Bulletin |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=429–449 |doi=10.1177/0038022920120303 |jstor=26290634 |s2cid=157167951 |issn=0038-0229|quote= Historically, Manipur was an independent kingdom ruled by Meitei dynasty. The physical boundary of Manipur has been fluctuating with historical changes in political power and the intra state and the inter state boundaries}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singha |first=Memchaton |date=2016 |title=Marriage Diplomacy Between the States of Manipur and Burma, 18th to 19th Centuries |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26552717 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=77 |pages=874–879 |jstor=26552717 |issn=2249-1937|quote=Both Manipur and Burma succeeded in maintaining their status as independent princely states until the British occupation by in the last part of 19th century}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waikhom |first=Rangitabali |date=2002 |title=Women's Society and Politics in Pre-Colonial Manipur |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158255 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=63 |pages=1356–1357 |jstor=44158255 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> But it was also invaded and ruled over by [[Konbaung dynasty|Burmese kingdom]] at various point of time.<ref>{{citation |first1=Myint-U |last1=Thant |title=The Making of Modern Burma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gMH_GlTgftcC |year=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-79914-0 |page=15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lieberman |first=Victor |date=1996 |title=POLITICAL CONSOLIDATION IN BURMA UNDER THE EARLY KONBAUNG DYNASTY 1752 – c. 1820 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41931038 |journal=Journal of Asian History |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=152–168 |jstor=41931038 |issn=0021-910X}}</ref> After the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]], it became a [[British protectorate|British protected state]] by virtue of the treaties concluded henceforth <ref>{{Citation |last=Meetei |first=Naorem Malemsanba |title=Consolidation of British ‘Indirect Rule' in Manipur |date=2015 |work=Colonialism and Resistance |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315638317-14/consolidation-british-indirect-rule-manipur-naorem-malemsanba-meetei |access-date=2024-05-11 |publisher=Routledge India|p=149-151 |doi=10.4324/9781315638317-14/consolidation-british-indirect-rule-manipur-naorem-malemsanba-meetei |isbn=978-1-315-63831-7}}:"Alexander Mackenzie writes, ‘Manipur . . . though independent is at the same time a protected or dependent state’..." </ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Parratt |first=John |url=https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Queen_Empress_Vs_Tikendrajit_Prince_of_M.html?id=klhuAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=Queen Empress Vs. Tikendrajit, Prince of Manipur: The Anglo-Manipuri Conflict of 1891 |last2=Parratt |first2=Saroj Nalini |date=1992 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications|p=9-13 |isbn=978-0-7069-6128-7 |language=en}}</ref> , and after the [[Anglo-Manipur War]], a [[princely state]] of [[British Raj]] in 1891, .<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Manipur |volume=17 |page=582}}</ref> It bordered [[Assam Province]] in the west and [[British Burma]] in the east, and in the 20th century covered an area of 22,327 square kilometres (8,621 sq mi) and contained 467 villages.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}} The capital of the state was [[Imphal]].
was an ancient kingdom at the India–Burma frontier.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Somorjit|first=Wangam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mhDvsgEACAAJ|title=Manipur: The Forgotten Nation of Southeast Asia|date=2016-03-01|publisher=Waba Publications & Advanced Research Consortium |isbn=978-81-926687-2-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Fantz|first1=Paul R.|url=http://archive.org/details/nelumbo-2455-376x-37-1-4-001-037|title=Clitoria (Leguminosae) of South Eastern Asia|last2=Pradeep|first2=S. V.|date=1995|language=en}}</ref><ref>https://press.uchicago.edu/books/HOC/HOC_V2_B2/HOC_VOLUME2_Book2_chapter18.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> Historically, Manipur was an independent kingdom ruled by a [[Ningthouja dynasty|Meitei dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Arora |first1=Vibha |last2=Kipgen |first2=Ngamjahao |date=2012 |title=The Politics of Identifying with and Distancing from Kuki Identity in Manipur |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26290634 |journal=Sociological Bulletin |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=429–449 |doi=10.1177/0038022920120303 |jstor=26290634 |s2cid=157167951 |issn=0038-0229|quote= Historically, Manipur was an independent kingdom ruled by Meitei dynasty. The physical boundary of Manipur has been fluctuating with historical changes in political power and the intra state and the inter state boundaries}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singha |first=Memchaton |date=2016 |title=Marriage Diplomacy Between the States of Manipur and Burma, 18th to 19th Centuries |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26552717 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=77 |pages=874–879 |jstor=26552717 |issn=2249-1937|quote=Both Manipur and Burma succeeded in maintaining their status as independent princely states until the British occupation by in the last part of 19th century}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Waikhom |first=Rangitabali |date=2002 |title=Women's Society and Politics in Pre-Colonial Manipur |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158255 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=63 |pages=1356–1357 |jstor=44158255 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> But it was also invaded and ruled over by [[Konbaung dynasty|Burmese kingdom]] at various point of time.<ref>{{citation |first1=Myint-U |last1=Thant |title=The Making of Modern Burma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gMH_GlTgftcC |year=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-79914-0 |page=15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lieberman |first=Victor |date=1996 |title=POLITICAL CONSOLIDATION IN BURMA UNDER THE EARLY KONBAUNG DYNASTY 1752 – c. 1820 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41931038 |journal=Journal of Asian History |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=152–168 |jstor=41931038 |issn=0021-910X}}</ref> It became a protectorate of the British [[Company Rule in India|East India Company]] from 1824, and a [[princely state]] of [[British Raj]] in 1891.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Manipur |volume=17 |page=582}}</ref> It bordered [[Assam Province]] in the west and [[British Burma]] in the east, and in the 20th century covered an area of 22,327 square kilometres (8,621 sq mi) and contained 467 villages.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}} The capital of the state was [[Imphal]].


== Kangleipak State ==
== Kangleipak State ==

Revision as of 10:03, 11 May 2024

This article is about the Kingdom. For modern Indian political state, see Manipur. For the ancient coastal Hindu kingdom mentioned in the epic Mahabharata, see Manipur (Mahabharata). For other uses, see Manipur (disambiguation).

Manipur Kingdom
Template:Lang-mni
1110–1949
Coat of arms of Manipur
Coat of arms
Manipur State in the Hicky's Bengal Gazette of 1907
Manipur State in the Hicky's Bengal Gazette of 1907
CapitalImphal
Recognised national languagesMeitei language (officially known as Manipuri)
Religion
History 
• Foundation of the Kangleipak Kingdom
1110
1824
1891
• Accession to the Indian Union
1947
• Merged into the Indian Union
1949
Area
194122,372 km2 (8,638 sq mi)
Population
• 1941
512,069
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Early Seven Clan State
Manipur
Kabaw Valley
Today part ofIndia
Myanmar
Kangla Uttra Sanglen at the Kangla Fort, former residence of the Meitei kings of Manipur. The two statues of Kangla Sha (Meitei dragon lions) standing in front of the inner gate were destroyed after the Anglo-Manipur War of 1891 but have been restored by the Manipur Government in recent years.
The princes of Manipur, Col. Johnstone, Thangal Major and the European officer in Kohima after relieving the fort from the siege of the Nagas, 1880
The Kohima Stone Inscription erected by Meitei King Gambhir Singh (Template:Lang-mni), the Maharaja of Manipur, as the testimony of Meitei Dominance of Nagaland.
The Manipuri classical dance was developed by Meitei King Rajarshi Bhagyachandra (Template:Lang-mni), the Maharajah of Manipur.
Raja Gambhir Singh (1788–1834) accepted British suzerainty in order to retrieve the kingdom from Burmese occupation

The Manipur Kingdom[1][2][3][4] was an ancient kingdom at the India–Burma frontier.[5][6][7] Historically, Manipur was an independent kingdom ruled by a Meitei dynasty.[8][9][10] But it was also invaded and ruled over by Burmese kingdom at various point of time.[11][12] It became a protectorate of the British East India Company from 1824, and a princely state of British Raj in 1891.[13] It bordered Assam Province in the west and British Burma in the east, and in the 20th century covered an area of 22,327 square kilometres (8,621 sq mi) and contained 467 villages.[citation needed] The capital of the state was Imphal.

Kangleipak State

The early history of Manipur is composed of mythical narratives . The location of the Kangla Fort on the banks of the Imphal River is believed to be where King Pakhangba built his first palace.[14]

Loyumba Shinyen, the written constitution of Kangleipak was formally developed by King Loiyumba (1074–1121) in 1110 AD.[15] He consolidated the kingdom by incorporating most of the principalities in the surrounding hills.[16] After subjugating all the villages within their valley Kangleipak kings grew in power and began a policy of expansion beyond their territory. In 1443 King Ningthoukhomba raided Akla (present day Tamu, Myanmar), an area ruled by Shan people, initiating a policy of Manipuri claims to the neighbouring Kabaw Valley.[16] The zenith of the Kangleipak State was reached under the rule of King Khagemba (1597–1652). Khagemba's brother Prince Shalungba was not happy about Khagemba's rule so he fled to the Taraf where he allied with the local Bengali Muslim leaders. With a contingent of Bengali Muslim soldiers led by Muhammad Sani, Shalungba then attempted to invade Manipur but the soldiers were captured and made to work as labourers in Manipur. These soldiers married local Meitei women and adapted to the Meitei language. They introduced hookah to Manipur and founded the Meitei Pangals (Manipuri Muslim community).[17] It is claimed that Manipur learned the art of making gunpowder from the Chinese merchants who visited the state around 1630 and had started making rockets named Meikappi by the early 18th century.[18]

Manipur State

In 1714, King Pamheiba was initiated into Gaudiya Vaishnavism by Shantidas Gosai, a Bengali Hindu from Sylhet. He made the Gaudiya Vaishnava faith the state religion, replacing Meitei religion, made the Meitei language (aka Manipuri language) written in Bengali script, destroying many documents of Meitei language written in Meitei script and changed his name to Garib Niwaj. In 1724, the Sanskrit name Manipur (transl. the City of Jewels) was adopted as the name of the state, to make the realm eponymous with Manipura of the Mahabharata. King Garib Niwaj made several incursions into Burma, but made no permanent conquest. After the death of Gharib Nawaz in 1754, Manipur was occupied by the Kingdom of Burma and the Meitei king Bhagyachandra (Template:Lang-mni) sought help from the British, but when the British refused help he went to Ahom King Rajeswar Singha who sent a force of 40,000 under Haranath Senapati Phukan to free Manipur.[19] A treaty of alliance was negotiated in 1762 and a military force was sent to assist Manipur. The force was later recalled and then the state was left to its own devices.[20] Manipur was invaded at the onset of the First Anglo-Burmese War, together with Cachar and Assam.

British protectorate

Following the Burmese occupation of Manipur and of Assam, in 1824, the British declared war on Burma, which came to be known as the First Anglo-Burmese War. The Manipur prince Gambhir Singh who fled to Cachar sought British help for raising a force and the request was granted. Sepoys and artillery were sent and British officers trained a levy of Manipuri troops for the battles that ensued. In 1825, the combined Anglo-Manipuri troops, the Manipur Levy under the command of Gambhir Singh, and the British troops under the command of Lieutenant R.B Pemberton inflicted a heavy defeat on the Burmese near Silchar. The Burmese were then expelled from Cachar as well as Manipur. By 1826, the combined troops of Manipur Levy and the British troops under the command of Captain Grant defeated the Burmese in the Kabaw Valley and occupied it. Subsequently, the Treaty of Yandabo was signed at the end of the war on 24 February 1826.[21] According to historian Saroj Parratt, the treaty of Yandabo declared Manipur an independent kingdom, with Gambhir Singh as its king.[22] However, the Burmese did not agree to cession of the Kabaw Valley to Manipur. After prolonged negotiations, the British agreed to return Kabaw Valley to Burma, and compensate Manipur with an annual subsidy, which many considered that Kabaw valley was leased out to Burma.[23][24][25][26] After these developments, Manipur is deemed to have become a British protectorate,[27] even though its ensuing status is debated till this day.[28]

At the death of Gambhir Singh, his son Chandrakirti Singh was only one year old, and his uncle Nara Singh was appointed as regent. That same year the British decided to restore the Kabaw Valley to the Kingdom of Burma, which had never been happy about the loss. A compensation was paid to Raja of Manipur in the form of an annual allowance of Rs 6,370 and a British residency was established in Imphal, the only town of the state, in 1835 to facilitate communication between the British and the rulers of Manipur.[29]

After a thwarted attempt on his life, Nara Singh took power and held the throne until his death in 1850. His brother Devendra Singh was given the title of Raja by the British, but he was unpopular. After only three months, the rightful heir Chandrakirti Singh invaded Manipur and rose to the throne. Numerous members of the royal family tried to overthrow Chandrakirti Singh, but none of the rebellions was successful. In 1879, when British Deputy Commissioner G.H. Damant was killed by an Angami Naga party, the king of Manipur assisted the British by sending troops to neighbouring Kohima. Following this service to the crown, Chandrakirti Singh was rewarded with the Order of the Star of India.

After Maharaja Chandrakriti's death in 1886 his son Surachandra Singh succeeded him. As in previous occasions, several claimants to the throne tried to overthrow the new king. The first three attempts were defeated, but in 1890, following an attack on the palace by Tikendrajit and Kulachandra Singh, two of the king's brothers, Surachandra Singh announced his intention to abdicate and left Manipur for Cachar. Kulachandra Singh then rose to the throne while Tikendrajit Singh, as the commander of the Manipuri armed forces, held the real power behind the scenes. Meanwhile, Surachandra Singh, after leaving Manipur, appealed to the British for help to recover the throne.[30][31]

The 'Manipur Expedition'

Main article: Anglo-Manipur War

The British decided to recognise Kulachandra Singh as Raja, and to send a military expedition of 400 men to Manipur to punish Senapati Tikendrajit Singh as the main person responsible for the unrest and the dynastic disturbances. This action and the violent events that followed are known in British annals as the 'Manipur Expedition, 1891',[32] while in Manipur they are known as the 'Anglo-Manipur War of 1891'.

The British attempt to remove Tikendrajit from his position as military commander (Senapati) and arrest him on 24 March 1891 caused a great stir. The British Residency in Imphal was attacked and the Chief Commissioner for Assam J.W. Quinton, Col. Sken, the British Resident and other British officials were murdered. In the middle of the unrest Ethel St Clair Grimwood, the widow of Frank St Clair Grimmond, the killed British Resident, was credited with leading a retreat of surviving sepoys out of Manipur to Cachar.[33] She was later lauded as a hero.[34]) A 5,000 strong punitive expedition was sent against Manipur on 27 April 1891. Three British columns entered Manipur from British Burma, Cachar and the Naga Hills, which after several skirmishes with the 3,000 men strong Manipuri army, managed to pacify the kingdom. Following the British attack, Tikendrajit and Kulachandra Singh fled, but were captured. Tikendrajit and those Manipuris involved in the killing of the British officers were tried and hanged, while the deposed King Kulachandra Singh and other leaders of the rebellion were sent to the Cellular Jail in the Andaman Islands. Manipur was briefly annexed to British India by virtue of the doctrine of lapse. On 22 September 1891 when Meidingngu Churachand (Churachandra), a 5-year-old boy, was put on the throne, power was restored nominally to the Manipuri crown over the state. During the dynastic disturbances and the British intervention the Naga and Kuki hill tribes of the state lapsed into lawlessness, with numerous instances of murder and arson in the mountain villages, a situation that lasted well into 1894.[20]

Princely state under British Raj

The child ruler Churachand belonged to a side branch of the Manipur royal family, so that all the main contenders to the throne were bypassed. While he was a minor the affairs of state were administered by the British Political Agent, which facilitated the introduction and implementation of reforms. The first paved road to Manipur was inaugurated in 1900 —until then there had been no proper roads to reach the kingdom— and this improvement in communication facilitated a visit by Viceroy Lord Curzon in 1901. Raja Churachand was formally declared king in 1907 after completing education in Ajmer.[20] In 1918 he was given the privilege to use the title 'Maharaja' and during his reign Manipur enjoyed a period of relative peace and prosperity. In 1934 king Churachand was knighted by the British, becoming Sir Churachandra Singh.[35]

Between March 1944 and July 1944 part of Manipur and the Naga Hills District of Assam Province were occupied by the Imperial Japanese Army. The capital Imphal was shelled on 10 May 1944.[36][verification needed]

Twilight and end of the princely state

On 14 August 1947, with the lapse of paramountcy of the British Crown, Manipur regained its political autonomy that it had prior to 1891.[37][a] The Maharaja had signed the Instrument of Accession on 11 August 1947, which legality is argued by many,[40][41][42][43] ceding the three subjects of defence, external affairs and communications to the Union of India, while retaining internal political autonomy.[44][45][46][47] A 'Manipur State Constitution Act 1947' was enacted, giving the state its own constitution, although this did not become known in other parts of India owing to the relative isolation of the kingdom.[39] The Government of India did not recognize the Constitution.[48]

On 21 September 1949, the Maharaja was coerced to sign a Manipur Merger Agreement with the Union of India, to take effect on 15 October the same year, which legality is also disputed by many[49][50][51] As a result of the agreement, the Manipur State merged into the Indian Union as a Part C State (similar to a Chief Commissioner's Province under the colonial regime or a Union Territory in the present Indian structure), to be governed by a Chief Commissioner appointed by the Government of India. The representative assembly of Manipur was abolished.[52]

Unhappy with the central rule, Rishang Keishing began a movement for representative government in Manipur in 1954. The Indian home minister, however, declared that the time was not yet ripe for the creation of representative assemblies in Part C States such as Manipur and Tripura, stating that they were located in strategic border areas of India, that the people were politically backward and that the administration in those states was still weak.[52] However, it was given a substantial measure of local self-government under the Territorial Councils Act of 1956, a legislative body and council of ministers in 1963, and full statehood in 1972.[53]

Rulers

Main article: List of Meitei kings

The rulers of Manipur state were entitled to an 11-gun salute by the British authorities. The present dynasty began in 1714.[54]

Rajas under Burmese rule

There were two feudatory kings during the time of the Burmese invasions.

  • 1819–1823 Shubol
  • 1823–1825 Pitambara Singh

Rajas under British protection

Rulers of the princely state under British Raj

British Political Agents

The Political agents were subordinated to the Chief Commissioner of Assam (Lieutenant Governor of East Bengal and Assam during 1905–1912)[55][verification needed]

  • 1835–1844 George Gordon
  • 1844–1863 William McCulloch (1st time)[56][b]
  • 1863–1865 Dillon
  • 1865–1867 William McCulloch (2nd time) (s.a.)
  • 1867–1875 Robert Brown[c]
  • 1875–1877 Guybon Henry Damant (acting)
  • 1877–1886 Sir James Johnstone[d]
  • 1886 (6 weeks) Trotter (acting)
  • 25 Mar 1886 – 21 April 1886 Walter Haiks (acting)
  • 1886 – 24 April 1891 St. Clair Grimwood (d. 1891)
  • 1891 Sir Henry Collett (British commander)
  • 1891–1893 H.St.P. John Maxwell (1st time)
  • 1893–1895 Alexander Porteous (1st time)
  • 1895–1896 H.St.P. John Maxwell (2nd time)
  • 1896–1898 Henry Walter George Cole (1st time) (acting)
  • 1898–1899 Alexander Porteous (2nd time)
  • 1899–1902 H.St.P. John Maxwell (3rd time)
  • 1902–1904 Albert Edward Woods
  • 1904–1905 H.St.P. John Maxwell (4th time)
  • 1905–1908 John Shakespear (1st time)[e]
  • 1908–1909 A.W. Davis
  • 1909–1914 John Shakespear (2nd time)
  • 1914–1917 Henry Walter George Cole (2nd time) (s.a.)[clarification needed]
  • 1917–1918 John Comyn Higgins (1st time)
  • 1918–1920 William Alexander Cosgrave
  • 1920–1922 L.O. Clarke (1st time)
  • 1922 Christopher Gimson (1st time) (acting)
  • 1922–1924 L.O. Clarke (2nd time)
  • 1924–1928 John Comyn Higgins (2nd time) (s.a.)
  • 12 Mar 1928 – 23 November 1928 C.G. Crawford
  • 1928–1933 John Comyn Higgins (3rd time) (s.a.)
  • 1933–1938 Christopher Gimson (2nd time) (s.a.)
  • 1938–1941 Gerald Pakenham Stewart (1st time) (Japanese prisoner 1941–45)
  • 1941–1946 Christopher Gimson (3rd time) (s.a.)
  • Dec 1946 – 14 August 1947 Gerald Pakenham Stewart (2nd time)

British administrators

During the princely state stage (1891–1947), an Indian Civil Service (ICS) officer of the East Bengal and Assam cadre was appointed as the administrator, first as the Vice-president of the Manipur State Darbar, and, from 1916, as its President.[61][62][63][35]

  • May 1907–1910 William Alexander Cosgrave[61]
  • April–June 1910 C. H. Bell
  • June 1910–1917 John Comyn Higgins
  • 1917–1918 Robert Herriot Henderson (1st time)
  • 1918–July 1918 V. Woods
  • 1918–1919 Sir Robert Herriot Henderson (s.a., 2nd time)
  • 1919–1921 Christopher Gimson[64]
  • 1921–June 1921 William Shaw
  • June 1921 – September 1922 Charles Seymour Mullan
  • September 1922 – June 1927 Colin Grant Crawford
  • June 1925 – February 1926 Hugh Weightman (acting)
  • June 1927 – 1930 Anthony Gilchrist McCall
  • 1930 – February 1933 Cecil Walter Lewery Harvey
  • February 1933 – February 1936 Gerald Pakenham Stewart
  • March 1936 – February 1937 Crispin Bernard Chitty Paine
  • February 1937 – 1939 Alexander Ranald Hume MacDonald
  • July 1939 – 1943 Thomas Arthur Timothy Sharpe[65]
  • May 1943 – November 1945 Edward Francis Lydall
  • November 1945 – 14 August 1947 Francis Fenwick Pearson (designated Chief Minister from 15 July 1947)

Indian administration

Political agents

The Indian Agents were subordinated to the Governor of Assam.

  • 15 August 1947 – 1947 Gerald Pakenham Stewart (s.a.)[66]
  • 1947–1948 Debeswar Sharma[66]
Dewans

The Dewans were representing the Governor of Assam.

  • 1948 – 16 April 1949 M. K. Priyobrata Singh (s.a.)[66]
  • 16 Apr 1949 – 15 October 1949 Rawal Amar Singh[67]

Flags

The State of Manipur had a set of two flags, a white one and a red one. All featured the Pakhangba dragon in the centre, although not as prominently in the latter flags.[68]

White flag with coat of arms (1907–1949)
Red flag with Pakhangba (till 1907)
White flag with Pakhangba (till 1907)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Some Manipur scholars tend to label this political autonomy as "independence".[38][39]
  2. ^ William MuCulloch authored Account of the Valley of Munnipore and of the Hill Tribes (1859).[57]
  3. ^ Robert Brown authored Statistical Account of the Native State of Manipur and the Hill Territory under Its Rule (1874).[58]>
  4. ^ James Johnstone authored My Experiences in Manipur and the Naga Hills (1896).[59]
  5. ^ John Shakespear authored The Lushei Kuki Clans (1912).[60]

References

  1. ^ Keen, Caroline (2015). An Imperial Crisis in British India. I.B. Tauris. p. 150-152. doi:10.5040/9780755624355. ISBN 978-1-78673-987-2. Ghose maintained that under the Indian Penal Code only subjects of the Queen or foreigners residing in British India could be guilty of waging war against the Queen. Manipur was an independent sovereign state and..
  2. ^ Lloyd, Nick (2016). "Review of AN IMPERIAL CRISIS IN BRITISH INDIA: THE MANIPUR UPRISING OF 1891". Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research. 94 (380): 347–348. ISSN 0037-9700. JSTOR 44233143.
  3. ^ Sen (1992), p. 17
  4. ^ Andaya, Barbara Watson; Andaya, Leonard Y. (19 February 2015). A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1400–1830. Cambridge University Press. p. 264. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139051323. ISBN 978-0-521-88992-6.
  5. ^ Somorjit, Wangam (1 March 2016). Manipur: The Forgotten Nation of Southeast Asia. Waba Publications & Advanced Research Consortium. ISBN 978-81-926687-2-7.
  6. ^ Fantz, Paul R.; Pradeep, S. V. (1995). Clitoria (Leguminosae) of South Eastern Asia.
  7. ^ https://press.uchicago.edu/books/HOC/HOC_V2_B2/HOC_VOLUME2_Book2_chapter18.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  8. ^ Arora, Vibha; Kipgen, Ngamjahao (2012). "The Politics of Identifying with and Distancing from Kuki Identity in Manipur". Sociological Bulletin. 61 (3): 429–449. doi:10.1177/0038022920120303. ISSN 0038-0229. JSTOR 26290634. S2CID 157167951. Historically, Manipur was an independent kingdom ruled by Meitei dynasty. The physical boundary of Manipur has been fluctuating with historical changes in political power and the intra state and the inter state boundaries
  9. ^ Singha, Memchaton (2016). "Marriage Diplomacy Between the States of Manipur and Burma, 18th to 19th Centuries". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 77: 874–879. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 26552717. Both Manipur and Burma succeeded in maintaining their status as independent princely states until the British occupation by in the last part of 19th century
  10. ^ Waikhom, Rangitabali (2002). "Women's Society and Politics in Pre-Colonial Manipur". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 63: 1356–1357. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44158255.
  11. ^ Thant, Myint-U (2001), The Making of Modern Burma, Cambridge University Press, p. 15, ISBN 978-0-521-79914-0
  12. ^ Lieberman, Victor (1996). "POLITICAL CONSOLIDATION IN BURMA UNDER THE EARLY KONBAUNG DYNASTY 1752 – c. 1820". Journal of Asian History. 30 (2): 152–168. ISSN 0021-910X. JSTOR 41931038.
  13. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Manipur" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 582.
  14. ^ Yuhlung, Cheithou Charles (2013). "The Identity of Pakhangpa: The Mystical Dragon-Python God of Chothe of Manipur". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2317260. ISSN 1556-5068.
  15. ^ Bhattacharjee, J.B.; Bhattacharya, J.B. (2003). "'Loiyamba Shinyen': A Landmark in Meitei State Formation in Medieval Manipur". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 64: 362–368. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44145476.
  16. ^ a b Phanjoubam Tarapot, Bleeding Manipur, Har Anand Publications (30 July 2007) ISBN 978-8124109021
  17. ^ Nath, Rajmohan (1948). The back-ground of Assamese culture. A. K. Nath. p. 90.
  18. ^ Laichen 2003, pp. 505–506.
  19. ^ Comprehensive history of Assam, SL Baruah. pp. 296–297.
  20. ^ a b c "Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 17, page 186 – Imperial Gazetteer of India – Digital South Asia Library". Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  21. ^ Meetei, Naorem Malemsanba (2015), "Consolidation of British 'Indirect Rule' in Manipur", Colonialism and Resistance, Routledge India, p. 149, doi:10.4324/9781315638317-14/consolidation-british-indirect-rule-manipur-naorem-malemsanba-meetei, ISBN 978-1-315-63831-7, retrieved 11 May 2024: "In 1825, the Manipur Levy under the command of Gambhir Singh co-operated with the British troops under the command of Lieutenant R.B. Pemberton in driving the Burmese out of Cachar and Manipur. By 1826, ....the Treaty of Yandabo was concluded on 24 February 1826."
  22. ^ Parratt, John; Parratt, Saroj Nalini (1992). Queen Empress Vs. Tikendrajit, Prince of Manipur: The Anglo-Manipuri Conflict of 1891. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 9–12. ISBN 978-0-7069-6128-7. When the Anglo-Burmese war ended in 1826 the treaty of Yandabo declared Manipur an independent kingdom, with Gambhir Singh as its rajah.
  23. ^ Meetei, Naorem Malemsanba (2015), "Consolidation of British 'Indirect Rule' in Manipur", Colonialism and Resistance, Routledge India, p. 151, doi:10.4324/9781315638317-14/consolidation-british-indirect-rule-manipur-naorem-malemsanba-meetei, ISBN 978-1-315-63831-7, retrieved 11 May 2024
  24. ^ BHAT, SUDHAKAR (1975). THE CHALLENGE OF THE NORTHEAST. Bombay Popular Prakashan. pp. 51–54.
  25. ^ Brown R (1874). Statistical Account Of Manipur. pp. 73–74. The only other arrangement carried out between the British and Manipur Government in the form of treaty relates to the handling over of the Kubo Valley to the Burmese, and payment of monthly allowance in lieu....should the Kubo Valley from any circumstances again revert to Manipur, the allowance shall cease
  26. ^ Johnstone, Sir James (1896). My Experiences in Manipur and the Naga Hills. S. Low, Marston, limited. p. 23. the ill feeling excited by the Kubo Valley (which so late as 1852 is placed in Manipur, in maps published in Culcutta), having been made over to Burmah, were among the reasons of its unpopularity.
  27. ^ Phanjoubam, Pradip (2015), The Northeast Question: Conflicts and frontiers, Routledge, pp. 3–4, ISBN 978-1-317-34004-1: "After comprehensively defeating the Burmese in 1826 in Assam and Manipur, and the signing of the Treaty of Yandabo, the British annexed Assam, but allowed Manipur to remain a protectorate state."
  28. ^ Sanatomba, Kangujam (2015), "Interrogation into the political status of Manipur", in Arambam Noni; Kangujam Sanatomba (eds.), Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur, Routledge, pp. 159–180, ISBN 978-1-317-27066-9
  29. ^ Parratt, John; Parratt, Saroj Nalini (1992). Queen Empress Vs. Tikendrajit, Prince of Manipur: The Anglo-Manipuri Conflict of 1891. Har-Anand Publications. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-7069-6128-7.
  30. ^ Parratt, John; Parratt, Saroj Nalini (1992). Queen Empress Vs. Tikendrajit, Prince of Manipur: The Anglo-Manipuri Conflict of 1891. Har-Anand Publications. ISBN 978-0-7069-6128-7.
  31. ^ ROY, JYOTIRMOY (1958). HISTORY OF MANIPUR. EASTLIGHT BOOK HOUSE,CALCUTTA. pp. 63–107.
  32. ^ Ian F.W. Beckett, Victoria's Wars, Shire, ISBN 978-0747803881, p. 62
  33. ^ Reynolds, K. D. (2010). "Grimwood [née Moore; other married name Miller], Ethel Brabazon [pseud. Ethel St Clair Grimwood] (1867–1928), the heroine of Manipur". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/101006. Retrieved 11 October 2020. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  34. ^ Ethel St. Clair Grimwood, My Three Years in Manipur and Escape from the Recent Mutiny (fl.1891)
  35. ^ a b "Indian Princely States K-Z". Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  36. ^ Pum Khan Pau (2012) Tedim Road—The Strategic Road on a Frontier: A Historical Analysis, Strategic Analysis, 36:5, 776-786, doi:10.1080/09700161.2012.712387
  37. ^ Subramanian, K. S. State, Policy and Conflicts in Northeast India. Routledge & CRC Press. pp. 31–32. With the lapse of British paramountcy in 1947, the state reverted to its pre-1891 autonomy...
  38. ^ Akoijam, A. Bimol (28 July 2001), "How History Repeats Itself", Economic and Political Weekly, 36 (30): 2807–2812, JSTOR 4410908
  39. ^ a b Banerjee, S. K. (January–March 1958), "Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947", The Indian Journal of Political Science, 19 (1): 35–38, JSTOR 42748891
  40. ^ Sanatomba, Kangujam (2015), "Interrogating into the Political Status of Manipur", Colonialism and Resistance, Routledge India, doi:10.4324/9781315638317-15/interrogating-political-status-manipur-kangujam-sanatomba, ISBN 978-1-315-63831-7, retrieved 11 May 2024:"Furthermore, Section 9(b) of the Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947, would certainly dispel any doubt about the titular status of the Maharaja, which was expressedly stated thus: ‘The Maharaja means His Highness, the Maharaja of Manipur, the constitutional head of the state.’ The Maharaja in his capacity as the constitutional ruler could not execute the Instrumentwithout proper authorisation and constitutional endorsement. This was simply on account of the fact that he was not a sovereign ruler and that Manipur was not a sovereign state then. Therefore, the act of signing the Instrument of Accession on 11 August 1947 by the Maharaja could not be considered an Act of the State. Hence, the Instrument was deemed null and void right from the moment it was executed... "
  41. ^ Ranjan, Amit; Chattoraj, Diotima (26 May 2023). Migration, Regional Autonomy, and Conflicts in Eastern South Asia: Searching for a Home(land). Springer Nature. p. 176. ISBN 978-3-031-28764-0. There is no legal and constitutional validity of the Instrument of Accession signed on 11 August 1947 that vested matters such as defense, external affairs, and communication in the Dominion of India..
  42. ^ Rinku, Khumukcham (26 December 2019). "De Jure Government of Manipur argues the legitimacy of 'Instrument of Accession'". Imphal Times.
  43. ^ Khomdom, Lisam (5 July 2018). "Manipur State Constitution Act-1947 A Cure for all myriads of ailments in Manipur ?". E Pao.
  44. ^ Furber, The Unification of India (1951), p. 357: "... in July and August 1947 all of the princely states within the geographical orbit of India as distinct from that of Pakistan (except Hyderabad, Kashmir and Junagadh) "acceded" to India in accordance with the procedure laid down in the [Government of] India Act of 1935 as adapted and amended by the Government of the new Dominion of India. The important states "acceded" only with respect to defence, external affairs and communications as defined in List I of Schedule VII of the [Government of] India Act of 1935."
  45. ^ Why Pre-Merger Political Status for Manipur: Under the Framework of the Instrument of Accession, 1947, Research and Media Cell, CIRCA, 2018, p. 26, GGKEY:8XLWSW77KUZ, Before the controversial merger, both Manipur and India were bound by the Instrument of Accession (IOA) which the King of Manipur signed on 11 August 1947. The IOA was accepted by the Governor General of India Lord Mountbatten on 16 August 1947 vide Home Department, Government of India file no A-1/1/1947. Subsequently, the Manipur State Council approved the IOA in its meeting held on 22 August 1947 Vide Memo No. 383 PTI Reference Council Minutes Part I of 11-8-1947. The execution of the Instrument of Accession was published in the Manipur State Gazette on 27 August 1947.
  46. ^ Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements (2011), chapter 6, p. 139: "The Dominion of India once again successfully convinced the Maharaja of Manipur to sign the Instrument of Accession along with the Governor General of India on 11 August 1947 on the promise of protecting the internal authority, autonomy and welfare of the state."
  47. ^ Sanatomba, Interrogation into the political status of Manipur (2015), p. 169 harvp error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFSanatomba,_Interrogation_into_the_political_status_of_Manipur2015 (help)
  48. ^ Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements (2011), Chapter 6, p. 145.
  49. ^ Sanatomba, Kangujam (2015), "Interrogating into the Political Status of Manipur", Colonialism and Resistance, Routledge India, pp. 164–175, doi:10.4324/9781315638317-15/interrogating-political-status-manipur-kangujam-sanatomba, ISBN 978-1-315-63831-7, retrieved 11 May 2024
  50. ^ Wirsing, R.; Ahrari, E. (26 February 2010). Fixing Fractured Nations: The Challenge of Ethnic Separatism in the Asia-Pacific. Springer. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-230-28127-1.
  51. ^ Haokip, Thongkholal (2012). "Political Integration of Northeast India: A Historical Analysis". Strategic Analysis. 36 (2): 304–314. doi:10.1080/09700161.2012.646508. ISSN 0970-0161. S2CID 153661583.: "The Maharajah of Manipur was invited to Shillong in September 1949 for talks on integration.... The Maharaja was placed under house arrest and debarred from any communication with the outside world. The Maharaja was thus forced to sign the ‘Merger Agreement’ with India on September 21, 1949, and Manipur became a 'Part-C state' of the Indian Union."
  52. ^ a b Guha, Ramachandra (2008), India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy, Pan Macmillan, Section 13.V, ISBN 978-0330396110
  53. ^ Agnihotri, Constitutional Development in North-East India (1996), p. 68.
  54. ^ "MANIPUR". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  55. ^ Thokchom, Princely State of Manipur (2022), Appendix IV.
  56. ^ "Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 35.djvu/27 - Wikisource, the free online library".
  57. ^ McCulloch, W. (1859). Account of the Valley of Munnipore and of the Hill Tribes. Selections from the Records of the Government of India (Foreign Department). Calcutta: Bengal Printing Company. OCLC 249105916 – via archive.org.
  58. ^ Brown, R. (1874), Statistical Account of the Native State of Manipur and the Hill Territory under Its Rule, Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing
  59. ^ Johnstone, Sir James (1896), My Experiences in Manipur and the Naga Hills, London: Sampson Low, Marston and Company – via archive.org
  60. ^ Shakespear, J. (1912), The Lushei Kuki Clans, London: McMillan and Co – via archive.org
  61. ^ a b Singh, History of the Christian Missions in Manipur (1991), p. 9.
  62. ^ Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements (2011), pp. 49–50.
  63. ^ Epstein, M. (2016), The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1932, Springer, p. 75, ISBN 978-0-230-27061-9
  64. ^ C Gimson 1955-56, Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society.
  65. ^ Thokchom, Princely State of Manipur (2022), p. 10.
  66. ^ a b c Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements (2011), pp. 139–140.
  67. ^ Sudhirkumar Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements (2011), pp. 141–142.
  68. ^ "Manipur". Retrieved 1 April 2015.

Bibliography

Further reading

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