Becket (1964 film)

Becket
Original film poster by Sanford Kossin
Directed by	Peter Glenville
Written by	Edward Anhalt
Based on	Becket by Jean Anouilh
Produced by	Hal B. Wallis
Starring	Richard Burton Peter O'Toole John Gielgud
Cinematography	Geoffrey Unsworth
Edited by	Anne V. Coates
Music by	Laurence Rosenthal
Production company	Hal Wallis Productions
Distributed by	Paramount Pictures
Release date	11 March 1964 (1964-03-11)
Running time	148 minutes
Country	United Kingdom
Language	English
Budget	$3 million
Box office	$9.1 million

Becket is a 1964 British historical drama film about the historic, tumultuous relationship between Henry II of England and his friend-turned-bishop Thomas Becket. It is a dramatic film adaptation of the 1959 play Becket or the Honour of God by Jean Anouilh made by Hal Wallis Productions and released by Paramount Pictures. It was directed by Peter Glenville and produced by Hal B. Wallis with Joseph H. Hazen as executive producer. The screenplay was written by Edward Anhalt based on Anouilh's play. The music score was by Laurence Rosenthal, the cinematography by Geoffrey Unsworth and the editing by Anne V. Coates.

The film stars Richard Burton as Thomas Becket and Peter O'Toole as King Henry II, with John Gielgud as King Louis VII, Donald Wolfit as Gilbert Foliot, Paolo Stoppa as Pope Alexander III, Martita Hunt as Empress Matilda, Pamela Brown as Queen Eleanor, Siân Phillips, Felix Aylmer, Gino Cervi, David Weston and Wilfrid Lawson.

Restored prints of Becket were re-released in 30 cinemas in the US in early 2007, following an extensive restoration from the film's YCM separation protection masters. The film was released on DVD by MPI Home Video in May 2007 and on Blu-ray Disc in November 2008. The new film prints carry a Dolby Digital soundtrack, although the soundtrack of the original film, which originally opened as a roadshow theatrical release, was also in stereo.

Becket won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, and was nominated for eleven other awards, including for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Supporting Actor, and twice for Best Actor.

Background and production

The original French play on which the film is based was given its first performance in Paris in 1959. It opened on Broadway with Laurence Olivier as Becket and Anthony Quinn as King Henry II in a production directed by Peter Glenville, who later went on to direct the film version. The play opened in London in a production by Peter Hall with Eric Porter and Christopher Plummer. O'Toole was originally signed to play Henry II in the production, but broke the contract before rehearsals began to take the lead in David Lean's film of Lawrence of Arabia.

The film was made at Shepperton Studios, England, and on location at Alnwick Castle, Bamburgh Castle and Bamburgh Beach in Northumberland.

Peter O'Toole went on to play King Henry II once more in The Lion in Winter (1968) with Katharine Hepburn as Queen Eleanor.

Siân Phillips, who plays Gwendolen, was Peter O'Toole's wife at the time of filming.

Plot

During the late 12th century, about 100 years after the Norman conquest (1066), the Normans have removed the native ruling class, replacing it with a new monarchy, aristocracy and clerical hierarchy.

Thomas Becket is a Saxon protégé and facilitator to the carousing King Henry II, who transforms into a man who continually invokes the "honour of God". Henry appoints Becket Lord Chancellor to have a close confidant in this position whom he can completely control. Instead, Becket becomes a major thorn in his side in a jurisdictional dispute. Henry finds his duties as king and his stale arranged marriage to be oppressive, and is described as the "perennial adolescent" by the Bishop of London. Henry is more interested in escaping his duties through drunken forays onto the hunting grounds and local brothels. He is increasingly dependent on Becket, a Saxon commoner, who arranges these debaucheries when he is not busy running Henry's court. This foments great resentment on the part of Henry's Norman noblemen, who distrust and envy this Saxon upstart, as well as the queen and Henry's mother, who see Becket as an unnatural and unseemly influence upon the royal personage.

Henry finds himself in continuous conflict with the elderly Archbishop of Canterbury, who opposes the taxation of Church property to support Henry's military campaigns in France ("Bishop, I must hire the Swiss Guards to fight for me – and no one has ever paid them off with principles!"). During one of his campaigns in coastal France, he receives word that the old archbishop has "gone to God's bosom". In a burst of inspiration, Henry exercises his prerogative to pick the next Archbishop and informs an astonished Becket that he is the royal choice.

Shortly thereafter, Becket sides with the Church, throwing Henry into a fury. One of the main bones of contention is Thomas' excommunication of Lord Gilbert, one of Henry's most loyal stalwarts, for seizing and ordering the killing of a priest who had been accused of sexual indiscretions with a young girl, before the priest can even be handed over for ecclesiastical trial. Gilbert then refused to acknowledge his transgressions and seek absolution.

The King has a dramatic secret meeting with the Bishop of London in his cathedral ("I have the Archbishop on my stomach, a big hard lump"). He lays out his plan to remove the troublesome cleric through scandal and innuendo, which the position-conscious Bishop of London quickly agrees to (thus furthering Henry's already deep contempt for church higher-ups). These attempts fall flat when Becket, in full ecclesiastic garb, confronts his accusers outside the rectory and routs them, causing Henry to laugh and bitterly note the irony of it all; "Becket is the only intelligent man in my entire kingdom ... and he is against me!" Becket escapes to France where he encounters the conniving yet sympathetic King Louis (John Gielgud). King Louis sees in Becket a means by which he can further his favourite pastime, tormenting the arrogant English. Becket gets to Rome, where he begs the Pope to allow him to renounce his position and retire to a monastery as an ordinary priest. The Vatican is a hotbed of intrigue and political jockeying. The Pope reminds Becket that he has an obligation as a matter of principle to return to England and take a stand against civil interference in Church matters. Becket yields to this decision and asks Louis to arrange a meeting with Henry on the beaches at Normandy. Henry asks Becket whether or not he loved him and Becket replied that he loved Henry to the best of his ability. A shaky truce is declared and Becket is allowed to return to England.

The remainder of the film shows Henry rapidly sinking into drunken fixation over Becket and his perceived betrayal. The barons worsen his mood by pointing out that Becket has become a folk hero among the vanquished Saxons, who are ever restive and resentful of their Norman conquerors. There are comical fights between Henry and his frumpy consort, Eleanor of Aquitaine, his dimwitted son/heir apparent, and his cold-blooded mother, who repeatedly reminds her son that his father would have quickly had someone like Becket done away with for the sake of the realm. During one of his drunken rages he asks "Will no one rid me of this meddlesome priest?" His faithful barons hear this and proceed quickly to Canterbury, where they put Thomas and his Saxon deputy, Brother John, to the sword. A badly shaken Henry then undergoes a penance by whipping at the hands of Saxon monks.

Henry, fresh from his whipping, informs the barons that the ones who killed Becket will be found and justly punished. He then publicly proclaims to the crowd outside the church of his arrangement for Thomas Becket to be canonized a saint.

Preservation

The Academy Film Archive preserved Becket in 2003.

Cast

• Richard Burton – Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury
• Peter O'Toole – King Henry II of England
• John Gielgud – King Louis VII of France
• Paolo Stoppa – Pope Alexander III
• Donald Wolfit – Gilbert Foliot, Bishop of London
• David Weston – Brother John
• Martita Hunt – Empress Matilda, Henry II's mother
• Pamela Brown – Eleanor of Aquitaine, wife of Henry II
• Siân Phillips – Gwendolen
• Felix Aylmer – Theobald of Bec, Archbishop of Canterbury
• Gino Cervi – Cardinal Zambelli
• Percy Herbert – Baron
• Niall MacGinnis – Baron
• Christopher Rhodes – Baron
• Peter Jeffrey – Baron
• Inigo Jackson – Robert de Beaumont
• John Phillips – Bishop of Winchester
• Frank Pettingell – Bishop of York
• Hamilton Dyce – Bishop of Chichester
• Jennifer Hilary – Peasant's daughter
• Véronique Vendell – Marie, a French prostitute
• Graham Stark – The Pope's Secretary
• Jack Taylor – a villager
• Victor Spinetti – French tailor
• Edward Woodward – Clement

Historicity

Most of the historical inaccuracies in the film are from the play, as Anouilh was writing drama rather than a history, and he took dramatic licence.

The major inaccuracy is the depiction of Becket as a Saxon who has risen to a perceived Norman social standing, when in fact the historical Thomas Becket was a Norman (while Henry was an Angevin). Anouilh did this because he had based the play on a 19th-century account that described Becket as a Saxon. He had been informed of this error before his play was produced, but decided against correcting it because it would undermine a key point of conflict, and because "history might eventually rediscover that Becket was a Saxon, after all."

Becket is depicted as Henry's loyal "drinking pal", who aids him in illicit romantic entanglements, but who becomes saintly and responsible after his appointment as Archbishop. Passing mention is made in the film of the Constitutions of Clarendon (simply as the "Sixteen Articles"); the struggle between Becket and Henry is boiled down to their conflict over Lord Gilbert's murder of the captive priest. In no way is Becket depicted as a man who desired special legal privileges (defrocking rather than prison) for his clergy, as some believe that he was.

Henry's mother, Empress Matilda, died in 1167, three years before the treaty of Fréteval allowed Becket to return in England. Henry appears to not have any respect for his mother and treats her as something of an annoyance, a rather drastic departure from what is generally held as historical fact. Empress Matilda was Henry's sole parent for much of his childhood, and she was instrumental in shaping Henry into the fierce warrior and skilled administrator he was. Far from seeing his mother as a burden, Henry seems to have adored Matilda and relied heavily on her advice and guidance until her death.

Henry's wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, was in fact beautiful, brilliant and superbly educated, famous for her wit, charm and daring.

She is shown publicly rebuking Henry in a scene near the end of the film, when in fact Eleanor, whatever private reservations she may have had, is not known to have ever behaved in such a manner in public. During the same scene, she says she will go to her father to complain of Henry's treatment of her; however, her father William X the Duke of Aquitaine had died decades before, when Eleanor was just 15 years old. It was William's death in 1137 that made Eleanor the Duchess of Aquitaine and the most eligible bride of the 12th century, and Henry would not have married her had she not come with Aquitaine. When combined with Henry's own duchies in France, the marriage gave the royal couple control over more land in France than the actual King of France possessed at the time. Also, the film shows Henry and Eleanor as having four children, all boys. In truth Henry and Eleanor had eight children, five sons and three daughters. While the eldest son, William, had died before the events of the film, the three daughters are neglected.

Production financing

The film grossed $9,164,370 at the box office, earning $3 million in rentals.

Awards and nominations

Award	Category	Nominee(s)	Result
Academy Awards	Best Picture	Hal B. Wallis	Nominated
	Best Director	Peter Glenville	Nominated
	Best Actor	Richard Burton	Nominated
		Peter O'Toole	Nominated
	Best Supporting Actor	John Gielgud	Nominated
	Best Screenplay – Based on Material from Another Medium	Edward Anhalt	Won
	Best Art Direction – Color	Art Direction: John Bryan and Maurice Carter Set Decoration: Patrick McLoughlin and Robert Cartwright	Nominated
	Best Cinematography – Color	Geoffrey Unsworth	Nominated
	Best Costume Design – Color	Margaret Furse	Nominated
	Best Film Editing	Anne V. Coates	Nominated
	Best Scoring of Music – Substantially Original	Laurence Rosenthal	Nominated
	Best Sound	John Cox	Nominated
American Cinema Editors Awards	Best Edited Feature Film	Anne V. Coates	Nominated
British Academy Film Awards	Best Film from any Source	Peter Glenville	Nominated
	Best British Film		Nominated
	Best British Actor	Peter O'Toole	Nominated
	Best British Screenplay	Edward Anhalt	Nominated
	Best British Art Direction – Colour	John Bryan	Won
	Best British Cinematography – Colour	Geoffrey Unsworth	Won
	Best British Costume Design – Colour	Margaret Furse	Won
British Society of Cinematographers	Best Cinematography in a Theatrical Feature Film	Geoffrey Unsworth	Won
Cinema Writers Circle Awards	Best Foreign Film		Won
Directors Guild of America Awards	Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures	Peter Glenville	Nominated
Fotogramas de Plata	Best Foreign Performer	Richard Burton	Won
Golden Globe Awards	Best Motion Picture – Drama		Won
	Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama	Richard Burton	Nominated
		Peter O'Toole	Won
	Best Director – Motion Picture	Peter Glenville	Nominated
	Best Original Score – Motion Picture	Laurence Rosenthal	Nominated
Laurel Awards	Top Drama		4th Place
	Top Male Dramatic Performance	Richard Burton	Won
		Peter O'Toole	4th Place
National Board of Review Awards	Best Film		Won
	Top Ten Films		2nd Place
New York Film Critics Circle Awards	Best Screenplay	Edward Anhalt	Nominated
Sant Jordi Awards	Best Performance in a Foreign Film	Peter O'Toole	Won
Writers Guild of America Awards	Best Written American Drama	Edward Anhalt	Won

Legacy

Becket and its spiritual sequel The Lion in Winter were both nominated for Best Picture in their respective years 1964 and 1968. Both lost in years which were considered by many to be Musical Film showdowns, where two high-profile musical films were in contention to win Best Picture: Mary Poppins and winner My Fair Lady against Becket in 1964, Funny Girl and winner Oliver! against The Lion in Winter in 1968.

See also

• List of American films of 1964
• List of historical drama films

External links

• Becket at IMDb
• Becket at Rotten Tomatoes
• Becket at the TCM Movie Database
• Becket re-release official website