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Revision as of 21:04, 16 September 2018
John Hessell Tiltman | |
---|---|
Nickname(s) | "The Brig" |
Born | London, England | 25 May 1894
Died | 10 August 1982 Hawaii, United States | (aged 88)
Allegiance | United Kingdom |
Service | British Army |
Years of service | 1914–1946 |
Rank | Brigadier |
Unit | King's Own Scottish Borderers |
Battles / wars | World War I World War II |
Awards | Military Cross (1917)[1] OBE (1930)[1] CBE (1944)[2] CMG (1954)[3] Legion of Merit (1946)[4] |
Brigadier John Hessell Tiltman CMG CBE MC (25 May 1894 – 10 August 1982) was a British Army officer who worked in intelligence, often at or with the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) starting in the 1920s. His intelligence work was largely connected with cryptography, and he showed exceptional skill at cryptanalysis. His work in association with Bill Tutte on the cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher, the German teleprinter cipher, called "Tunny" (for tunafish) at Bletchley Park, led to breakthroughs in attack methods on the code, without a computer. It was to exploit those methods, at extremely high speed with great reliability, that Colossus, the first digital programmable electronic computer, was designed and built.[5]
Biography
Tiltman's parents were from Scotland, though he was born in London. He joined the British Army in 1914, and saw service at the front during World War I with the King's Own Scottish Borderers. He was wounded in France, and won the Military Cross for bravery. He was seconded to MI1 shortly before it merged with Room 40.
From 1921–1929, he was a cryptanalyst with the Indian Army at Army Headquarters, Simla. The analysts were reading Russian diplomatic cypher traffic from Moscow to Kabul, Afghanistan and Tashkent, Turkestan. Tiltman worked with a modest group of people and was involved in directing interception and traffic analysis as well as working on cyphers; he said he was exceptionally lucky to have this experience in other branches of Signals Intelligence.
After a decade as a War Office civilian at GC&CS, the interwar cryptographic organization, Tiltman was recalled to active service. Although he did not have a university education, his extensive experience of cryptanalysis was expected to be useful.[6] He assisted in many areas of endeavour at GC&CS and was considered one of Bletchley Park’s finest cryptanalysts on non-machine systems.[7]
Tiltman was an early and persistent advocate of British cooperation with the United States in cryptology. His advocacy helped achieve smooth relations during World War II.[8]
In 1944, he was promoted to Brigadier and appointed Deputy Director of GC&CS. He continued in 1946, as Assistant Director of the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), successor to GC&CS.[8] Tiltman became Senior GCHQ Liaison Officer at the Army Security Agency in 1949. He retired as a Brigadier.
In 1951 Tiltman met William Friedman, one of the leading scholars involved in the attempt to decipher the mysterious Voynich manuscript. Tiltman undertook an analysis of the ancient manuscript himself, and then in the 1970s he assigned an NSA cryptanalyst named Mary D'Imperio to take over the Voynich crypto-analysis, when Friedman's health began becoming a challenge. D'Imperio's work resulted in the book The Voynich Manuscript: An Elegant Enigma, and is now considered one of the standard reference works on the Voynich Manuscript. Tiltman wrote the Foreword to this book.
After reaching normal retirement age, Tiltman was retained by GCHQ from 1954 to 1964. From 1964 until 1980 he was a consultant and researcher at the National Security Agency, spending in all 60 years at the cutting edge of SIGINT.[8]
Tiltman made the transition from the manual ciphers of the early 20th century to the sophisticated machine systems of the latter half of the century; he was one of a very few who were able to do so. "The Brig" as he was affectionately known in both countries, compiled a lengthy record of high achievement.
On 1 September 2004, Tiltman was inducted into the "NSA Hall of Honor", the first non-US citizen to be recognised in that way. The NSA commented, "His efforts at training and his attention to all the many facets that make up cryptology inspired the best in all who encountered him."[8]
References
- ^ a b "John H. Tiltman" (PDF). Cryptologic Quarterly. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - ^ "No. 36309". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 1943. p. 20.
- ^ "No. 40053". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 December 1953. p. 5.
- ^ "No. 38359". The London Gazette. 20 July 1948. p. 1.
- ^ Barber, Nicola (21 December 2015). Who Broke the Wartime Codes?. Capstone Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-4846-3559-9.
- ^ Reeds, James A.; Diffie, Whitfield; Field, J. V. (7 July 2015). Breaking Teleprinter Ciphers at Bletchley Park: An Edition of I.J. Good, D. Michie and G. Timms: General Report on Tunny with Emphasis on Statistical Methods (1945). John Wiley & Sons. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-470-46589-9.
- ^ Sterling, Christopher H. (2008). Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century. ABC-CLIO. p. 453. ISBN 978-1-85109-732-6.
- ^ a b c d "Hall of Honor 2004 Inductee - Brigadier John Tiltman". National Security Agency/Central Security Service. 2011. Retrieved 16 November 2011.
- Erskine, Ralph; Freeman, Peter (October 2003). "Brigadier John Tiltman: One of Britain's Finest Cryptologists". Cryptologia. 27 (4): 289–318. doi:10.1080/0161-110391891928.
- Nicoll, D. R. (2004). "Tiltman, John Hessell (1894-1982)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press.
- D'Imperio, M. E. (1978). The Voynich Manuscript: An Elegant Enigma (PDF). National Security Agency.
External links
- Clabby, John F. (2007). "Brigadier John Tiltman: A Giant Among Cryptanalysts" (PDF). Center for Cryptologic History. National Security Agency.
- "Brigadier John Tiltman (1/4): Oral History Interviews" (PDF). Center for Cryptologic History. National Security Agency. 1978. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2015.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - "Brigadier John Tiltman (2/4): Oral History Interviews" (PDF). Center for Cryptologic History. National Security Agency. 1978. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2015.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - "Brigadier John Tiltman (3/4): Oral History Interviews" (PDF). Center for Cryptologic History. National Security Agency. 1978. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2015.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|deadurl=
ignored (|url-status=
suggested) (help) - "Brigadier John Tiltman (4/4): Oral History Interviews" (PDF). Center for Cryptologic History. National Security Agency. 1978. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2015.
{{cite journal}}
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- Use dmy dates from April 2012
- 1894 births
- 1982 deaths
- King's Own Scottish Borderers officers
- Recipients of the Military Cross
- Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
- Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
- Foreign recipients of the Legion of Merit
- British Army personnel of World War I
- British Army personnel of World War II
- Bletchley Park people
- Government Communications Headquarters cryptographers
- Pre-computer cryptographers
- Foreign Office personnel of World War II