Stylolite

Macrostylolites in a limestone.

Stylolites (Greek: stylos, pillar; lithos, stone) are serrated surfaces at which mineral material has been removed by pressure dissolution, in a process that decreases the total volume of rock. Insoluble minerals like clays, pyrite, oxides remain within the stylolites and make them visible. Sometime host rocks contain no insoluble minerals, in which case stylolites can be recognized by change in texture of the rock. They occur most commonly in homogeneous rocks, carbonates, cherts, sandstones, but they can be found in certain igneous rocks and ice. Their size vary from microscopic contacts between two grains (microstylolites) to large structures up to 20 m in length and up to 10 m in amplitude in ice. Stylolites usually form parallel to bedding, because of overburden pressure, but they can be oblique or even perpendicular to bedding, as a result of tectonic activity.

Classification of stylolites

Stylolites can be classified by their geometry or their relationship to bedding.

Geometric classification

Park and Schot recognized six different geometries in stylolites:

1. Simple or primitive wave-like
2. Sutured type
3. Up-peak type (Rectangular type)
4. Down-peak type (Rectangular type)
5. Sharp-peak type (tapered and pointed)
6. Seismogram type

Relationship to bedding

1. Horizontal stylolites - This is the most commonly observed stylolite type. They occur parallel or nearly parallel to the bedding of rocks. This type is most frequently found in layered sedimentary rocks, mostly in carbonate rocks, which have not been effected by intensive tectonic structural activity or metamorphism.
2. Inclined stylolites - or slickolites: This type occur oblique to bedding. It appears in rock which effected and unaffected by tectonic activity, and also can found in metamorphic and layered igneous rocks.
3. Horizontal-inclined (vertical)-crosscutting stylolites - This type is a combination of horizontal and inclined types of stylolites. Horizontal stylolites usually have a higher amplitude then inclined stylolites. Horizontal-inclined can be found in rocks effected by pressure parallel to the bedding plane followed by pressure perpendicular to bedding.
4. Vertical stylolites - This type of stylolite is related to the bedding at right angles. It may or may not be associated with tectonic activity. It is caused by pressure acting perpendicularly to the bedding.
5. Interconnecting network stylolites - This type a network of stylolites, which related to each other with relatively small angle. This type can divided on two subtypes. Stylolites of subtype A are characterized higher amplitudes. They related to the bedding horizontally, or small angle. Stylolites of subtype B usually appear in rocks which have been effected tectonic and/or metamorphic activity. These stylolites have a low amplitude with undulations. Their relation to the bedding can vary from horizontal to vertical.
6. Vertical-inclined (horizontal)-crosscutting stylolites - This type is a combination of horizontal or inclined and vertical stylolite's types. In this case the inclined or horizontal stylolites were formed first and the vertical later. This type can divided on two sub type by directions of displacement of the inclined stylolites. In subtype A, the displacements could have happened during vertical stylolization, while in subtype B, the displacements could have happened before vertical stylolization.

Development

A stylolite is not a structural fracture, although they have been described as a form of 'anti-crack', with the sides moving together rather than apart. Proof exists in the form of e.g. fossiliferous limestone where fossils are crosscut by a stylolite and only one half still exists; the other half has been dissolved away. Rye & Bradbury (1988) investigated ^13/12C and ^18/16O stable isotope systematics in limestone on either side of a stylolite plane and found differences confirming different degrees of fluid-rock interaction.

In order for a stylolite to develop, a solution into which minerals can dissolve needs to be present, along with a pore network through which dissolved solids can advect or diffuse from the developing stylolite. Stylolite development can be improved with porosity, as it localizes stress on nonpore areas, increasing stress there. Therefore, it is suggested that bedding-parallel stylolites form in areas of high porosity, and most of the transverse stylolites form along preexisting fractures.

Significance

Stylolites are significant in several fields. In petrology, stylolites are important because they alter rock fabrics and create dissolved solids that precipitate as cement. In stratigraphy, weathering of stylolites generates apparent bedding in many stratigraphic sections and loss of material along stylolites can have a result similar to erosion, with significant stratigraphic thinning. In hydrology, stylolites prevent fluid flow and, in other settings, serve for fluid flow. Also, stylolites are indicators of compressive stress in tectonic studies, and development of transverse stylolites contributes to crustal shortening parallel to the direction of their column.

Gallery

• 
  A stylolite viewed in thin section in plane polarized light in a packstone, Oehrlikalk formation of the Axen nappe, Wellenberg, Switzerland
• 
  Stylolite in a Slowakian limestone

See also

• Fold (geology)
• Rock microstructure

References

• Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary
• S. Sinha-Roy, Kinetics of differentiated stylolite formation, Current Science, V. 82, No. 8, 25 April 2002