Lymexylidae: Difference between revisions

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-{{copy edit|date=August 2016}}
-{{Taxobox
-| name = Ship-timber beetles
-| image = Lymexylon navale.jpg
-| image_width = 250px
-| image_caption = ''[[Lymexylon navale]]''
-| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
-| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
-| classis = [[Insect]]a
-| ordo = [[Beetle|Coleoptera]]
-| subordo = [[Polyphaga]]
-| infraordo = [[Cucujiformia]]
-| superfamilia = '''Lymexyloidea'''
-| familia = '''Lymexylidae'''
-| familia_authority = [[John Fleming (naturalist)|Fleming]], 1821
-}}
-{{wikispecies|Lymexylidae|Ship-timber beetle}}
-[[File:Hylecoetus dermestoides (Lymexylidae), ♀ - Buchenwerftkäfer (10052316356).jpg|thumb|an adult ''[[Lymexylon navale]]''. ]]
-The '''Lymexylidae''', or '''ship-timber beetles''' (historically often spelled '''Lymexylonidae'''), are a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[wood-boring beetle]]s. They are a member of the suborder [[Polyphaga]] and the sole member of the superfamily [[Lymexyloidea]].
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-Lymexylidae [[larva]]e bore into living and decaying wood (e.g. [[Chestnut]], [[Populus]], and [[Oak]]), where they consume [[fungus]]. Members of this family range from 5 to 40&nbsp;mm long at maturity. Lymexylidae are believed to be the first beetles to have developed agricultural behavior.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}
-==Habitat and Behavior==
-''Lymexylon'', ''Elateroides'', and ''Melittomma'' are pests to forest trees such as [[Chestnut]], [[Poplar]], and [[Oak]], and can be found worldwide. Some species are parasitic, causing decay in living trees and damaging timber structures, such as houses and ships. Wood boring activities occur primarily in the larva stage, with the larvae damaging both sapwood and heartwood.
-[[File:Beetle bird (4063595266).jpg|thumb|Example of an infested tree. ]]
-Lymexylidae larvae have a symbiotic association with certain types of fungi. The fungi grow in sheltered environments where they are tended by the larvae, such as the holes burrowed into the wood and, in return, the larvae feed on the fungi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Casari|first=Sônia A.|last2=Teixeira|first2=Édson Possidônio|title=Larva of Atractocerus Brasiliensis (Lepeletier &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1825) (Lymexylidae, Atractocerinae)|url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0031-10492011001200001&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=pt|journal=Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo)|volume=51|issue=12|pages=197–205|doi=10.1590/S0031-10492011001200001|issn=0031-1049}}</ref>
-==Reproduction in ''Elateroides dermestoides''==
-[[File:Hylecoetus dermestoides - oviposition - 2014-04-20.webm|thumb|thumbtime=1:36.8|''Elateroides dermestoides'' lays eggs into boreholes of bark beetles on a fallen beech]]
-Specifically, this species has evolved a relationship with the yeast-like fungus, ''Endomyces hylecoeti''. Every egg the female lays is coated with fungal spores from a pouch near her ovipositor. The larvae hatch and subsequently collect some of the spores by remaining close to the egg shells for a period of time, before tunneling further into the wood. The fungi grow on the tunnel walls created by the larvae. The larvae then consume the fungus, rather than the wood itself. As the fungi require air flow to grow, the larvae ensure the tunnels are free of any debris.<ref>[[Ross Piper|Piper, Ross]] (2007), ''Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals'', [[Greenwood Press (publisher)|Greenwood Press]].</ref>
-==Species and Genera==
-There are nearly 50 species in 8 genera, including:
-* The ship timber beetle, ''Lymexylon navale''
-* Two species are located in Eastern US and Canada: the sapwood timberworm ''Elateroides lugubris'' (Say) and the chestnut timberworm, ''Melittomma sericeum''
-Lymexylidae contain the following genera:<ref>[http://insects.tamu.edu/research/collection/hallan/Arthropoda/Insects/Coleoptera/Family/Lymexylidae.txt Lymexylidae Species List] at Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog. Texas A&M University. Retrieved on 17 May 2012.</ref>
-* ''[[Atractocerus]]'' <small>Palisot de Beauvois, 1801</small>
-* ''[[Australymexylon]]'' <small>Wheeler, 1986</small>
-* ''[[Elateroides]]'' <small>Schaeffer, 1766</small>
-* ''[[Lymexylon]]'' <small>Fabricius, 1775</small>
-* ''[[Melittomma]]'' <small>Murray, 1867</small>
-* ''[[Melittommopsis]]'' <small>Lane, 1955</small>
-* ''[[Protomelittomma]]'' <small>Wheeler, 1986</small>
-* ''[[Urtea]]'' <small>Paulus, 2004</small>
-==Morphology==
-Adult morphology:
-*5–40&nbsp;mm long; elongate to slender, parallel-sided, vestiture consisting of fine setae; conspicuously necked to not necked; somewhat waisted.
-*Head short, typically narrowed behind large protruding eyes forming a slight neck; surface punctate, with or without epicranial pit.
-*Antennae short 11-segmented, filiform/serrate and often sexually dimorphic.
-*Maxillary palpi 4-segmented, simple in most females, and with apical segment modified into a complex flabellate or plumose organ in males-palporgan.
-*Tarsi 5-5-5 with legs slender, moderately long.
-*Hind-leg coxae extending laterally to meet the elytra (''Lymexylon''), or not markedly extended laterally (''Elateroides'').
-*Elytra individually tapered to their apices to not individually tapered; fairly short, exposing several terminal abdominal 1-3 tergites; all articulated and moveable.
-*Wings with fairly complete venation, radial cell short or absent.
-Immature Morphology:
-*Whitish-yellow, elongate, thin, cylindrical with short but well developed legs.
-*Prognathous, stemmata absent or present may have eye spots.
-*Abdominal modifications found in older larvae.
-==Classification==
-The superfamily Lymexyloidea is currently within Series Cucujoidea. The internal phylogeny has not been clearly understood/completed by experts. Morphological data places the family inside the Tenebrionoidea, while molecular data place it as [[sister taxon]] to Tenebrionoidea, and polyphyletic.
-==See also==
-* [[Forest pathology]]
-==Notes==
-{{Reflist}}
-==References==
-* Arnett, Ross H., et al., eds. American Beetles: Polyphaga: Scarabaeoidea through Curculionoidea. Vol. 2. CRC Press, 2002: 261-262. EBSCO printed on Sept. 21,2013.
-* Casari, S.A. and Albertoni, F.F., (2013). First Instar Larva of ''Atractocerus brasiliensis'' (Lepeletier & Audinet-Serville, 1825) (Lymexylidae, Atractocerinae). Volume 53(27): 359‑372.
-* Kundrata, R., Bocakova, M., & Bocak, L. (2014). The comprehensive phylogeny of the superfamily Elateroidea (Coleoptera: Elateriformia). Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 76, 162-171.
-* Triplehorn, Charles A., Norman F. Johnson, and Donald J. Borror. Borror and DeLong's Introduction to the Study of Insects. Belmont, CA: Thompson Brooks/Cole, 2005.
-* Wheeler, Q. D. (1986). Revision of the genera of Lymexylidae (Coleoptera: Cucujiformia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 183:113-210.
-==External links==
-* L. Watson and M. J. Dallwitz, [http://delta-intkey.com/britin/col/www/lymexyli.htm Lymexylidae]
-* [http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=678338 Lymexylidae on ITIS]
-*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fTbgJbrkyDo A video of ''Atractocerus brasiliensis'', a ship timber beetle in Costa Rica]
-{{Coleoptera|4}}
-[[Category:Beetle families]]
-[[Category:Woodboring beetles]]
-[[Category:Polyphaga]]<!--taxonomic cat; should only be replaced by more precise taxonomy-->
-[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]