Cadima: Difference between revisions
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While emigration ran smoothly under French colonial rule,<ref name=":1" /> ''Cadima'' sought to accelerate its activities by loosening its selection criteria in the period preceding Moroccan independence.<ref name=":0" /> |
While emigration ran smoothly under French colonial rule,<ref name=":1" /> ''Cadima'' sought to accelerate its activities by loosening its selection criteria in the period preceding Moroccan independence.<ref name=":0" /> |
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''Cadima'' |
''Cadima'' was shut down and its staff were expelled when the Moroccan government banned all Zionist activities within Moroccan territory on May 13, 1956.<ref name=":0" /> The two thousand people who were in ''Cadima''<nowiki/>'s transit camp, unable to return home after having sold all their possessions and assets, were allowed to leave quietly after the [[World Jewish Congress]] negotiated with the Moroccan government.<ref name=":0" /> After ''Cadima'', other agencies would facilitate the emigration of Jewish Moroccans clandestinely.<ref name=":0" /> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 18:29, 13 September 2024
Cadima or Kadima (Template:Lang-he, 'forward'[1]) was the Zionist apparatus that oversaw the mass migration of Moroccan Jews to Israel from 1949 to 1956, during the final years of French colonial rule in Morocco.[2][3][4][5]: 164 Cadima was administered by Jewish Agency and Mossad Le'Aliyah agents sent from Israel, with assistance from local Moroccan Zionists.[3] It was based out of an office in Casablanca and operated cells in large cities as well as a transit camp along the road to al-Jadida, from which Jewish migrants would depart for Israel via Marseille.[2]
History
Cadima was established through an agreement between Resident-General Alphonse Juin of the French colonial administration in Morocco and the Jewish Agency represented by Jacques Gershoni signed on March 7, 1949.[2][1] By this agreement, the French colonial administration would no longer interfere in the emigration of Jews from Morocco as it had been doing previously.[1]
Cadima operated a main office and cells in large cities throughout Morocco, from which they administered the departure of Jews from rural areas and isolated villages.[2] Cadima restricted the migration of Moroccan Jews through a criteria known as seleqṣeya (Template:Lang-he[6]) that included a strict medical examination and privileged healthy young people and families with a breadwinner.[2][7] Those who passed the medical inspection were sent to a transit camp in outside Casablanca on the road to al-Jadida, from which they would depart for Israel by way of Marseille.[2]
| rate of emigration through Cadima | |
|---|---|
| 1949 | 2,709[2] |
| 1950 | 3,442[2] |
| 1951 | 6,677[2] |
| 1952 | 4,632[2] |
| 1953 | 2,561[2] |
| 1954 | 9,977[2] |
| 1955 | 26,555[2] |
| first 2 months of 1956 | 5,903[2] |
While emigration ran smoothly under French colonial rule,[3] Cadima sought to accelerate its activities by loosening its selection criteria in the period preceding Moroccan independence.[2]
Cadima was shut down and its staff were expelled when the Moroccan government banned all Zionist activities within Moroccan territory on May 13, 1956.[2] The two thousand people who were in Cadima's transit camp, unable to return home after having sold all their possessions and assets, were allowed to leave quietly after the World Jewish Congress negotiated with the Moroccan government.[2] After Cadima, other agencies would facilitate the emigration of Jewish Moroccans clandestinely.[2]
References
- ^ a b c Moreno, Aviad (February 2020). "BEYOND THE NATION-STATE: A NETWORK ANALYSIS OF JEWISH EMIGRATION FROM NORTHERN MOROCCO TO ISRAEL". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 52 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1017/S0020743819000916. ISSN 0020-7438.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Cadima (Morocco)". referenceworks. Retrieved 2024-09-09.
- ^ a b c Laskier, Michael M. (1990). "Developments in the Jewish Communities of Morocco 1956-76". Middle Eastern Studies. 26 (4): 465–505. ISSN 0026-3206.
- ^ Wyrtzen, Jonathan (2015-12-18), "Negotiating Morocco's Jewish Question", Making Morocco, Cornell University Press, pp. 179–218, doi:10.7591/cornell/9781501700231.003.0007, retrieved 2024-09-13
- ^ Gottreich, Emily (2020). Jewish Morocco: A History from Pre-Islamic to Postcolonial Times. I.B. Tauris. doi:10.5040/9781838603601.ch-006. ISBN 978-1-78076-849-6.
- ^ מלכה, חיים (1998). הסלקציה: הסלקציה וההפליה בעלייתם וקליטתם של יהודי מרוקו וצפון-אפריקה בשנים 1948-1956 (in Hebrew). ח. מלכה.
- ^ "Seleqṣeya". referenceworks. doi:10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_sim_0019550. Retrieved 2024-09-09.