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==Social organization==
==Social organization==
[[File:Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) alpha male.JPG|thumb|right|Capybara have a scent gland on their noses, called a 'morillo']]
[[File:Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) alpha male.JPG|thumb|right|Capybaras have a scent gland on their noses, called a morillo.]]
Capybaras are [[gregarious]]. While they sometimes live solitarily, they are more commonly found in groups that average 10–20 individuals, with two to four adult males, four to seven adult females, and the remainder juveniles.<ref name="Alho 1987"/> Capybara groups can consist of as many as 50 or 100 individuals during the dry season<ref name="Lord-Rexford 1994"/><ref name="Macdonald 1981"/> when the animals gather around available water sources. Males establish social bonds, dominance, or, general group census.<ref name="Macdonald 1981"/> They can make dog-like barks<ref name="Lord-Rexford 1994"/> when threatened or when females are herding young.<ref name="Murphey 1985"/>
Capybaras are [[gregarious]]. While they sometimes live solitarily, they are more commonly found in groups around 10–20 individuals, with two to four adult males, four to seven adult females, and the remainder juveniles.<ref name="Alho 1987"/> Capybara groups can consist of as many as 50 or 100 individuals during the dry season<ref name="Lord-Rexford 1994"/><ref name="Macdonald 1981"/> when the animals gather around available water sources. Males establish social bonds, dominance, or general group census.<ref name="Macdonald 1981"/> They can make dog-like barks<ref name="Lord-Rexford 1994"/> when threatened or when females are herding young.<ref name="Murphey 1985"/>


Capybaras have two types of scent glands; a morillo, located on the snout, and anal glands.<ref name="Macdonald 1984"/> Both sexes have these glands, but males have much larger morillos and use their anal glands more frequently. The anal glands of males are also lined with detachable hairs. A crystalline form of scent secretion is coated on these hairs and is released when in contact with objects like plants. These hairs have a longer-lasting scent mark and are tasted by other capybaras. Capybara scent-mark by rubbing their morillo on an object, or by walking over scrub and marking it with their anal glands. Capybara can spread their scent further by urinating; however, females usually mark without urinating and scent-mark less frequently than males overall. Females mark more often during the wet season when they are in [[estrus]]. In addition to objects, males will also scent-mark females.<ref name="Macdonald 1984"/>
Capybaras have two types of scent glands; a morillo, located on the snout, and anal glands.<ref name="Macdonald 1984"/> Both sexes have these glands, but males have much larger morillos and use their anal glands more frequently. The anal glands of males are also lined with detachable hairs. A crystalline form of scent secretion is coated on these hairs and is released when in contact with objects such as plants. These hairs have a longer-lasting scent mark and are tasted by other capybaras. Capybaras scent-mark by rubbing their morillos on objects, or by walking over scrub and marking it with their anal glands. Capybaras can spread their scent further by urinating; however, females usually mark without urinating and scent-mark less frequently than males overall. Females mark more often during the wet season when they are in [[estrus]]. In addition to objects, males also scent-mark females.<ref name="Macdonald 1984"/>


===Reproduction===
===Reproduction===
[[File:Young capybaras.jpg|thumb|right|Mother with typical litter of four pups]]
[[File:Young capybaras.jpg|thumb|right|Mother with typical litter of four pups]]
When in estrus, the female's scent changes subtly and nearby males begin pursuit.<ref name="Herrera 1993">{{cite journal|doi=10.1093/beheco/4.2.114|title= Aggression, dominance, and mating success among capybara males (''Hydrochaeris hypdrochaeris'')|year=1993|last1=Herrera|first1=Emilio A.|last2=MacDonald|first2=David W.|journal=[[Behavioral Ecology (journal)|Behavioral Ecology]]|volume=4|issue=2|page=114}}</ref> In addition, a female will alert males she is in estrus by whistling though her nose.<ref name="Lord-Rexford 1994"/> During mating, the female has the advantage and mating choice. Capybaras mate only in water, and if a female does not want to mate with a certain male, she will either submerge or leave the water.<ref name="Lord-Rexford 1994"/><ref name="Macdonald 1981"/> Dominant males are highly protective of the females, but they usually cannot prevent some of the subordinates from copulating.<ref name="Herrera 1993"/> The larger the group, the harder it is for the male to watch all the females. Dominant males secure significantly more matings than each subordinate, but subordinate males, as a class, are responsible for more matings than each dominant male.<ref name="Herrera 1993"/> The lifespan of the capybara's sperm is longer than that of other rodents.<ref name=r1/>
When in estrus, the female's scent changes subtly and nearby males begin pursuit.<ref name="Herrera 1993">{{cite journal|doi=10.1093/beheco/4.2.114|title= Aggression, dominance, and mating success among capybara males (''Hydrochaeris hypdrochaeris'')|year=1993|last1=Herrera|first1=Emilio A.|last2=MacDonald|first2=David W.|journal=[[Behavioral Ecology (journal)|Behavioral Ecology]]|volume=4|issue=2|page=114}}</ref> In addition, a female alerts males she is in estrus by whistling though her nose.<ref name="Lord-Rexford 1994"/> During mating, the female has the advantage and mating choice. Capybaras mate only in water, and if a female does not want to mate with a certain male, she either submerges or leaves the water.<ref name="Lord-Rexford 1994"/><ref name="Macdonald 1981"/> Dominant males are highly protective of the females, but they usually cannot prevent some of the subordinates from copulating.<ref name="Herrera 1993"/> The larger the group, the harder it is for the male to watch all the females. Dominant males secure significantly more matings than each subordinate, but subordinate males, as a class, are responsible for more matings than each dominant male.<ref name="Herrera 1993"/> The lifespan of the capybara's sperm is longer than that of other rodents.<ref name=r1/>


Capybara [[gestation]] is 130–150 days, and produce a [[litter (animal)|litter]] of four capybara babies on average, but may produce between one and eight in a single litter.<ref name=r4/> Birth is on land and the female will rejoin the group within a few hours of delivering the newborn capybaras, which will join the group as soon as they are mobile. Within a week, the young can eat grass, but will continue to [[Breastfeeding|suckle]]—from any female in the group—until weaned at about 16 weeks. The young will form a group within the main group.<ref name="Bristol"/> [[Alloparenting]] has been observed in this species.<ref name="Macdonald 1981"/> Breeding peaks between April and May in Venezuela and between October and November in [[Mato Grosso]], Brazil.<ref name=r4/>
Capybara [[gestation]] is 130–150 days, and produces a [[litter (animal)|litter]] of four capybara young on average, but may produce between one and eight in a single litter.<ref name=r4/> Birth is on land and the female rejoins the group within a few hours of delivering the newborn capybaras, which join the group as soon as they are mobile. Within a week, the young can eat grass, but continue to suckle—from any female in the group—until weaned around 16 weeks. The young form a group within the main group.<ref name="Bristol"/> [[Alloparenting]] has been observed in this species.<ref name="Macdonald 1981"/> Breeding peaks between April and May in Venezuela and between October and November in [[Mato Grosso]], Brazil.<ref name=r4/>


===Activities===
===Activities===
Though quite agile on land (capable of running as fast as a [[horse]]),<ref>[[The Life of Mammals]] – "Chisellers"</ref> capybaras are equally at home in the water. They are excellent swimmers, and can remain completely submerged for up to five minutes,<ref name="Smithsonian"/> an ability they use to evade [[predator]]s. Capybaras can sleep in water, keeping only their noses out of the water. As temperatures increase during the day, they [[Wallowing in animals|wallow]] in water and then graze during the late afternoon and early evening.<ref name=r4/> They also spend a lot of time wallowing in mud.<ref name="enchantedlearning.com"/> They rest around midnight and then continue to graze before dawn.
Though quite agile on land (capable of running as fast as a [[horse]]),<ref>[[The Life of Mammals]] – "Chisellers"</ref> capybaras are equally at home in the water. They are excellent swimmers, and can remain completely submerged up to five minutes,<ref name="Smithsonian"/> an ability they use to evade [[predator]]s. Capybaras can sleep in water, keeping only their noses out of the water. As temperatures increase during the day, they [[Wallowing in animals|wallow]] in water and then graze during the late afternoon and early evening.<ref name=r4/> They also spend time wallowing in mud.<ref name="enchantedlearning.com"/> They rest around midnight and then continue to graze before dawn.


==Conservation and human interaction==
==Conservation and human interaction==

Revision as of 15:31, 18 September 2016

This article is about the animal. For the video game developer, see Capybara Games. For test automation software, see Capybara (software).

Capybara
in the Pantanal, Brazil
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Subphylum:
Vertebrata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Rodentia
Suborder:
Hystricomorpha
Family:
Caviidae
Subfamily:
Hydrochoerinae
Genus:
Hydrochoerus
Species:
H. hydrochaeris
Binomial name
Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris
(Linnaeus, 1766)
Range

The capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) is a large rodent of the genus Hydrochoerus of which the only other extant member is the lesser capybara (Hydrochoerus isthmius). The capybara is the largest rodent in the world. Close relatives are guinea pigs and rock cavies, and it is more distantly related to the agouti, chinchillas, and the coypu. Native to South America, the capybara inhabits savannas and dense forests and lives near bodies of water. It is a highly social species and can be found in groups as large as 100 individuals, but usually lives in groups of 10–20 individuals. The capybara is not a threatened species and is hunted for its meat and hide and also for a grease from its thick fatty skin which is used in the pharmaceutical trade.[2]

Etymology

Its common name is derived from Tupi ka'apiûara, a complex agglutination of kaá (leaf) + píi (slender) + ú (eat) + ara (a suffix for agent nouns), meaning "one who eats slender leaves", or "grass-eater".[3] The scientific name, both hydrochoerus and hydrochaeris, comes from Greek ὕδωρ (hydor = water) + χοίρος (choiros = pig, hog).[4][5]

Classification and phylogeny

The capybara and the lesser capybara belong to the subfamily Hydrochoerinae along with the rock cavies. The living capybaras and their extinct relatives were previously classified in their own family Hydrochoeridae.[6] Since 2002, molecular phylogenetic studies have recognized a close relationship between Hydrochoerus and Kerodon[7] supporting placement of both genera in a subfamily of Caviidae.[4] Paleontological classifications have yet to incorporate this new taxonomy and continue to use Hydrochoeridae for all capybaras, while using Hydrochoerinae for the living genus and its closest fossil relatives, such as Neochoerus.[8][9] The taxonomy of fossil hydrochoerines is also in a state of flux. In recent years, the diversity of fossil hydrochoerines has been substantially reduced.[8][9] This is largely due to the recognition that capybara molar teeth show strong variation in shape over the life of an individual.[8] In one instance, material once referred to four genera and seven species on the basis of differences in molar shape is now thought to represent differently aged individuals of a single species, Cardiatherium paranense.[8]

Description

Skeleton

The capybara has a heavy, barrel-shaped body and short head, with reddish-brown fur on the upper part of its body that turns yellowish-brown underneath. Its sweat glands can be found in the surface of the hairy portions of its skin, an unusual trait among rodents.[6] The animal lacks under hair, and guard hair differs little from over hair. Adult capybaras grow to 106 to 134 cm (3.48 to 4.40 ft) in length, stand 50 to 62 cm (20 to 24 in) tall at the withers, and typically weigh 35 to 66 kg (77 to 146 lb), with an average in the Venezuelan llanos of 48.9 kg (108 lb).[10][11][12] The top recorded weights are 91 kg (201 lb) for a wild female from Brazil and 73.5 kg (162 lb) for a wild male from Uruguay.[6][13] The dental formula is 1.0.1.31.0.1.3.[6] Capybaras have slightly webbed feet and vestigial tails.[6] Their hind legs are slightly longer than their forelegs; they have three toes on their rear feet and four toes on their front feet.[14] Their muzzles are blunt, with nostrils, and the eyes and ears are near the top of their heads. Females are slightly heavier than males.

Its karyotype has 2n = 66 and FN = 102.[4]

Ecology

Capybaras are semiaquatic mammals[12] found throughout almost all countries of South America (except Chile[15]). They live in densely forested areas near bodies of water, such as lakes, rivers, swamps, ponds, and marshes,[11] as well as flooded savannah and along rivers in tropical forest. Capybara have flourished in cattle ranches.[6] They roam in home ranges averaging 10 hectares (25 acres) in high-density populations.[6]

Many escapees from captivity can also be found in similar watery habitats around the world. Sightings are fairly common in Florida, although a breeding population has not yet been confirmed.[16] In 2011, one was spotted in the Central Coast of California.[17]

Diet and predation

Capybaras are herbivores, grazing mainly on grasses and aquatic plants,[11][18] as well as fruit and tree bark.[12] They are very selective feeders[19] and feed on the leaves of one species and disregard other species surrounding it. They eat a greater variety of plants during the dry season, as fewer plants are available. While they eat grass during the wet season, they have to switch to more abundant reeds during the dry season.[20] Plants that capybaras eat during the summer lose their nutritional value in the winter, so are not consumed at that time.[19] The capybara's jaw hinge is not perpendicular, so they chew food by grinding back-and-forth rather than side-to-side.[21] Capybaras are autocoprophagous, meaning they eat their own feces as a source of bacterial gut flora, to help digest the cellulose in the grass that forms their normal diet, and to extract the maximum protein and vitamins from their food. They may also regurgitate food to masticate again, similar to cud-chewing by cattle.[22] As is the case with other rodents, the front teeth of capybaras grow continually to compensate for the constant wear from eating grasses;[15] their cheek teeth also grow continuously.[21]

Like its relative the guinea pig, the capybara does not have the capacity to synthesize vitamin C, and capybaras not supplemented with vitamin C in captivity have been reported to develop gum disease as a sign of scurvy.[23]

They can have a lifespan of 8–10 years,[24] but live less than four years in the wild, as they are "a favourite food of jaguar, puma, ocelot, eagle, and caiman".[15] The capybara is also the preferred prey of the anaconda.[25]

Social organization

Capybaras have a scent gland on their noses, called a morillo.

Capybaras are gregarious. While they sometimes live solitarily, they are more commonly found in groups around 10–20 individuals, with two to four adult males, four to seven adult females, and the remainder juveniles.[26] Capybara groups can consist of as many as 50 or 100 individuals during the dry season[22][27] when the animals gather around available water sources. Males establish social bonds, dominance, or general group census.[27] They can make dog-like barks[22] when threatened or when females are herding young.[28]

Capybaras have two types of scent glands; a morillo, located on the snout, and anal glands.[29] Both sexes have these glands, but males have much larger morillos and use their anal glands more frequently. The anal glands of males are also lined with detachable hairs. A crystalline form of scent secretion is coated on these hairs and is released when in contact with objects such as plants. These hairs have a longer-lasting scent mark and are tasted by other capybaras. Capybaras scent-mark by rubbing their morillos on objects, or by walking over scrub and marking it with their anal glands. Capybaras can spread their scent further by urinating; however, females usually mark without urinating and scent-mark less frequently than males overall. Females mark more often during the wet season when they are in estrus. In addition to objects, males also scent-mark females.[29]

Reproduction

Mother with typical litter of four pups

When in estrus, the female's scent changes subtly and nearby males begin pursuit.[30] In addition, a female alerts males she is in estrus by whistling though her nose.[22] During mating, the female has the advantage and mating choice. Capybaras mate only in water, and if a female does not want to mate with a certain male, she either submerges or leaves the water.[22][27] Dominant males are highly protective of the females, but they usually cannot prevent some of the subordinates from copulating.[30] The larger the group, the harder it is for the male to watch all the females. Dominant males secure significantly more matings than each subordinate, but subordinate males, as a class, are responsible for more matings than each dominant male.[30] The lifespan of the capybara's sperm is longer than that of other rodents.[31]

Capybara gestation is 130–150 days, and produces a litter of four capybara young on average, but may produce between one and eight in a single litter.[6] Birth is on land and the female rejoins the group within a few hours of delivering the newborn capybaras, which join the group as soon as they are mobile. Within a week, the young can eat grass, but continue to suckle—from any female in the group—until weaned around 16 weeks. The young form a group within the main group.[15] Alloparenting has been observed in this species.[27] Breeding peaks between April and May in Venezuela and between October and November in Mato Grosso, Brazil.[6]

Activities

Though quite agile on land (capable of running as fast as a horse),[32] capybaras are equally at home in the water. They are excellent swimmers, and can remain completely submerged up to five minutes,[11] an ability they use to evade predators. Capybaras can sleep in water, keeping only their noses out of the water. As temperatures increase during the day, they wallow in water and then graze during the late afternoon and early evening.[6] They also spend time wallowing in mud.[14] They rest around midnight and then continue to graze before dawn.

Conservation and human interaction

Video of captive capybaras resting at Ueno Zoo in Japan

Capybaras are not considered a threatened species;[1] their population is stable throughout most of their South American range, though in some areas hunting has reduced their numbers.[11][15]

Capybaras are hunted for their meat and pelts in some areas,[33] and otherwise killed by humans who see their grazing as competition for livestock. In some areas, they are farmed, which has the effect of ensuring the wetland habitats are protected. Their survival is aided by their ability to breed rapidly.[15]

Capybaras have adapted well to the urbanization in South America. They can be found in many areas in zoos and parks,[21] and may live for 12 years in captivity.[15] Capybaras are gentle and will usually allow humans to pet and hand-feed them, but physical contact is normally discouraged as their ticks can be vectors to Rocky Mountain spotted fever.[34]

The European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) tasked Drusillas Park in Alfriston, Sussex to keep the studbook for capybaras, to monitor captive populations in Europe. The studbook includes information about all births, deaths and movements of capybaras, as well as how they are related.[35]

Capybaras are farmed for meat and skins in South America.[36] The meat is considered unsuitable to eat in some areas, while in other areas it is considered an important source of protein.[6] In parts of South America, especially in Venezuela, capybara meat is popular during Lent and Holy Week as the Catholic Church previously gave a special dispensation that allows for its consumption while other meats are generally forbidden.[37]

Although it is illegal in some states,[38] capybaras are occasionally kept as pets in the United States.[39]

The image of a capybara features on the $2 coin of the Uruguayan peso.[40]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. IUCN: e.T10300A3191404. 2008. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T10300A3191404.en. Retrieved 27 August 2016. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  2. ^ Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris). ARKive.org
  3. ^ Ferreira, A. B. H. (1986) Novo Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, 2nd ed., Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira, p.344
  4. ^ a b c Woods, C.A.; Kilpatrick, C.W. (2005). "Infraorder Hystricognathi". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 1556. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  5. ^ Darwin, Charles R. (1839). Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe. Journal and remarks. 1832–1836. London: Henry Colburn. p. 619. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |titlelink= ignored (|title-link= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Mones, Alvaro; Ojasti, Juhani (16 June 1986). "Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris. Brisson, 1762" (PDF). Mammalian Species. 264 (264): 1–7. doi:10.2307/3503784. JSTOR 3503784.
  7. ^ Rowe, D. L.; Honeycutt, R. L. (2002). "Phylogenetic relationships, ecological correlates, and molecular evolution within the Cavioidea (Mammalia, Rodentia)". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 19 (3): 263–277. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004080. PMID 11861886.
  8. ^ a b c d Vucetich, M. G.; Deschamps, C. M.; Olivares, A. I.; Dozo, M. T. (2005). "Capybaras, size, shape, and time: A model kit". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 50 (2): 259–272. Retrieved 2012-05-21.
  9. ^ a b Deschamps, C. M.; Olivares, A. I.; Vieytes, E. C.; Vucetich, M. G. (2007). "Ontogeny and diversity of the oldest capybaras (Rodentia: Hydrochoeridae; late Miocene of Argentina)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (3): 683–692. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[683:oadoto]2.0.co;2. JSTOR 30126368.
  10. ^ Capybara, Arkive
  11. ^ a b c d e Capybara Facts. Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Retrieved on December 16, 2007.
  12. ^ a b c Capybara. Palm Beach Zoo. Retrieved on December 17, 2007.
  13. ^ World Association of Zoos and Aquariums. WAZA. Retrieved on 2011-12-07.
  14. ^ a b "Capybara Printout". Enchantedlearning.com. Retrieved 2013-05-27.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g Bristol Zoo Gardens (UK) ''Capybara''. Bristolzoo.org.uk. Retrieved on 2011-12-07.
  16. ^ Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission: Capybara – ''Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris''
  17. ^ Mather, Kate (18 August 2011). "A gnawing question answered: It's a capybara roaming Paso Robles". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
  18. ^ Forero-Montana J, Betancur J, Cavelier J (2003). "Dieta del capibara Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris (cavia: Hydrochaeridae) en Caño Limón, Arauca, Colombia". Revista de Biología Tropical. 51 (2): 571–578. PMID 15162749. PDF
  19. ^ a b Quintana, R.D.; S. Monge; A.I. Malvárez (1998). "Feeding patterns of capybara Hydrochaeris hypdrochaeris (Rodentia, Hydrochaeridae) and cattle in the non-insular area of the Lower Delta of the Parana River, Argentina". Mammalia. 62 (1): 37–52. doi:10.1515/mamm.1998.62.1.37.
  20. ^ Barreto, Guillermo R.; Herrera, Emilio A. (1998). "Foraging patterns of capybaras in a seasonally flooded savanna of Venezuela". Journal of Tropical Ecology. 14: 87. doi:10.1017/S0266467498000078. JSTOR 2559868.
  21. ^ a b c Capybara. Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris. San Francisco Zoo
  22. ^ a b c d e Lord-Rexford, D. (1994). "A descriptive account of capybara behaviour". Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment. 29 (1): 11–22. doi:10.1080/01650529409360912.
  23. ^ Cueto, GR; Allekotte, R; Kravetz, FO (2000). "Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 36 (1): 97–101. doi:10.7589/0090-3558-36.1.97. PMID 10682750.
  24. ^ Burton M and Burton R. (2002) The International Wildlife Encyclopedia. Marshall Cavendish, ISBN 0-7614-7269-X, p. 384
  25. ^ Capybara, the master of the grasses: pest or prey Sounds and Colours. Retrieved on January 23, 2011.
  26. ^ Alho C. J. R.; Rondon N. L. (1987). "Habitats, population densities, and social structure of capybaras (Hydrochaeris hypdrochaeris, Rodentia) in the Pantanal, Brazil". Revista Brasileira de Zoologia. 4 (2): 139–149. doi:10.1590/s0101-81751987000200006.
  27. ^ a b c d Macdonald, D. W. (1981). "Dwindling resources and the social behavior of Capybaras, (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) (Mammalia)". Journal of Zoology. 194 (3): 371–391. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1981.tb04588.x.
  28. ^ Murphey, R; Mariano, J; Mouraduarte, F (1985). "Behavioral observations in a capybara colony (Hydrochaeris hypdrochaeris)". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 14: 89. doi:10.1016/0168-1591(85)90040-1.
  29. ^ a b Macdonald, D. W.; Krantz, K.; Aplin, R. T. (1984). "Behavioral anatomical and chemical aspects of scent marking among Capybaras (Hydrochaeris hypdrochaeris) (Rodentia: Caviomorpha)". Journal of Zoology. 202 (3): 341–360. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1984.tb05087.x.
  30. ^ a b c Herrera, Emilio A.; MacDonald, David W. (1993). "Aggression, dominance, and mating success among capybara males (Hydrochaeris hypdrochaeris)". Behavioral Ecology. 4 (2): 114. doi:10.1093/beheco/4.2.114.
  31. ^ Paula, T.A.R.; Chiarini-Garcia, H.; França, L.R. (1999). "Seminiferous epithelium cycle and its duration in capybaras (Hydrochaeris hypdrochaeris)". Tissue and Cell. 31 (3): 327–34. doi:10.1054/tice.1999.0039. PMID 10481304.
  32. ^ The Life of Mammals – "Chisellers"
  33. ^ Thompson, Andy (January 18, 2008) Trip to South America gives new meaning to outdoors life. Richmond Times.
  34. ^ "Febre maculosa: "Os médicos no Brasil não conhecem a doença" (in Portuguese). drauziovarella.com.br. Retrieved 2015-08-13. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  35. ^ "Conservation at Drusillas Park". Drusillas.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-05-27.
  36. ^ "Capybara, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris". San Diego Zoo. October 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2011.
  37. ^ Ellsworth, Brian (March 24, 2005). "In Days Before Easter, Venezuelans Tuck Into Rodent-Related Delicacy". New York Sun.
  38. ^ "Capybaras as Pets". capybarafacts.com. Retrieved 2014-10-23.
  39. ^ Perez, Larry (2012). Snake in the Grass: an Everglades Invasion (1st ed.). Sarasota, Fla.: Pineapple Press. p. 89. ISBN 9781561645138.
  40. ^ "2 Pesos Uruguayos de 2014" (in Spanish). Monedas Urugauy. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
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