Cadima: Difference between revisions
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{{Other uses|Kadima (disambiguation)}}{{Italic title}}The '''''{{Lang|fr|Caisse d’Aide aux Immigrants Marocains}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnston |first=P |editor-last=Nacik |editor-first=Lhaj Mohamed |title=The Emigration of Moroccan Jews to Palestine After the Six-Day War |url=https://www.hesperis-tamuda.com/Downloads/2010-2019/2018/fascicule-3/7.pdf |journal=Hespéris-Tamuda}}</ref>''''' or '''''Cadima''''' ({{Langx|he|קדימה}}, 'forward'<ref name=" |
{{Other uses|Kadima (disambiguation)}}{{Italic title}}The '''''{{Lang|fr|Caisse d’Aide aux Immigrants Marocains}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Johnston |first=P |editor-last=Nacik |editor-first=Lhaj Mohamed |title=The Emigration of Moroccan Jews to Palestine After the Six-Day War |url=https://www.hesperis-tamuda.com/Downloads/2010-2019/2018/fascicule-3/7.pdf |journal=Hespéris-Tamuda}}</ref>''''' or '''''Cadima''''' ({{Langx|he|קדימה}}, 'forward'<ref name="Moreno-2020" />) was the [[Zionism|Zionist]] apparatus that arranged and oversaw the mass [[migration of Moroccan Jews to Israel]] from 1949 to 1956, during the final years of [[French protectorate in Morocco|French colonial rule in Morocco]].<ref name="rwCadima">{{Cite web |title=Cadima (Morocco) |doi=10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_sim_0004780 |url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EJIO/SIM-0004780.xml |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=referenceworks |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Laskier-1990">{{Cite journal |last=Laskier |first=Michael M. |date=1990 |title=Developments in the Jewish Communities of Morocco 1956-76 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4283394 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=465–505 |issn=0026-3206}}</ref><ref name="Wyrtzen-2015">{{Citation |last=Wyrtzen |first=Jonathan |title=Negotiating Morocco’s Jewish Question |date=2015-12-18 |work=Making Morocco |pages=179–218 |url=https://academic.oup.com/cornell-scholarship-online/book/18953/chapter-abstract/177309234?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=2024-09-13 |publisher=Cornell University Press |doi=10.7591/cornell/9781501700231.003.0007}}</ref><ref name="Gottreich-2020">{{Cite book |last=Gottreich |first=Emily |url=http://www.bloomsburycollections.com/book/jewish-morocco-a-history-from-pre-islamic-to-postcolonial-times |title=Jewish Morocco: A History from Pre-Islamic to Postcolonial Times |date=2020 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-78076-849-6 |doi=10.5040/9781838603601.ch-006}}</ref>{{Rp|page=164}} ''Cadima'' was administered by [[Jewish Agency for Israel|Jewish Agency]] and [[Mossad LeAliyah Bet|Mossad Le'Aliyah]] agents sent from [[Israel]], with assistance from local Moroccan Zionists.<ref name="Laskier-1990" /> It was based out of an office in Casablanca and operated cells in large cities as well as a transit camp along the [[Casablanca–Safi expressway|road]] to [[El Jadida|al-Jadida]], from which Jewish migrants would depart for Israel via [[Marseille]].<ref name="rwCadima" /> |
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== History == |
== History == |
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''Cadima'' was established through an agreement between Resident-General [[Alphonse Juin]] of the [[French protectorate in Morocco|French colonial administration]] in Morocco and the [[Jewish Agency for Israel|Jewish Agency]] represented by Jacques Gershoni signed on March 7, 1949.<ref name=" |
''Cadima'' was established through an agreement between Resident-General [[Alphonse Juin]] of the [[French protectorate in Morocco|French colonial administration]] in Morocco and the [[Jewish Agency for Israel|Jewish Agency]] represented by Jacques Gershoni signed on March 7, 1949.<ref name="rwCadima" /><ref name="Moreno-2020">{{Cite journal |last=Moreno |first=Aviad |date=February 2020 |title=BEYOND THE NATION-STATE: A NETWORK ANALYSIS OF JEWISH EMIGRATION FROM NORTHERN MOROCCO TO ISRAEL |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0020743819000916/type/journal_article |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |language=en |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=1–21 |doi=10.1017/S0020743819000916 |issn=0020-7438}}</ref> By this agreement, the French colonial administration would no longer interfere in the emigration of Jews from Morocco as it had been doing previously.<ref name="Moreno-2020" /> |
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''Cadima'' established a main office in the European section of Casablanca and opened cells in large cities throughout Morocco, operating under the guise of providing social services and a library.<ref name=" |
''Cadima'' established a main office in the European section of Casablanca and opened cells in large cities throughout Morocco, operating under the guise of providing social services and a library.<ref name="Gottreich-2020" />{{Rp|page=164}} From these branches, they recruited Jews from rural areas and isolated villages and oversaw their departure.<ref name="Wyrtzen-2015" />''<ref name="rwCadima" />''<ref name="Gottreich-2020" />{{Rp|page=164}} Initially, [[Mossad LeAliyah Bet|Mossad Le'Aliyah]] agents exploited poverty to motivate Jews to leave, though their economic situation would not significantly improve in Israel; most of the 30,000 Jews migrated between 1949 and 1951 were from poorer communities.<ref name="Gottreich-2020" />{{Rp|page=164}} |
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From mid-1951<ref name=" |
From mid-1951<ref name="rwSeleqseya">{{Cite web |title=Seleqṣeya |url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EJIO/SIM-0019550.xml |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=referenceworks |language=en |doi=10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_sim_0019550}}</ref> to 1953,<ref name="rwCadima"/> ''Cadima'' restricted the migration of Moroccan Jews through a criteria known as ''[[seleqṣeya]]'' ({{Langx|he|סלקציה}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=מלכה |first=חיים |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94/tkZIAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D%20%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%94 |title=הסלקציה: הסלקציה וההפליה בעלייתם וקליטתם של יהודי מרוקו וצפון-אפריקה בשנים 1948-1956 |date=1998 |publisher=ח. מלכה |language=he}}</ref>) that included a strict medical examination and privileged healthy young people and families with a breadwinner.''<ref name="rwCadima" />''<ref name="rwSeleqseya"/> Those who passed the medical inspection were sent to a transit camp in outside Casablanca on the road to al-Jadida, from which they would depart for Israel by way of Marseille.''<ref name="rwCadima" />'' |
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|1949 |
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|2,709''<ref name=" |
|2,709''<ref name="rwCadima" />'' |
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|1950 |
|1950 |
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|3,442''<ref name=" |
|3,442''<ref name="rwCadima" />'' |
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|1951 |
|1951 |
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|6,677''<ref name=" |
|6,677''<ref name="rwCadima" />'' |
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|1952 |
|1952 |
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|4,632''<ref name=" |
|4,632''<ref name="rwCadima" />'' |
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|1953 |
|1953 |
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|2,561''<ref name=" |
|2,561''<ref name="rwCadima" />'' |
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|1954 |
|1954 |
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|9,977''<ref name=" |
|9,977''<ref name="rwCadima" />'' |
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|1955 |
|1955 |
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|26,555''<ref name=" |
|26,555''<ref name="rwCadima" />'' |
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|first 2 months of 1956 |
|first 2 months of 1956 |
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|5,903''<ref name=" |
|5,903''<ref name="rwCadima" />'' |
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While emigration ran smoothly under French colonial rule,<ref name=" |
While emigration ran smoothly under French colonial rule,<ref name="Laskier-1990" /> ''Cadima'' sought to accelerate its activities by loosening its selection criteria in the period preceding Moroccan independence.<ref name="rwCadima" /> |
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''Cadima''<nowiki/>'s was shut down and its staff were expelled when the Moroccan government banned all Zionist activities within Moroccan territory on May 13, 1956.<ref name=" |
''Cadima''<nowiki/>'s was shut down and its staff were expelled when the Moroccan government banned all Zionist activities within Moroccan territory on May 13, 1956.<ref name="rwCadima" /> The two thousand people who were in ''Cadima''<nowiki/>'s transit camp, unable to return home after having sold all their possessions and assets, were allowed to leave quietly after the [[World Jewish Congress]] negotiated with the Moroccan government.<ref name="rwCadima" /> After ''Cadima'', other agencies would facilitate the emigration of Jewish Moroccans clandestinely.<ref name="rwCadima" /> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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Revision as of 00:58, 5 November 2024
The Caisse d’Aide aux Immigrants Marocains[1] or Cadima (Hebrew: קדימה, 'forward'[2]) was the Zionist apparatus that arranged and oversaw the mass migration of Moroccan Jews to Israel from 1949 to 1956, during the final years of French colonial rule in Morocco.[3][4][5][6]: 164 Cadima was administered by Jewish Agency and Mossad Le'Aliyah agents sent from Israel, with assistance from local Moroccan Zionists.[4] It was based out of an office in Casablanca and operated cells in large cities as well as a transit camp along the road to al-Jadida, from which Jewish migrants would depart for Israel via Marseille.[3]
History
Cadima was established through an agreement between Resident-General Alphonse Juin of the French colonial administration in Morocco and the Jewish Agency represented by Jacques Gershoni signed on March 7, 1949.[3][2] By this agreement, the French colonial administration would no longer interfere in the emigration of Jews from Morocco as it had been doing previously.[2]
Cadima established a main office in the European section of Casablanca and opened cells in large cities throughout Morocco, operating under the guise of providing social services and a library.[6]: 164 From these branches, they recruited Jews from rural areas and isolated villages and oversaw their departure.[5][3][6]: 164 Initially, Mossad Le'Aliyah agents exploited poverty to motivate Jews to leave, though their economic situation would not significantly improve in Israel; most of the 30,000 Jews migrated between 1949 and 1951 were from poorer communities.[6]: 164
From mid-1951[7] to 1953,[3] Cadima restricted the migration of Moroccan Jews through a criteria known as seleqṣeya (Hebrew: סלקציה[8]) that included a strict medical examination and privileged healthy young people and families with a breadwinner.[3][7] Those who passed the medical inspection were sent to a transit camp in outside Casablanca on the road to al-Jadida, from which they would depart for Israel by way of Marseille.[3]
| rate of emigration through Cadima | |
|---|---|
| 1949 | 2,709[3] |
| 1950 | 3,442[3] |
| 1951 | 6,677[3] |
| 1952 | 4,632[3] |
| 1953 | 2,561[3] |
| 1954 | 9,977[3] |
| 1955 | 26,555[3] |
| first 2 months of 1956 | 5,903[3] |
While emigration ran smoothly under French colonial rule,[4] Cadima sought to accelerate its activities by loosening its selection criteria in the period preceding Moroccan independence.[3]
Cadima's was shut down and its staff were expelled when the Moroccan government banned all Zionist activities within Moroccan territory on May 13, 1956.[3] The two thousand people who were in Cadima's transit camp, unable to return home after having sold all their possessions and assets, were allowed to leave quietly after the World Jewish Congress negotiated with the Moroccan government.[3] After Cadima, other agencies would facilitate the emigration of Jewish Moroccans clandestinely.[3]
References
- ^ Johnston, P. Nacik, Lhaj Mohamed (ed.). "The Emigration of Moroccan Jews to Palestine After the Six-Day War" (PDF). Hespéris-Tamuda.
- ^ a b c Moreno, Aviad (February 2020). "BEYOND THE NATION-STATE: A NETWORK ANALYSIS OF JEWISH EMIGRATION FROM NORTHERN MOROCCO TO ISRAEL". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 52 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1017/S0020743819000916. ISSN 0020-7438.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Cadima (Morocco)". referenceworks. doi:10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_sim_0004780. Retrieved 2024-09-09.
- ^ a b c Laskier, Michael M. (1990). "Developments in the Jewish Communities of Morocco 1956-76". Middle Eastern Studies. 26 (4): 465–505. ISSN 0026-3206.
- ^ a b Wyrtzen, Jonathan (2015-12-18), "Negotiating Morocco's Jewish Question", Making Morocco, Cornell University Press, pp. 179–218, doi:10.7591/cornell/9781501700231.003.0007, retrieved 2024-09-13
- ^ a b c d Gottreich, Emily (2020). Jewish Morocco: A History from Pre-Islamic to Postcolonial Times. I.B. Tauris. doi:10.5040/9781838603601.ch-006. ISBN 978-1-78076-849-6.
- ^ a b "Seleqṣeya". referenceworks. doi:10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_sim_0019550. Retrieved 2024-09-09.
- ^ מלכה, חיים (1998). הסלקציה: הסלקציה וההפליה בעלייתם וקליטתם של יהודי מרוקו וצפון-אפריקה בשנים 1948-1956 (in Hebrew). ח. מלכה.